进出境船舶压舱水致病性弧菌的调查

目的：了解致病性弧菌的存在情况以及其与船舶卫生控制措施和卫生状况间的关系，为传染病监测及制定措施提供科学依据。方法：对珠海港入出境船舶压舱水和饮用水中致病性孤菌进行流行病学调查，采集入出境船舶压舱水、饮用水和珠海港海域海水，对水样进行弧菌的分离鉴定及统计分析。结果：压舱水致病性弧菌检出率为86．20％，海水致病性弧菌检出率为78．13％，入境船舶上的饮用水致病性弧菌检出率为26．47％；入境船舶上饮用水致病性弧菌检出率大大高于管道饮水中检出率；船舶卫生状况不同时，其饮用水中致病性弧菌检出率差异有显著性；在压舱水中检出12种致病性弧菌，其中以深藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、沙鱼弧菌、创伤弧菌为主要优势菌；分离自压舱水的2株溶血性弧菌中检测到耐热溶血素基因。结论：致病性弧菌广泛分布于压舱水和海水中，制定规范的压舱水卫生管理措施乃当务之急。     

入境船舶饮用水致病性孤菌污染与相关因素

目的：了解珠海口岸入境船舶上饮用水中致病性弧菌污染状况，以及其与船舶卫生管理和卫生处理措施等方面的关系，为检验检疫执法工作和政策的制定提供依据。方法：采集珠海港入境船舶饮用水，对水样进行弧菌科的分离鉴定，并对调查资料进行统计和分析。结果：入境船舶上的饮用水34份，9份检出致病性弧菌，检出率26．47％；检出6种致病性弧菌；船舶卫生状况不同时，其饮用水中致病性弧菌检出率差异有显著性。结论：入境船舶上的饮用水被致病性弧菌污染较严重。有“海水化淡”设备的船舶，可能对降低其饮用水中致病性弧菌检出率有一定作用。建议对入境船舶饮用水的排放加强管理，制定有效的检疫监管措施。     

珠海港船舶压舱水中致病性弧菌分布的调查

目的：了解珠海港入出境船舶压舱水中致病性弧菌分布特征，为传染病监测及制定防制措施提供科学依据。方法：对来自珠海港境外的船舶，采取到达港后立即登轮采集压舱水；并采集珠海港海域的海水作为本底对照，对水样进行弧菌科的分离鉴定，并对调查资料进行统计和分析。结果：压舱水中检出12种致病性弧菌，其中以溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、沙鱼弧菌、创伤弧菌为优势菌。从压舱水分离的副溶血性弧菌中，有3株检测到耐热溶血素基因。仅在压舱水中检出非01和非0139群霍乱弧菌和梅氏弧菌。结论：致病性弧菌广泛分布于压舱水和海水中，且压舱水比海水中致病性弧菌种类更多，污染更为严重，对排放地区人民身体健康构成威胁，制定出规范的压舱水卫生管理措施乃当务之急。     

厦门港2011年货轮压舱水监测结果分析

目的了解厦门港货轮压舱水卫生状况。方法采集货轮压舱水和海域海水水样,检测总大肠菌群、pH值、非O1和非O139霍乱弧菌、副溶血弧菌等指标并比较分析。结果货轮压舱水和海域海水中均检出大肠菌群、非O1和非O139霍乱弧菌和副溶血弧菌。货轮压舱水中大肠菌群、非O1和非O139霍乱弧菌、副溶血弧菌检出率分别为40.0%、20.0%和15.0%,其中大肠菌群检出率明显高于海域海水。结论大肠菌群、非O1和非O139霍乱弧菌、副溶血弧菌广泛分布于压舱水和海水中,压舱水排放对当地群众的健康构成威胁,对公共卫生潜在性危害更大。     

远洋船舶压舱水卫生学调查与评价

[目的]通过对远洋船舶压舱水卫生学调查与评价,加强其排放管理,保障人民身体健康.[方法]对所载压舱水均装自国外的船舶,采取到达广州港后立即登轮采样.[结果]对来自境外的31批次压舱水卫生学调查结果显示,致病菌阳性20份,占64.5％;大肠菌群阳性18份,占58.1％.大肠杆菌、菌落数、pH值检出值在致病菌阳性组与阴性组间的差别均无显著性意义,检出值各组间无相关关系存在.[结论]远洋船舶压舱水卫生状况较差,不管是否在霍乱疫区,都应实施有效的卫生处理后方可在我国海域排放.开展压舱水中致病菌,特别是致病性弧菌和大肠菌群检测,具有重要的卫生学意义和现实意义,不能完全以pH值、大肠菌群和菌落总数情况反映压舱水遭受致病菌污染情况.     

3M微生物测试片检测入境船舶压舱水卫生学指标的探讨

[目的]探讨快速、便捷的船舶压舱水卫生学指标检测方法,为制定有效的入境船舶压舱水卫生监管措施,保护我国水域卫生安全提供可靠的依据。[方法]用3Mpetrifilm~[TM]细菌总数测试片和大肠菌群测试片对入境船舶压舱水样品进行检测。用国家标准《大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群证实实验》(GB/T 4789．3—2003)进行验证。[结果] 52份来自韩国和日本入境船舶压舱水中细菌总数超过2 000个/ml的14份,占检测总数的26．9％；大肠菌群阳性的2份,阳性率3．9％。[结论]用3M微生物测试片对入境压舱水进行检测,细菌总数测试片使用方便,易于计数,能反应每毫升压舱水中真实的细菌总数；普通大肠菌群测试片,大肠菌群易于辨认和计数,但与我国现行方法比较,其加样量小,可能存在较多的漏检情况,建议使用滤膜过滤方法。     

山东主要港口海域及入境船舶压舱水中病原菌调查结果的多维尺度分析

目的运用多维尺度方法将山东主要港口海域及其入境船舶压舱水中的病原菌进行分析,证实入境船舶压舱水水样与本地港口海域水样两两之间在细菌组成上的异同。方法将青岛前湾港（编号B01-B04）、烟台港（编号B05-B07）和日照港（编号B08-B10）海域海水和三地港口压舱水分离出的59种（属）细菌进行非计量多维尺度分析。结果三地港口海域细菌组成没有明显不同;入境船舶压舱水中细菌组成不同于港口海水中细菌组成;压舱水中细菌组成与入境港口无关,与船舶来源地密切相关。结论三地港口海域均可能受到压舱水的外来污染。     

2007年秦皇岛港入境船舶压舱水大肠菌群监测报告

目的了解入境船舶载自境外压舱水大肠菌群污染情况。方法无菌采集入境船舶载自境外的压舱水样本，进行大肠菌群培养分离鉴定。结果2007年8-10月共监测69艘次入境船舶载自境外港口的60万余吨压舱水，检出大肠菌群的阳性船舶11艘次，船舶阳性率为15．94％，压舱水阳性比例为18．39％（110378／600064）。其中大肠菌群数量达第四类海水水质标准的9艘次，共计73790吨，船舶阳性率为13．04％（9／69），四类水质压舱水阳性比例为12．30％（73790／600064）。结论入境船舶载自境外的压舱水大肠菌群污染严重。     

黄骅港口岸船舶卫生状况调查分析

目的 加强对船舶的卫生检疫、卫生监督和卫生处理，防止医学媒介生物及病原体的传播扩散。方法 对2002年来港船舶进行环境卫生检查及鼠虫患检查；对杀虫灭鼠药品、器械进行检查；对船员健康状况进行监测；对压舱水的装载港进行调查。结果 93艘次船舶中有19艘次环境卫生状况差，占20．43％；虫患阳性船舶41艘次，阳性率为44．09％；有15艘次压舱水装载自疫区，占16．13％。结论 必须加强对船舶的卫生检疫、卫生监督及卫生处理工作，并强化对船员的卫生管理和卫生宣传。     

对洋浦口岸入境船舶的卫生监督与卫生处理

本文报道了对自1992年5月至1995年4月从洋浦口岸入境的168艘国内外船舶的卫生监督和卫生处理情况。结果表明:入境的中国籍船舶比入境的外国籍船舶的一般卫生状况好,两者有显著性差异(P<0. 05)。入境的中国籍船舶蟑螂侵害率(27.1％)较入境的外国籍船舶蟑螂侵害率(43.4％)低,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05)。入境的中国籍船舶鼠息率(24.7％)与入境的外国籍船舶鼠患率(18.1％)比较,两者差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。根据卫生检查结果分别对13艘入境的外国籍船舶、6艘入境的中国籍船舶和450吨压舱水实施卫生处理。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.