社区卫生服务契约筹资的理论与实践研究

国外社区卫生服务契约的筹资主要来自于政府财政、社会医疗保险或其他形式的保险、向利用者收费、社区筹资和各种形式的捐赠。我国已经基本形成了社区卫生服务的多元化筹资渠道，包括政府筹资、社会医疗保险制度、向使用者收费、社区筹资、各种方式的捐赠等。但地区之间存在严重的差异，部分地区筹资渠道单一、筹资来源不稳定，影响了社区卫生服务的可持续发展，提出政府应该制定相关的政策和法规来保证社区卫生服务契约多元化筹资的落实。     

太原市城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制现状分析

通过阐述太原市城镇居民基本医疗保险的筹资机制,结合文献研究,并且从医疗保险的筹资渠道、筹资标准的变化、筹资方式等方面提出完善太原市城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制的思考,以促进太原市城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制的健康发展。     

解决城镇弱势人群医疗保障问题的思路与对策

随着我国市场经济的进一步发展，产业结构调整和社会结构急剧转型。社会弱势人群的保障问题日益凸显，解决弱势人群医疗保障问题的思路应放在职工基本医疗保险制度与医药卫生体制改革的大背景下，考虑以基本医疗保险作为主体框架。构建包括多种医疗救助形式的多层次医疗保障体系，建立稳定，多元化的筹资机制及可持续发展机制。相应的对策有：制定特殊政策，逐步把弱势人群纳入基本医疗保险；建立规范，多元的医疗救助体系；开征社会保障税；强化监督管理制度等。     

我国卫生保健服务不公平性的主要表现及对策

通过对我国卫生保健服务不公平的提供和筹资进行剖析,就如何改变现状和不断提高我国卫生保健的公平性提出如下建议;强化政府责任,建立合理的医疗保障和卫生服务体系;加强基层卫生机构能力建设;改变现有的医疗保险支付模式,合理吸引社会资金用于医疗保健投资。     

城镇基本医疗保险筹资分析

城镇职工医疗保险和城镇居民医疗保险的目的在于建立有效的医疗保障体系,全面覆盖城镇居民,满足其基本医疗需求,减轻参保人群的医疗负担。医疗保险筹资方式决定了筹资的规模,继而影响到医疗保险社会互济和分散风险的能力。城镇基本医疗保险筹资主要通过税收、缴费和患者个人自付的方式进行。但目前针对于我国医疗保险筹资研究的焦点主要集中于缴费和收税两种方式,因此有必要从缴费和税收两种筹资方式进行比较分析。     

新疆维吾尔自治区1995—2005年卫生总费用筹资状况分析

卫生筹资反映一个地区在一定时期内全社会对卫生资金的投入状况.筹资来源是根据卫生资金的筹集渠道和方式.收集和整理卫生总费用数据.测算全社会资金投人总量.根据我国现行卫生筹资体制.卫生筹资渠道主要包括政府财政投入、社会医疗保险缴纳基金、城乡居民个人现金付费和其他卫生筹资来源.     

江苏省城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制研究

通过采取分层随机抽样的方法,选取无锡市、泰州市和盐城市的部分城镇居民及医疗保险经办管理机构进 行了调查和咨询,介绍和评析三市城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制现状,从筹资渠道、筹资标准、筹资方式以及统筹层次等方面提出完善江苏省城镇居民基本医疗保险筹资机制的思考.     

我国长期护理保险试点地区筹资机制比较研究

目的梳理我国15个长期护理保险(以下简称"长护险")试点地区的筹资制度。方法收集我国15个试点地区的政策,并进行了关键知情人访谈对所收集信息进行验证。结果 15个试点地区中,长护险的参保人分为两类,8地从城镇职工基本医疗保险/职工基本医疗保险/职工社会医疗保险(以下简称"职保")起步,其余7地的长护险参保人则包括职保参保人和城镇居民基本医疗保险/城乡居民基本医疗保险/居民社会医疗保险参保人。筹资渠道主要为医疗保险(以下简称"医保")划转和政府补贴,筹资标准采用定比或定额的方式确定,采用定额法的地区,人均筹资额30～180元/年不等。受益对象采取Barthel量表或定制量表进行评估。长护险基金独立于医保,设立财政专户。结论我国15个试点地区初步形成了"医保划转为主、财政划拨为辅、个人和社会参与"的长护险独立筹资机制。但在筹资标准的测算方法、受益对象的评定标准和年龄限制、筹资的可持续性上还存在一定的完善空间。     

关于城镇弱势人群医疗保障问题的探讨

随着我国市场经济的进一步发展，产业结构调整和社会结构急剧转型，社会弱势人群及其保障问题日益突现。解决弱势人群医疗保障问题迫在眉捷，并有着重要的法律，政治，经济意义，符合改善社会公平，提高效率原则。解决的思路应放在职工基本医疗保险制度与医药卫生体制改革的大背景下，考虑以基本医疗保险作为主体框架，构建包括多种医疗救助形式的多层次医疗保障体系，建立稳定，多元化的筹资机制及可持续发展机制，根据以上思路，本文提出了一些相应的对策。     

日本医疗保险体系的发展历程

介绍了日本社会医疗保险系统发展的历程,以及社会医疗保险三个重要组成部分：雇员医疗保险、社区医疗保险和老人医疗保险的筹资、支付等环节的现状;分析了目前日本社会医疗保险受到日本医疗卫生体系、日本人口老龄化等因素影响后所产生的问题和挑战;希望给我国社会医疗保险体系的发展提供参考。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.