2011 - 2016年云浮地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因进化与变异

目的 分析2011 - 2016年云浮地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素（HA）基因进化特征及抗原表位变异特征。方法 收集流感监测哨点医院流感样病例咽拭子标本,通过MDCK细胞对标本进行病毒分离。按时间顺序选取19株云浮地区新甲型H1N1流感毒株,对HA基因进行测序。与Genbank中13株参考毒株相应序列比较,用BioEdit5.0、MEGA6.0软件构建HA基因系统进化树,进行核苷酸序列同源性和氨基酸位点变异分析。结果 19株毒株HA核苷酸序列高度相似;进化树可分为三大分支,各具基因特征。在19株毒株HA中发现45个氨基酸位点变异,其中有6个高频变异位点:P100S 、S202T/N、S220T、I338V、E391K、S468N;发生在抗原决定簇上的变异位点有位于Sa区的N142S、G172E、S179N、K180Q,Sb区的S202T/N和Ca区S220T;2016年分离的3株毒株中,抗原决定簇发生了Sa区S179N和K180Q、Sb区S202T和Ca区S220T变异。结论 云浮地区新甲型H1N1流感病毒HA蛋白在某些氨基酸位点发生了突变,抗原决定簇Sa、Sb 和Ca区的氨基酸位点发生了变异,2016年云浮地区可能出现了新甲型H1N1流感新变异株。     

上海市闵行区甲型H1N1流感病毒株变异分析

目的:了解上海市闵行区人群中甲型H1N1流感病毒株基因特性及抗原变异情况,为甲型H1N1流感防控提供科学依据。方法:采集2009年8月-2011年3月闵行区哨点医院流感样患者鼻咽拭子标本,Real-time RT-PCR鉴定流感病毒亚型,犬肾细胞(MDCK)培养分离流感病毒,血凝抑制试验(HI)确定流感病毒型与亚型。对部分甲型H1N1流感病毒株进行血凝素(HA)、病毒聚合酶(PB2)片段全基因测序,分析基因和氨基酸位点变异情况。结果:闵行区于2009年8月-2010年3月发生第一波甲型H1N1流感疫情,共报告甲型H1N1流感确诊病例232例,占流感病例总数的54.33%。2010年12月-2011年3月发生第二波甲型H1N1流感疫情,共报告甲型H1N1流感确诊病例71例,占流感病例总数的62.83%。HA进化树分析发现,第二波分离的甲型H1N1流感毒株与大多数2009年第一波大流行分离毒株不位于同一主干上,说明HA基因发生了一定程度的变异;HA蛋白氨基酸位点分析显示,部分毒株在抗原决定位点上发生了变异。PB2蛋白氨基酸序列分析显示,第627位和701位点分别是谷氨酸和天冬氨酸,仍为禽源流感病毒PB2蛋白氨基酸位点,但第677位点出现E677G突变。结论:2011年冬春季闵行区人群中甲型H1N1流感流行毒株与2009年北美流行株比较已经有一定变异,出现了一些抗原漂移和适应性进化。     

输入性甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因进化特征

目的分析输入性甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA基因进化特征,及早发现变异株。方法选取广东口岸入境人群中检出的53份输入性甲型H1N1流感阳性样本,扩增其病毒HA基因并测序,与2009年甲型H1N1流感代表株A/California/04/2009/H1N1比较,对甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA基因进行系统进化分析。结果 HA基因进化树可分为4个分支,2009年、2010年病毒共同位于第Ⅰ、Ⅱ分支,2011年病毒位于第Ⅲ、Ⅳ分支,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ分支与Ⅲ、Ⅳ分支距离较远。HA核苷酸序列有11个碱基位点变异较为显著。HA蛋白5个抗原决定簇位点S202T、A203T、D204N、S220T和R222K发生变异,受体结合位点、糖基化位点氨基酸较保守。通过三维构象看出,大部分氨基酸变异位于HA1分子表面。结论甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因已发生一定程度的变异。随着突变的不断积累,病毒极可能会通过改变其抗原性,从而引起新的流行。     

泉州市2009年甲型H1N1流感基因特性分析

目的 了解福建省泉州市2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA和NA基因特征,探讨该病毒的遗传变异及分子特性.方法 采集泉州市甲型H1N1流感患者咽拭子,采用实时荧光聚合酶链反应方法检测病毒核酸及MDCK细胞培养进行病毒分离、鉴定,提取其中2株代表性毒株病毒核糖核酸(RNA),采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增病毒HA和NA基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定,用DNAstar megalign软件进行序列分析.结果 1 020份咽拭子检出甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性200份;季节性流感病毒核酸阳性70份,其中H3N2亚型53份,H1N1亚型14份,B型3份,并分离到29株甲型H1N1流感病毒株;HA基因核苷酸序列测定显示,该毒株与北美流行株高度同源,由HA基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸系列与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007比较,有22个位于抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点发生变异,但受体结合特异性仍为人样受体,NA基因耐药性位点分析显示,对达菲药物依然敏感.结论 2009年泉州市甲型H1N1流感流行毒株与北美流行株高度同源,相对于疫苗代表株出现了HA蛋白抗原性漂移.     

输入性甲型H1N1流感病毒M、NP、PB1基因进化特征

目的 分析口岸输入性甲型H1N1流感病毒的M、NP和PB1基因进化特征,及时发现变异株.方法 对广东口岸2009-2011年检测的甲型H1N1流感阳性病例进行M、NP和PB1基因的RT-PCR扩增和核苷酸序列测定.以2009年甲型H1N1流感代表株A/California/04/2009/H1 N1的M、NP和PB1基因作为参考序列,分析输入性病例的系统进化树、核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性和变异位点.结果 M基因系统进化树分为4个分支,2009年病毒与2010年病毒主要分布在第Ⅰ分支,2011年检出的多数病毒聚集于第Ⅳ分支.同源性结果显示M基因高度保守,仅有5个核苷酸位点发生显著变异,对应的蛋白序列仅在氨基酸V80I位点出现突变.所有病毒NP蛋白均出现V100I突变,同时零星出现K452R突变.PB1蛋白氨基酸序列在G154D、I397M和I435T等位点发生较明显突变.结论 2009-2011年输入性甲型H1N1流感病毒M、NP、PB1基因已发生一定程度的变异,对口岸和国内流感防控提供了重要的理论依据.     

2017 - 2018年度陕西省甲型H1N1流感病毒基因特征分析

目的 了解陕西省2017 - 2018年度甲型H1N1流感病毒的血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）基因变异情况。方法 选取2017 - 2018年度分离的6株甲型H1N1流感毒株进行全基因测序,利用生物信息学软件对分离株的HA和NA基因进行进化和变异分析,并与北半球疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015进行对比;采用MEGA（5.05） 软件NJ法构建基因进化树,进行系统进化分析。结果 陕西省2017 - 2018年度甲型H1N1流感病毒阳性占比36.85%,流行高峰为2017年12月和2018年1月。6株甲型H1N1流感病毒测序得到的HA、NA序列与疫苗株比对,分别有12、11个氨基酸位点发生变异,其中HA有7个位点变异发生在抗原决定簇,受体结合位点、潜在糖基化位点比较稳定;NA序列没有发现耐药位点变异。结论 2017 - 2018年度陕西省甲型H1N1流感病毒为优势流行株。目前甲型H1N1流感病毒与WHO推荐的新疫苗株高度同源。     

亳州市2013年甲型H1N1流感病毒基因分析

目的分析亳州市2013年一所学校流感暴发疫情甲型H1N1流感病毒基因及抗原变异情况。方法从132名具有流感症状的学生当中随机采集10份标本,用Realtime RT-PCR方法鉴定甲型H1N1流感病毒,对阳性标本接种MDCK细胞,分离流感病毒,并对甲型H1N1流感病毒株进行血凝素（HA）作基因测序,分析基因及氨基酸位点变异情况。结果 10份标本中Realtime RT-PCR鉴定有8份为甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性,病毒分离培养6份阳性,并对其进行基因测序,HA基因与疫苗株同源性为98.4%,HA基因氨基酸变异分析显示,有多个位点发生变异。结论此次暴发的甲型H1N1流感病毒的基因组HA序列与我国及其他国家的甲型H1N1流感病毒具有较高的同源性,HA基因氨基酸序列发生变异情况,需密切关注甲型H1N1的流行状况。     

2015年盐城市甲型H3N2亚型流感病毒HA1基因分子进化特征分析

目的了解盐城市2015年甲型H3N2流感病毒分离株表面血凝素HA1基因分子进化特征。方法对哨点医院流感样病例标本进行核酸检测、病毒分离;选取甲型H3N2毒株,采用一步法RT-PCR扩增其HA1区,并进行序列分析,采用DNAStar软件包中MegAlign进行核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分析,以MEGA6.0软件进行序列比对及基因种系进化特征分析。结果 2015年盐城市流感样病例(ILI)监测样本中流感病毒核酸阳性率为8.36%,乙型、甲型H3N2、新甲H1N1型交替流行。抽取的7株甲型H3N2分离株,其HA1基因核苷酸同源性为98.7%~100.0%,氨基酸同源性为97.9%~100.0%;其HA1区氨基酸位点变异呈散在性分布,均未发生氨基酸的丢失和插入,氨基酸突变主要位于抗原决定簇的A、B和C区。除A/JSYC/11025/2015外,其余6株新增2个糖基化位点,其中158aa位点位于抗原决定簇B区。结论 2015年盐城市流感流行以甲型H3N2和乙型Yamagata系为主,具有典型的冬、夏双高峰特点。病毒HA1区基因特性逐渐发生变异,可能导致抗原变化,应进一步加强流感病原学监测。     

2009年-2011年江西省新型甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1基因进化分析

目的分析江西省2009年-2011年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1基因的特点,了解江西省流感病毒变异情况及WHO推荐疫苗株对人体的保护作用,为新型甲型H1N1流感的监测和防控提供理论依据。方法采集监测医院和疑似流感疫情的流感样病例鼻咽拭子标本进行流感病毒分离,从江西省流感监测网中随机选择19株新型甲型H1N1流感病毒,经核酸提取和one-step RT-PCR扩增HA1基因片段,双向序列测定,采用DNAStar 5.0和MEGA 3.0软件分析HA1基因特征。结果 2009年-2011年江西省新型甲型H1N1流感病毒HA1基因序列与疫苗推荐株具有高度同源性,但毒株变异位点逐年增加,部分变异在抗原决定簇位点。结论目前的疫苗仍对人群有保护作用,但存在新型甲型H1N1流感再次流行的风险。     

金华市首例甲型H1N1流感死亡病例病毒分离及HA基因序列分析

目的分离甲型H1N1流感病毒,分析金华市首例甲型H1N1流感死亡病例病毒分离株HA基因序列特征,为研究病毒进化、致病性、流行规律提供科学依据。方法采用MDCK细胞和real-time PCR法进行病毒分离、鉴定;提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增其HA基因片段,测定核苷酸序列;利用GeneBank中相关序列对病毒分离株A/Jinhua/01/2009（H1N1）进行基因进化树分析。结果从3份咽拭子样本中分离出1株甲型H1N1流感病毒。HA基因序列分析证明：该毒株与2009年大流行株高度同源,与古典型猪流感亲缘性较近,与欧亚地区分离的A/H1N1猪流感病毒及A/H1N1禽流感病毒进化关系较远。结论金华市首例甲型H1N1流感死亡病例分离病毒株与北美流行株高度同源,可能是由古典型猪流感进化而来,与WHO选定的甲型H1N1疫苗候选株同源性较高,对于人季节性流感A/H1N1疫苗可能不敏感。     

H1N1 vaccination

Early results (January to April) from the 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey show that an estimated 41% of Canadians (excluding those in the territories) aged 12 or older had been vaccinated for H1N1 by April 2010. The percentages were higher in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec and Saskatchewan than in Canada overall. Relatively high percentages of females and people aged 45 or older were vaccinated; the percentage of immigrants who had done so was relatively low. Being in a priority group (health-care worker, having children younger than 5 in the household, or having a chronic condition that could increase the risk for complications from H1N1) increased the likelihood of vaccination. A history of seasonal flu vaccination and having a regular doctor were also associated with H1N1 vaccination. Nearly three-quarters of those who had not been vaccinated reported that they did not think it was necessary.     

被动吸烟与cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性对乳腺癌发病的影响

目的 探讨被动吸烟、cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性及其联合作用对乳腺癌发病的影响。方法 2014 - 2015年间,采用病例-对照研究方法,收集病例794例,对照805例。问卷调查收集研究对象信息。采用飞行质谱技术,进行cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因单核苷酸多态性分型检测。采用多因素非条件 logistic 回归,分析环境烟草烟雾暴露及cyp1b1、gstp1、sult1a1基因多态性与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。结果 调整年龄、教育程度、家庭年总收入、职业、婚姻状况后,环境烟草烟雾暴露与gstp1基因多态性未发现协同作用。以环境烟草烟雾低暴露且携带 cyp1b1 rs1056836 C等位基因为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带 GG 基因在绝经前女性中乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 1.678,95%CI:1.039～2.711）。以环境烟草烟雾组合低暴露且携带sult1a1 rs9282861GG基因型为参照,环境烟草烟雾高暴露且携带A等位基因绝经前乳腺癌风险明显增高（OR = 2.389,95%CI:1.157～4.931）,但交互作用系数无统计学意义。结论 环境烟草烟雾高暴露与cyp1b1 及sult1a1基因对乳腺癌发病风险可能存在协同作用,但尚扩大样本进行验证。     

接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后患甲型H1N1流感分析

目的 分析接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染的病例,探讨发病原因,为进一步提高疫苗预防效果提供参考依据.方法 对接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗后发生甲型H1N1流感感染148例,进行回顾性调查分析.结果 接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗11176例.发生甲型H1N1感染148例,感染率1.32%,其中1～14 d感染81例,感染率0.72%,＞15 d感染67例,感染率0.60%.结论 甲型H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗是一种安全高效的疫苗,不足之处尚待进一步探讨、完善.     

NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10-15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies. A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined. Laboratory testing for NF1 mutations is difficult. A protein truncation test is commercially available, but its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value have not been established. No general, population-based molecular studies of NF1 mutations have been performed. At this time, it appears that the benefits of population-based screening for clinical features of NF1 would not outweigh the costs of screening.     

Echo-AM1-1 encephaloscope]

A new miniature model of the A-mode ultrasonic echoencephaloscope, 0.88 MHz, has been developed and adopted to practical use in neurology. The device contains a detector for amplitude determination of echopulsation and curve (echopulsograms) recording. It is highly sensitive, cost-effective, which enhances the quality of rapid diagnosis of central nervous diseases, including those of vascular genesis, in in- and outpatient settings.     

Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China

The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.     

Protective efficacy of an inactivated Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza vaccine against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in mice

Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza viruses are prevalent in pigs in Europe and Asia, but occasionally cause human infection, which raises concern about their pandemic potential. Here, we produced a whole-virus inactivated vaccine with an EA H1N1 strain (A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011, SW/GX/18/11) and evaluated its efficacy against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 influenza viruses in mice. A strong humoral immune response, which we measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN), was induced in the vaccine-inoculated mice upon challenge. The inactivated SW/GX/18/11 vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with homologous SW/GX/18/11 virus in mice and provided effective protection against challenge with heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses with distinctive genomic combinations. Our findings suggest that this EA H1N1 vaccine can provide protection against both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 or H1N2 virus infection. As such, it is an excellent vaccine candidate to prevent H1N1 swine influenza.