新疆维吾尔族大学生不良健康行为及影响因素分析

了解新疆高校维吾尔族大学生不良健康行为现状及其影响因素,为维吾尔族大学生养成健康的行为习惯提供理论支持.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,在新疆5所高校中随机各抽取2个年级,以年级内全体维吾尔族大学生共8 946名作为调查对象;采用自编健康行为调查问卷进行调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 新疆高校维吾尔族大学生不良健康行为报告率最高的为缺乏锻炼(87.09%),其次为不按时休息(67.85%),最低的是吸烟(15.74%).在饮酒、不吃早饭、不按时休息、上网时间>2 h/d方面男生的不良健康行为报告率均高于女生,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为1 227.68,206.45,75.29,13.01,P值均<0.01);女生在节食减肥和缺乏锻炼方面的报告率高于男生,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为15.20,271.21,P值均<0.01).相关分析显示,维吾尔族大学生吸烟与饮酒、不吃早饭、节食减肥呈正相关,与缺乏锻炼呈负相关;饮酒与不吃早饭、缺乏锻炼、休息不规律、上网时间>2 h/d呈正相关;不吃早饭与节食减肥、休息不规律、上网时间>2 h/d呈正相关;节食减肥与缺乏锻炼、休息不规律呈负相关,与上网时间>2 h/d呈正相关(P值均<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,维吾尔族大学男生、独生子女、月生活费支出高、父亲和母亲学历低是不良健康行为发生的危险因素(P值均<0.01).结论 维吾尔族大学生不良健康行为普遍较高,并存在聚集性特征,应采取有效措施进行教育引导.     

吉林市高校大学生健康素养及其影响因素分析

了解吉林市高校大学生健康素养现状及其影响因素,为提高大学生的健康素养水平提供参考.方法 以2008年卫生部发布的《中国公民健康素养:基本知识与技能》的内容为基础自行设计调查问卷,对4所高校分层随机抽取的1 700名大学生进行调查.结果 大学生总体健康素养水平为10.82%,健康基本知识、健康生活方式与行为和健康技能3个维度素养具备率分别为10.00%,18.53%和53.94%.医学生健康素养及其各维度具备率均高于其他类型院校,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).女生健康素养具备率高于男生;大三学生好于大一和大二学生(P值均<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,不同类型院校和年级是影响大学生健康素养水平的主要因素(P值均<0.05).结论 大学生健康素养总体水平一般.高校应当注重大学生健康素养的教育,提高大学生健康素养水平.     

青海大学生日常生活行为及其对健康状况的影响

了解青海省在校大学生日常生活现状及其对健康状况的影响,为改善大学生健康状况提供参考.方法 采用自编大学生健康行为调查问卷,对青海省3所高校1 452名在校大学生进行匿名调查.结果 青海省在校大学生健康、亚健康、不健康比例分别占25.2%,69.7%,5.0%.青海省在校大学生健康危害行为按报告率排序依次为熬夜(84.6%)、每周上网超过5 h(65.3%)、饮酒(33.1%)、吸烟(12.4%),不同性别、年级、专业、学校、民族大学生健康行为报告率差异有统计学意义.单因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响大学生健康状况的因素有性别、BMI、吸烟、饮酒;多因素Lo-gistic回归分析显示,吸烟、饮酒是大学生健康状况的危险因素(P值均<0.01).结论 大学生不健康行为问题较为突出.应加强对大学生健康教育,提高大学生健康意识,养成健康行为习惯.     

大学生性行为和相关健康危险行为的关系

了解大学生性行为与相关健康危险行为间的关系,为高校开展大学生性教育提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,选取重庆文理学院1 585名大学生对性行为和相关健康危险行为的发生情况进行问卷调查.结果 大学生性行为发生率为16.1%,能量饮料饮用率为39.2%,吸烟率为18.0%,饮酒率为34.8%,赌博率为9.2%.不同性别、生源地、年级、能量饮料饮用、吸烟、饮酒、赌博学生的性行为发生率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为42.84,31.11,40.12,18.96,53.66,70.17,42.50,P值均<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,能量饮料饮用(OR=0.71,95%CI=0.53~0.96)、吸烟(OR=0.47,95% CI=0.33~0.66)、饮酒(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.37~0.69)、赌博(OR=0.52,95% CI=0.35~0.79)与大学生性行为发生呈正相关(P值均<0.05).结论 大学生性行为会和能量饮料饮用、吸烟、饮酒、赌博聚集出现.高校在开展大学生性教育时,要引导大学生远离健康危险行为.     

高职大学生情绪症状与自伤行为关联性分析

了解高职大学生自伤行为的现状及其与情绪症状的关系,为高职大学生自伤行为的干预和预防提供基础资料.方法 整群抽取阜阳职业技术学院大一、大二学生3 130名进行问卷调查,调查内容包括社会人口统计学特征、自伤行为、情绪症状,采用x2检验和多因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析高职大学生自伤行为的影响因素.结果 3 130名高职大学生自伤行为的检出率为14.6%,其中有焦虑、抑郁症状的高职大学生自伤行为检出率分别高于无焦虑、无抑郁症状的大学生(x2值分别为99.450,77.556,P值均<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,有焦虑、抑郁症状高职大学生发生自伤行为的风险分别是无焦虑、抑郁症状高职大学生的2.161倍(95%CI=1.683~2.773)和1.813倍(95%CI=1.440~2.282).结论 高职大学生的自伤行为不容乐观,不良情绪与自伤行为存在关联.应积极采取综合性干预措施保障高职大学生身心健康.     

省会城市初中生健康素养及其与饮食行为的关系

了解省会城市初中生健康素养状况及其与饮食行为之间的相关关系,为改善初中生饮食结构,提高健康素养提供支持.方法 采用方便抽样的方法,在沈阳市、南京市、海口市共对2 614名省会城市初中一~二年级儿童青少年健康素养及饮食行为状况进行调查.结果 省会城市初中生健康素养平均得分为(73.27±7.45)分,3个城市平均得分差异有统计学意义(F=48.53,P<0.01).不良饮食行为方面,存在挑食或偏食行为的比例为33.86%,经常吃洋快餐的比例为43.27%.3个省会城市初中生挑食或偏食的检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=14.02,P<0.01).具备健康素养的初中生挑食或偏食的检出率最低(23.06%),其次为部分具备健康素养(34.53%),不具备健康素养的初中生挑食或偏食检出率最高(64.43%),差异有统计学意义(x2=90.78,P<0.01).不同性别、城郊、城市、健康素养水平学生经常吃洋快餐的检出率差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为8.01,12.01,14.02,57.61,P值均<0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,经常吃洋快餐(OR=1.25)是挑食或偏食行为发生的危险因素.性别、城郊、年级、挑食或偏食是经常吃洋快餐的影响因素(OR值分别为1.29,1.21,1.24,1.24,P值均<0.01).结论 健康素养水平的提高能够有效降低初中生不良饮食行为的发生率.     

大学生遭受校园暴力现状及影响因素分析

了解大学生遭受校园暴力行为的发生情况及由此产生的聚集性其他危险行为,为维护大学生身心健康提供参考.方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法对芜湖地区8所高校4 160名大学生进行问卷调查,内容包括一般人口学特征及中国青少年健康危险行为.结果 遭受校园暴力行为的发生率为38.7%(1 608人),本科院校学生受暴率为36.4%(931人),高职院校受暴率为42.2%(677人),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).遭受校园暴力行为的大学生,其他8种健康危险行为的发生率均高于没有遭受过校园暴力的大学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,尝试吸烟、尝试饮酒、动手打架、失眠、自杀相关行为、停止正常活动、离家/校出走都是大学生遭受校园暴力行为的危险因素(P值均<0.01).结论 大学生遭受校园暴力行为发生率较高,并与健康危险行为之间存在关联性.学校、社会和家庭应加强对学生的心理疏导和教育,从源头上预防校园暴力行为的发生,或可降低健康危险行为的发生.     

上海市中小学生视力不良相关健康危险行为分析

研究与中小学生视力不良有关的健康危险行为,为学生近视防控工作提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取上海市3 个城区和3 个郊区12 所小学、27 所中学和职高共8 863 名学生,进行视力检测和问卷调查,分析影响上海地区中小学生视力不良的相关危险行为.结果 上海地区中小学生的视力不良检出率为75.2%,性别、学段及城郊间差异均有统计学意义(χ2 值分别为69.30,1 153.84,110.15,P 值均<0.01).多因素Logistic 回归分析结果显示,读写姿势不正确、平均每天放学后做作业时间≥2 h 、周末参加补习班是影响上海市中小学生视力不良检出率的主要危险行为(OR 值分别为1.54,1.32,1.38,P 值均<0.01).结论 上海市中小学生视力不良检出率高,且重度视力不良比例较高.识别造成视力不良的健康危险行为并予以矫正是防止视力不良发生和发展的重要防控措施.     

南京部分高职院校大学生减肥行为家庭影响因素分析

了解家庭因素对高职院校在校大学生减肥行为的影响,为高职院校大学生健康减肥提供支持.方法 以班级为单位,采用分层抽样的方法在南京4所高职院校抽取4 172名在校大学生进行健康危险行为及人口学特征方面的问卷调查.结果 高职院校大学生不健康减肥行为中呕吐、不健康节食、擅自吃减肥药的学生报告率分别为2.35%,3.04%,2.37%;健康减肥行为中锻炼和控制饮食报告率分别为25.31%,25.60%.女生采用控制饮食的健康减肥行为报告 率高于男生,差异有统计学意义(x2=42.58,P<0.01);家庭收入越高的学生健康减肥行为报告率越高(P值均<0.01).不同生源地、是否独生子女、父母学历和父母职业间大学生不健康减肥行为差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).Logistic回归分析表明,高职院校城市和独生子女大学生比县城及乡村和非独生子女家庭学生更容易发生不健康减肥行为(OR值分别为1.495,1.536);母亲学历层次高是发生不健康减肥行为的保护因素(OR=0.748);母亲职业为教师、医生等公职人员是学生发生不健康减肥行为的保护因素(OR=1.288).结论 家庭因素对高职院校大学生的减肥行为影响较大.应加强家庭教育,正确引导高职院校大学生健康减肥.     

延边大学朝鲜族学生网络成瘾及影响因素分析

了解延边地区朝鲜族大学生网络成瘾状况及其影响因素,为朝鲜族大学生正确使用网络和促进身心健康发展提供理论支持.方法 在延边大学以班级为单位,随机抽取4 246名朝鲜族大学生为调查对象,对其网络成瘾情况及心理健康等方面进行问卷调查.结果 有13.59%的朝鲜族大学生存在网络成瘾问题.其中男生的网络成瘾检出率(18.08%)高于女生(7.59%)(x2=97.421,P<0.01);城市生源(16.69%)高于乡村(9.00%)(x2=51.56,P<0.01);不同学习成绩、每月生活支出、家庭情况学生网络成瘾检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为1 147.574,1 234.531,385.965,P值均<0.01).网络成瘾大学生生活事件中人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、丧失和健康适应等因子得分均高于非网络成瘾大学生,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为94.279,38.411,36.383,3.415,21.205,P值均<0.01).网络成瘾朝鲜族大学生SCL-90各因子得分均高于非网络成瘾大学生,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).Logistic回归分析显示,性别、生源地等9个因素进入回归模型(P值均<0.05).结论 朝鲜族大学生网络成瘾状况与东部沿海城市大学生一致,网瘾者生活事件和心理问题较为严重.应采取有效措施进行及时干预和引导.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.