嘉兴市幼托儿童水痘感染状况及国产疫苗免疫效果观察

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)引起的,是常见的儿科呼吸道疾病,好发于儿童.该病易引起严重的并发症,甚至导致死亡.为了解嘉兴市幼托儿童的水痘抗体水平和国产水痘疫苗的免疫原性、反应原性,为制定科学有效的免疫策略提供依据,我们于2002年6月在嘉兴市秀洲区、嘉善县开展了幼托儿童水痘抗体水平、水痘疫苗免疫成功率监测和疫苗安全性观察,现将结果分析如下.     

某部一起水痘疫情的调查分析

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起的急性出疹性传染病,临床特征较典型,患者是唯一传染源,通过飞沫和接触传染,潜伏期为12 ～ 21 d.其诊断要点是:全身皮肤及粘膜分批出现斑疹,迅速转为丘疹、疱疹,最后结痂脱落.近年来水痘在部队新兵中的发病率有增长趋势.某部新兵营于201 1年12月28日-2012年4月2日出现一起水痘疫情,累计发病12例.现将疫情调查结果报告如下.     

外科病区1起水痘疫情的控制

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病.2007年6月我院心外科病区发生水痘疫情,医院迅速采取有效防控措施,遏制了水痘流行.现将疫情防控报道如下.     

浙江大学学生水痘发病情况分析

水痘(Chicken pox)是由V-E病毒引起的呼吸道传染病,以轻度全身症状和分批出现的斑疹、丘疹、疱疹和痂疹为其特点.人对水痘普遍易感,且该病传染性强,接触后的易感者约有80%发病.该病一年四季均可发生,但以冬春季最多.常见于10岁以下儿童,1岁以下儿童和成人水痘较为少见.浙江大学紫金港医院1996年4月至2003年10月收治了272例成人水痘,现分析如下.     

一起小学生水痘暴发流行的调查报告

水痘是(Varicella)是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(Varicell-zosterirus)所引起的急性呼吸道传染病.水痘的临床表现是发热、全身皮肤先后出现斑疹、丘疹,最后变为泡疹.其传染性比较大,一年四季均可发病,在儿童中传播率达90%以上,多见于年幼儿童.水痘病人是唯一传染源,从发病第一天到水痘疱疹干枯结痂都具有传染性,主要通过空气飞沫传播,接触被污染的物品也可被感染,患病痊愈后有持久免疫力.2004年12月,高唐县小华小学发生多例水痘感染病例,现将流行病学调查情况报告如下:……     

北京市丰台区2008－2010年717例水痘突破病例流行病学特征分析

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染引起的发热出疹性疾病,严重影响儿童的身体健康.北京市于2006年将水痘纳入免疫规划管理,随着水痘管理的逐渐规范化,突破病例越来越受到关注.为了解水痘疫苗接种后突破病例发病特点及规律,本研究对2008-2010年北京市丰台区水痘疫苗接种后发生的突破病例资料进行了分析.     

2006—2008年上海市普陀区学校水痘爆发流行病学特征分析

水痘是由水痘一带状疱疹病毒引起的儿童期常见急性传染病,其传染性较强,尤其在幼托、学校等集体单位,易感人群密集,传播速度快,容易引起爆发或流行。本文对2006-2008年区内学校中水痘突发公共卫生事件进行分析,旨在揭示本区水痘爆发疫情特征,为及时落实预防控制措施,控制爆发提供依据。     

大学生水痘112例分析

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,多见于儿童,然而近年来成人患者有逐渐增多的趋势。估计全球每年约有6000万人患水痘,水痘具有高度传染性,人群对其普遍易感,极易引起暴发流行。我国学校易感人群集中,是水痘疫情暴发的主要场所[1]。现将浙江师范大学医院近5年收治的大学生水痘病例诊治情况分析如下。     

扬州市广陵区儿童水痘防治情况调查

水痘是由带状疱疹病毒(VZV)引起的急性病毒性传染病,主要发生于10岁以下儿童,水痘病原体可由喷嚏、咳嗽等通过空气经呼吸道传播,或直接接触传播.病人在发病前期至疱疹结痂,具有很强的传染性.一旦在易感人群中出现水痘病人,就很难遏止水痘在该群体中的暴发.为了解我区儿童水痘发病情况及水痘暴发疫情的防治效果,开展了本次调查,现将结果报告如下.     

水痘疫苗免疫效果的病例对照研究

水痘是以发热和全身散发瘙痒性疱疹为主要特征的儿童常见传染病,是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒(Varicella-zoster Virus,VZV)引起的病毒性疾病,其传染性强,易感者接触后90％发病,在全世界范围内均有病例报道.接种水痘疫苗(Varicella attenuated live vaccine,VarV)是预防和控制ZVZ流行最有效的手段.随着宁波市对水痘管理的逐渐规范化,水痘报告病例数不断增加,突破性水痘病例时有发生,人们对水痘疫苗效果也越来越关注.为了解宁波市人群接种VarV的免疫效果,我们在宁波市开展了VarV免疫效果的流行病学调查.     

水痘

水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒（Varicella-Zoster Virus,VZV）引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病,初次感染VZV引起水痘,之后VZV可长期潜伏在脊髓神经节,病毒再激活可引起带状疱疹。虽然大多数水痘病人预后良好,但仍有多种严重的并发症可导致患者死亡。现今我国尚未将水痘减毒活疫苗纳入儿童免疫规划,水痘在我国儿童中时有爆发或流行。现就水痘的病原体特征、临床表现、诊断方法、流行病学和预防策略等做简要综述。     

Summary of the multidisciplinary guideline 'Varicella'

The multidisciplinary guideline 'Varicella' provides guidelines for diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of chickenpox. At the first pregnancy check, patients should be questioned about previous chickenpox; in case of a negative or doubtful history varicella zoster virus (VZV) serology is indicated. VZV antibody determination is also indicated in patients considered for immunosuppressive therapy and for healthcare workers with a negative VZV history who are in contact with immunocompromised patients. Administration of VZV immunoglobulin within 96 hours following VZV contact can mitigate the infection in pregnant women and patients with T-cell deficiency. VZV immunoglobulin treatment should be considered for newborn infants of mothers who developed chickenpox in the period from five days before to two days after delivery. Antivirals can reduce the severity of infection and are safe during pregnancy. Varicella vaccine protects against chickenpox, but is contraindicated in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women.     

Optic neuritis following Varicella zoster vaccination: Report of two cases

Two women presented at our clinic with vision blurring following Varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccination, 3 weeks and 1 week ago. Ophthalmologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral and unilateral optic neuritis, respectively. One patient had a history of optic neuritis in the fellow eye 33 years ago without recurrence since then. Both patients completely recovered after treatment with high dose intravenous methylprednisolone followed by a tapered dose of oral prednisolone. This is the first report of optic neuritis occurring in relation to VZV vaccination.     

Homology modelling and docking studies on Varicella Zoster Virus Thymidine kinase

Thymidine kinase (TK) is the key enzyme in antiviral and suicide gene therapies. While herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase has been widely studied and crystallised less is known on Varicella Zoster Virus thymidine kinase (VZV TK) and its three-dimensional structure. In this paper we report the model of the three-dimensional structure of VZV TK resulting from a homology modelling study. Subsequent docking studies of the natural substrate deoxythymidine (dT) and known antiviral drugs were performed and shaded new light on the binding characteristics of the enzyme.     

Modelling a cost-effective vaccination strategy for the prevention of varicella and herpes zoster infection: A systematic review

BackgroundVaricella zoster virus (VZV) and its re-emergence as herpes zoster (HZ) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While studies show that VZV vaccination is effective in reducing VZV incidence, many decision makers have not added VZV to their vaccination schedule, largely due to uncertainty surrounding the effect of VZV vaccination on HZ incidence (exogenous boosting, EB), and the cost-effectiveness (CE) of vaccination.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify the current published evidence of CE of VZV vaccination strategies where both VZV and HZ incidence were modelled.ResultsSix studies (one published in 2003 and five between 2010 and 2019), were identified with all conducting cost-utility analysis using a dynamic transmission modelling approach and assuming EB. All predicted that mass infant VZV vaccination would rapidly reduce VZV incidence, but HZ incidence would increase. Compared with no-vaccination, the CE of VZV vaccination strategies ranged from higher costs and poorer outcomes (dominated), towards CE (incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of between $7,000 to $61,000 USD), or lower cost and better outcomes (dominant). However, without EB, HZ incidence immediately dropped below pre-vaccination levels making VZV vaccination quickly CE and/or dominant to a no vaccination strategy.ConclusionsCurrent models are sensitive to assumptions of EB suggesting that future studies consider an agent-based modelling approach to address the individual nature of variables that determine the infectiousness of VZV.     

Superiority of varicella skin test antigen over purified varicella-zoster virus glycoproteins in monitoring booster response to Oka varicella vaccine

Varicella skin test antigen has been developed based on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The booster immune response to Oka varicella vaccine was assessed by cutaneous reactivity to purified VZV glycoprotein complexes, gB, gE:gI, gH:gL, and varicella skin test antigen. Skin tests with these antigens significantly augmented antibody production to glycoproteins and VZV antigen resulting in no further augmentation by the subsequent vaccination. All glycoprotein complexes induced the cutaneous reaction similarly to varicella skin test antigen. Cutaneous reaction to glycoproteins and varicella skin test antigen was boosted after vaccination. However, the magnitude of cutaneous reaction to each glycoprotein complex before and after vaccination was rich in variety. These results indicated that skin test with varicella skin test antigen is a more suitable indicator in monitoring cell-mediated immunity to VZV than that using purified glycoproteins.     

Bioinformatics of varicella-zoster virus: Single nucleotide polymorphisms define clades and attenuated vaccine genotypes

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is one of the human herpesviruses. To date, over 40 complete VZV genomes have been sequenced and analyzed. The VZV genome contains around 125,000 base pairs including 70 open reading frames (ORFs). Enumeration of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has determined that the following ORFs are the most variable (in descending order): 62, 22, 29, 28, 37, 21, 54, 31, 1 and 55. ORF 62 is the major immediate early regulatory VZV gene. Further SNP analysis across the entire genome has led to the observation that VZV strains can be broadly grouped into clades within a phylogenetic tree. VZV strains collected in Singapore provided important sequence data for construction of the phylogenetic tree. Currently five VZV clades are recognized; they have been designated clades 1 through 5. Clades 1 and 3 include European/North American strains; clade 2 includes Asian strains, especially from Japan; and clade 5 includes strains from India. Clade 4 includes some strains from Europe, but its geographic origins need further documentation. Within clade 1, five variant viruses have been isolated with a missense mutation in the gE (ORF 68) glycoprotein; these strains have an altered increased cell spread phenotype. Bioinformatics analyses of the attenuated vaccine strains have also been performed, with a subsequent discovery of a stop-codon SNP in ORFO as a likely attenuation determinant. Taken together, these VZV bioinformatics analyses have provided enormous insights into VZV phylogenetics as well as VZV SNPs associated with attenuation.     

2010—2012年广东省发热伴出疹症候群的病原学研究

目的分析2010年8月至2012年8月期间广东省发热伴出疹性疾病（rash and fever illness,RFIs）的病原谱构成及流行特征,为临床诊断、治疗和RFIs的预防控制提供科学依据。方法应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR）方法和酶联免疫吸附测定（enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay,ELISA）方法对519例临床标本进行风疹、麻疹、肠道病毒、水痘-带状疱疹、人类小DNA病毒B19、伤寒副伤寒等病原学检测,并进行统计分析。结果 519例样本中检出314例RFIs病原体阳性标本,阳性率为60.50%。病原谱构成前3位为肠道病毒、水痘病毒和风疹病毒。不同年龄组感染的病原谱构成也不同：0～和5～岁年龄组以肠道病毒71型（human enterovirus 71,EV71）为主,风疹在15～岁年龄组的检出率高于其他年龄组,而水痘在60岁以上年龄组的检出率高于其他年龄组;不同性别患者之间病原体检出率差异无统计学意义。不同病原体在不同年龄组阳性率差异均有统计学意义（均有P〈0.05）。结论肠道病毒是本地RFIs感染的主要病原体。部分病原体的感染与年龄有一定的关联,应长期监测RFIs病原体的活动水平。加速肠道病毒疫苗的研制,积极推行水痘、麻疹等疫苗的接种是控制RFIs发病的主要措施。     

Compliance with herpes zoster vaccination in young and adult individuals in two regions of Italy

Background  

The purpose of this work was to explore the knowledge and acceptance of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)-Herpes Zoster (HZ) vaccination in the general Italian population, where the HZ vaccine has not yet been distributed, using a prevalence study of subjects from two regions in Italy.     

Susceptibility to Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Health Care Workers

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an occupational hazard for apercentage of health care staff. Nine hundred and seventy staffmembers attending the Occupational Health Department at CorkUniversity Hospital took part in the survey. A latex agglutinationassay was used to determine the health care workers immune statusto VZV. Of the 970 workers tested, 928 (95.7%) were immune toVZV. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of anenquiry regarding a history of chicken-pox was determined ona sample of 206.health care workers: The positive predictivevalue was 95% (119/125) and the negative predictive value was11% (4/35). The sensitivity of the enquiry was 79% (119/150).the specificity was 40% (4/10), reducing to 61% (119/195) and36% (4/11) respectively when individuals with uncertain hitorieswere included in the calculations. The advantages and disadvantagesof selective staff screening are discussed. In the authors opinionall health care workers involved in the clinical care of patientsshould be screened by serology for past VZV infection beforetaking up duty and those who are susceptible to VZV should bemade aware of the risks and health effects associated with VZVif contracted.