太原市高校大学生生殖健康知识、态度、行为调查分析

目的:了解山西省普通高校大学生生殖健康知识、态度、行为现状,为进行生殖健康教育提供科学依据.方法:采用描述性研究和分析性研究的方法.结果:(1)被调查者对生殖健康知识的认知水平总体不高,如“正常的月经周期”等问题的回答正确率不高,医学生的答题正确率明显高于非医学生;(2)19.1％的学生承认发生过性行为,男生(28.7％)远高于女生(7.7％),性行为时采取避孕措施的占80.6％,大学生发生性行为的可能危险因素有:恋爱经历(OR值为9.880)、遗精知识(OR值为11.437)、知晓避孕套的使用方法(OR值为8.103)、了解避孕知识(OR值为8.687)、了解生殖健康相关知识(OR值为3.119).结论:太原地区在校大学生生殖健康的认知水平较低,近两成的大学生有过性行为,对婚前性行为的态度较开放.     

上海浦东新区在校大学生生殖健康知信行与影响因素分析

调查未婚大学生生殖健康知识、态度、行为及其影响因素,为开展针对性的生殖健康教育提供依据.方法 采用随机整群抽样法抽取上海市浦东新区5所高校2 226名未婚大学生,采用自填式匿名问卷调查生殖健康状况.结果 2.9%的学生能全部答对不安全性行为产生的危害,71.9%知道1~2种有效避孕措施,4.3%认为人工流产没有风险.57.9%的学生对婚前性行为持接受或无所谓态度.性行为发生率为21.9%,性行为发生与性别、生殖健康知识来源途径、对婚前性行为的态度有关(x2值分别为53.10,31.09,374.95,P值均<0.05).非意愿妊娠率为21.7%,≥2次非意愿妊娠率达49.5%,97.2%选择人工流产,非意愿妊娠与性伴侣人数、避孕措施选择及使用频率密切相关(P值均<0.05).学生对学校生殖健康教育课的满意度仅25.5%,高校中70.1%的大学生没有生殖健康相关课程或讲座,而93.5%的学生希望开展此类课程.结论 高校应提供全面的生殖健康知识获取途径,帮助学生树立正确的性价值观念,注重避孕知识的系统性教育,减少非意愿妊娠的发生.     

上海未婚青少年性相关行为影响因素结构方程模型分析

目的 在健康促进知信行理论的基础上构建青少年性相关行为影响因素的结构方程模型,探讨其影响因素的直接作用和间接作用.方法 用计算机辅助调查6 299名15～24岁未婚青少年性与生殖健康知识、性相关态度和性相关行为,对调查数据进行结构方程模型拟合,再根据模型参数检验,通过评价修正确定最终模型.结果 青少年生殖避孕知识得分较低,及格率为28.6%.大约75%的男性和55%的女性接受婚前性行为.结构方程模型拟合较好,性与生殖健康知识对性相关行为的直接作用为0.2,间接作用为0.1176,总作用为0.3176.开放的性相关态度对性相关行为起促进作用(0.28).结论 加强对青少年进行正规的、全面的性健康和生殖避孕教育,促使其性态度转变,降低性相关行为风险.     

北京市大学生计划生育、生殖健康知识及服务需求调查

[目的]了解北京市在校大学生计划生育、生殖健康知识水平及对相关服务的态度和需求,为高校开展大学生计划生育工作及生殖健康教育提供参考依据。[方法]采用定量与定性相结合的方法。定量研究采用整群随机抽样的方法对大学生进行匿名问卷调查,调查内容包括性卫生和性病知识及性态度、性行为、计划生育和生殖健康知识及需求;定性研究采用结构式访谈的方式对计划生育管理人员、学生进行专题访谈。[结果]共回收有效问卷1195份,其中男生590名,女生605名。(1)大学生具备一定的性卫生、性病知识,但避孕知识方面存在不少空白。仅有23.18%的同学能够准确计算出安全期;有性行为的学生中,10.24%的男生曾使性伴侣发生意外妊娠,5.88%的女生发生过意外妊娠。(2)大学生对婚前性行为态度较宽容。14.21%的大学生发生过婚前性行为、79.7%的大学生可以接受非婚性行为、60.05%的大学生可以接受非婚同居。(3)大学生缺乏全面的生殖健康教育,但对该方面的教育有强烈的需求。59.33%的大学生接受过正规生殖健康知识教育,但知识不全面且欠准确;89.34%的学生认为有必要在学校开展计划生育服务及生殖健康教育。(4)大学生对学校现有生殖健康教育及学校提供的计生服务满意程度较低。仅有12.81%的学生知道学校有学生计划生育服务机构,只有21.74%的学生在学校获得过有关计划生育、生殖健康方面的咨询和服务。(5)大学生希望通过学校讲座或课程(64.90%)等正规途径获取"性心理卫生"、"两性相处"、"避孕知识"等知识。[结论]北京市大学生所获取的计划生育与生殖健康知识缺乏系统性和准确性,认知水平较低,性态度宽容。他们普遍对为大学生提供的计划生育服务和生殖健康教育现状不满意且对该方面的知识有需求,学校应根据大学生的特点有针对性的开展系统全面的计划生育、生殖健康教育和咨询服务。     

某职业学院学生性知识态度行为与性风险的关系

探讨职业院校学生性知识、态度、行为与性风险影响因素及其路径关系,为制定性健康教育方案提供依据.方法 采用分层抽样的方法,利用问卷星软件对内蒙古某职业院校796名学生进行性知识、态度、行为与性风险的匿名在线问卷调查.结果 在性知识方面,男生性病知识高于女生(Z = 5.48,P<0.01),在生殖健康、避孕和性病知识方面高职生得分高于中职生(Z值分别为3.27,5.82,5.06,P<0.01),医学生在生殖健康基本知识、避孕知识、性病知识和艾滋病知识得分均高于非医学生(Z值分别为5.87,6.48,3.73,4.72,P相似文献   

某高校女生婚恋观及生殖健康状况

目的了解内江师范学院女生婚恋观及生殖健康现状,以便有针对性地开展女大学生生殖健康教育。方法对内江师范学院276名选修《女大学生生殖健康教育》课程的女生进行问卷调查。结果女大学生的婚恋观符合社会伦理和道德规范。恋爱报告率为69.6%,性行为(性交)报告率为26.1%,有性行为(性交)的女大学生意外妊娠率为30.6%。女大学生对避孕有一定认识,但缺乏科学性、系统性。结论应重视并深入开展女大学生生殖健康教育,倡导健康、安全、负责任的性态度。     

北京市6所高校大学生生殖健康知信行调查

目的:了解北京市在校大学生生殖健康知识、态度、行为(知信行)现状,为开展大学生生殖健康教育提供科学依据。方法:2010年1～5月,采用整群随机抽样的方法对北京市6所高校的大学生进行匿名问卷调查。结果:共调查1041人,其中男生497人,女生544人。调查对象对紧急避孕方法及我国重点预防的性病了解最少,对艾滋病传播途径认知较好;男生认知水平高于女生。82.21%的大学生可以接受婚前性行为,61.05%的大学生可以接受未婚先孕;12.20%的大学生发生过婚前性行为,每次性行为均采取避孕措施的占56.00%;仅有22.47%的同学能够准确计算出安全期,调查对象意外妊娠发生率为14.40%。89.05%的大学生认为有必要在学校开展生殖健康教育,并希望通过系列讲座或课程等形式获取性相关的生殖健康知识。结论:北京市大学生生殖健康认知水平较低且不全面,性态度宽容,他们普遍对生殖健康教育有需求,学校应根据大学生的特点有针对性地开展系统全面的生殖健康教育。     

大学生性行为影响因素的典型相关分析

目的探讨在校大学生性行为的影响因素，以便有针对性地对其进行生殖健康知识教育。方法采用随机抽样的方法对广州市某大学1003名在校大学生进行问卷调查，并对影响大学生性行为(包括手淫、婚前性行为)的有关因素进行典型相关分析。结果手淫的发生与大学生对手淫的认识态度呈正相关，并且男生手淫率高于女生；婚前性行为发生情况与大学生对大学中性行为发生情况的了解程度呈正相关，而与大学生是否了解女性易受孕时间呈负相关。结论有关部门应该加强对大学生生殖健康的教育，重点在男生。     

北京市大学生婚前性行为影响因素分析

目的分析北京市大学生婚前性行为影响因素,为高校开展学生生殖健康教育工作提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,对北京市6所高校1187名在校未婚大学生进行生殖健康知信行的问卷调查,统计分析采用单因素分析和二分类Logistic回归分析。结果 1187名调查对象中,有性行为者占13.80%。有性行为者对紧急避孕措施的知晓率最高(87.10%),其次为安全套的使用时机(85.81%),能够准确计算出安全期最低(44.44%),这3项的知晓率均高于无性行为者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。有性行为者能够接受婚前性行为(65.22%)、未婚同居(85.63%)和未婚先孕(32.50%)的比例均高于无性行为者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析中性别、年级和对非婚性行为的态度是大学生婚前性行为的影响因素,男生发生性行为的比例高于女生(OR=3.5),大二、大三、大四学生和研究生发生性行为的比例均高于大一学生(OR分别为6.2,4.7,8.5,9.2),可以接受非婚性行为者发生性行为的比例高于不可以接受者(OR=11.8)。结论有必要在高校普遍开展针对不同性别和年级学生的生殖健康教育工...     

海南中职女生性相关行为现状及影响因素分析

了解海南省中职女生性相关行为现状及其影响因素,为对中职女生针对性制定和实施性健康教育策略提供参考依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法,对海南省11所中职学校共1 541名女生开展问卷调查,对收集的数据进行统计学分析.结果 中职女生性相关行为态度较为开放,婚前性行为持反对意见占49.0%,57.0%的女生报告有恋爱经历,恋爱经历1次的占19.1%,恋爱经历≥2次的占37.9%,少数民族女生恋爱报告率高于汉族女生;一、二年级比三年级女生更容易出现恋爱现象;5.3%的女生有性行为,首次发生性行为的年龄最小为11岁,每次使用或经常使用避孕套者比例为23.2%,少数民族女生性行为报告率高于汉族女生;三年级女生相对于一年级女生发生性行为的可能性更高;有吸烟、饮酒、去酒吧或KTV、纹身等行为的女生性行为报告率高于无吸烟、饮酒、去酒吧或KTV、纹身等行为的女生,差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为55.95,39.31,34.03,28.51,P值均<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,民族、年级(一、二年级)、饮酒、吸烟、纹身、去酒吧或KTV是恋爱的影响因素(OR值分别为0.73,1.46,1.36,2.08,2.59,2.87,1.81);民族、年级(一年级)、喝酒、吸烟是发生性行为的影响因素(OR值分别为0.45,0.33,5.31,2.44).66.1%女生认为自己目前有必要接受性教育.结论 被调查中职女生性观念较开放,自我保护意识淡薄.中职院校应加强相关干预措施,减少性相关危险行为的发生,培养学生树立起科学的性恋爱观,构建健康的性道德观.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.