安徽省不同地区人群和家畜恙虫病血清流行病学调查

目的了解安徽省丘陵和平原人群和家畜恙虫病感染状况和分布特点,为科学防治恙虫病提供依据。方法2009年4-5月在安徽省广德、明光和怀远县采集农村人群血清613份,家畜血清150份,使用试剂盒,采用间接免疫荧光法（IFA）检测恙虫病抗体,并进行不同地区、年龄、性别比较。结果613份人血清中,恙虫病阳性血清241份,阳性率39.31%,存在地区、年龄和性别差异。家畜血清150份,恙虫病阳性血清71份,阳性率47.33%,存在地区差异。结论安徽省部分农村地区存在恙虫病自然疫源地。近年在丘陵和平原时有疫情发生,要加强恙虫病的防治工作。     

安徽省不同地区人群和家畜Q热血清流行病学调查

目的了解安徽省丘陵和淮北平原人群、家畜Q热感染状况和分布特点,为科学防治Q热提供依据。方法2009年4月～5月在安徽省广德、明光和怀远县采集农村人群血清613份,家畜血清150份,使用试剂盒,采用间接免疫荧光法（IFA）检测Q热病原体抗体,并进行不同地区、年龄、性别比较。结果613份人血清中,Q热阳性血清239份,阳性率53.67%,存在性别差异。家畜血清150份,Q热阳性血清92份,阳性率61.33%,存在地区差异。人群与家畜Q热血清阳性率正相关关系。结论安徽省部分农村地区人和家畜均有较高的Q热血清阳性率,存在由家畜传染给人的风险,需加强Q热的预防意识及诊断能力。     

浙江省人和家畜蜱媒传染病血清流行病学调查

目的 了解浙江省农村人群与主要家畜蜱媒传染病病原体感染的情况.方法 按地理位置和蜱媒传染病病原体历史检测情况,选择浙西北丘陵区的安吉县、浙中丘陵盆地区的金东区和浙东盆地低山区的天台县为调查点,采集3个调查点农村人群和家畜血标本,以间接免疫荧光法检测黑龙江立克次体、恙虫病东方体、莫氏立克次体、嗜吞噬无形体、查菲埃立克体、巴尔通体、海南立克次体和贝纳柯克斯体8种常见蜱媒传染病病原体IgG抗体.结果 3个调查点共检测683份血清标本,包括579份人标本和104份家畜标本(牛53份、羊51份),不同地区恙虫病东方体、莫氏立克次体、查菲埃立克体、贝纳柯克斯体4种病原体抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(P值均等于0.000).人血清标本8种病原体IgG抗体均检出,阳性率最高的分别是莫氏立克次体(20.7%)、巴尔通体(10.9%)和贝纳柯克斯体(5.5%),其中莫氏立克次体抗体阳性率随年龄增长而增加.家畜血清标本除嗜吞噬无形体外其余7种病原体IgG抗体均检出,阳性率最高的是莫氏立克次体(69.2%)、巴尔通体(51.0%)和海南立克次体(22.1%),不同家畜抗体阳性情况不同.结论 浙江省不同地区农村人群与家畜中广泛存在多种蜱媒传染病病原体的感染,特别是莫氏立克次体、巴尔通体、海南立克次体和贝纳柯克斯体抗体阳性率较高.     

浙江发现2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病

目的 对金华市金东区2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病进行病原学诊断。方法 采用临床分析，流行病学调查及血清检测菲埃立克体lgG荧光抗体。结果 2例临床表现符合HME及HGA的临床特征，流行病学调查证明该地区鼠类存在埃立克体感染，血清菲埃立克体lgG荧光抗体试验结果为1：128阳性（阳性结果判断标准为≥1：64）。结论 金华市金东区发现2例疑似蜱传埃立克体病。     

庐江县新型布尼亚病毒及人粒细胞无形体疫源地调查

目的通过人群、家畜发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒（severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus,SFTSV）及人粒细胞无形体病（human granulocytic anaplasmosis,HGA）感染状况调查,阐明庐江县是否存在SFTSV和HGA自然疫源地,为科学防治工作提供依据。方法收集分析2009-2013年SFTS和HGA病例流行病学资料。在全县选取1个有病例的镇,采用多阶段随机抽样方法 ,随机抽取病例附近2个村庄,采集自然人群血清100份,15只家畜血块和血清各1份。对血清标本采用双抗体夹心法检测SFTSV抗体和间接荧光法检测人粒细胞无形体病抗体免疫球蛋白G,对动物标本采用巢式聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测人粒细胞无形体16SrRNA基因和荧光定量反转录PCR检测SFTSV核酸。结果 2009-2013年,共报告9例SFTS和1例HGA,以中老年为主,女性多于男性,夏秋季为发病高峰。人HGA阳性率24%,SFTSV抗体阳性率0%。15份动物标本SFTSV抗体阳性...     

安徽省不同地区自然人群无形体病血清流行病学调查

目的了解安徽省南北不同地区自然人群无形体病感染状况和分布特点,为科学防治无形体病提供依据。方法 2010年5~6月在怀远、明光、庐江、枞阳、广德和太湖县共采集自然人群血清603份,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测无形体抗体IgG,并进行不同地区、年龄、性别比较。结果 603份人血清中,无形体抗体阳性血清98份,阳性率16.25%,(存在性别差异)。结论安徽省部分农村地区自然人群中均有无形体感染,需加强无形体病的预防宣传及诊断能力。     

长白山地区几种蜱媒传染病的血清学调查研究

目的为了解长白山地区正常人群蜱媒传染病的感染状况。方法采集长白山部分地区正常人血清629份,应用间接免疫荧光试验检测5种蜱传病原体的血清抗体,应用SPSS软件进行χ2检验,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果调查地区人群5种蜱传病原体的感染普遍,抗体阳性率分别为斑点热立克次体11.92%、莱姆病螺旋体7.15%、贝氏柯克斯体7.14%、森林脑炎病毒4.45%、查菲埃立克体3.18%,斑点热立克次体明显高于其他4种病原体（χ2=13.431,P〈0.01）,莱姆病螺旋体和贝氏柯克斯体高于蜱传脑炎病毒和查菲埃立克体（χ2=11.061,P〈0.05）。阳性率分布的比较,长白山脉北部、中部地区的6市县阳性率有差别,但无统计学意义（χ2=8.759,P〉0.05）,珲春地区明显高于南部地区桓仁（χ2=11.579,P〈0.01）。调查地区存在西伯利亚和黑龙江立克次体感染,黑龙江立克次体阳性率（9.1%）明显高于西伯利亚立克次体（2.4%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=11.267,P〈0.01）。结论长白山地区人群5种蜱媒传染病感染普遍。提示调查地区存在其自然疫源地,应积极做好蜱媒传染病防治及蜱叮咬的防护工作。     

2009年卢氏县人和家畜立克次体病血清流行病学调查

目的了解2009年卢氏县正常人及主要家畜(羊、牛、犬)立克次体血清流行病学特点。方法根据地理位置及农村牲畜饲养分布特点,选择官道口、范里、文峪、东明4个乡镇为调查点。以间接免疫荧光法检测人和家畜斑疹伤寒群立克次体、斑点热群立克次体、恙虫病东方体、贝氏苛克斯氏体、查菲埃立克体、人粒细胞无形体、巴尔通体、海南斑点热分离株等8种常见立克次体血清抗体。结果在4个调查点244份人血清和97份家畜血清中8种立克次体抗体均有检出。人群血清学检测阳性率最高为人粒细胞无形体(26.23%),最低为恙虫病东方体(0.82%);畜群感染率最高为海南斑点热分离株(90.72%),最低为贝氏苛克斯氏体(8.25%)。人群人粒细胞无形体感染率有明显地区间差异;羊的斑疹伤寒群立克次体和恙虫病东方体感染率,牛的巴尔通体感染率,犬的斑点热群立克次体感染率明显高于其它畜种。结论卢氏县人畜间广泛存在多种立克次体感染,局部地区高发、多发,应作进一步调查研究并加强防控。     

广东省大埔县斑点热群立克次体血清学调查

目的：调查大埔县健康人群及鼠、牛中斑点热群立克次体分布情况。方法：微量室温补体结合法。结果：在２８２名健康人群血清中，２９例西伯利亚立克次体抗体阳性，阳性率为１０２８％（２９／２８２）；１１例康氏立克次体抗体阳性，阳性率为３９０％（１１／２８２）；１６例小蛛立克次体阳性，阳性率为５６７％（１６／２８２）。３０份鼠血清，西伯利亚立克次体抗体阳性率为１３３３％（４／３０），康氏立克次体抗体阳性率为３３３％（１／３０），小蛛立克次体抗体阳性率为１０００％（３／３０）。２５份牛血清，西伯利亚立克次体抗体阳性率为８００％（２／２５），康氏立克次体抗体阳性率为４００％（１／２５），小蛛立克次体抗体阳性率为４００％（１／２５）。结论：广东省大埔县林区存在有斑点热的自然疫源地。     

首次实验室证实北京平谷地区恙虫病东方体暴发流行

目的了解北京市平谷地区是否存在恙虫病东方体感染。方法采用巢式聚合酶链反应（nPCR）,对平谷地区采集的30份临床标本进行恙虫病东方体热休克蛋白（groEL）基因和56×103蛋白扩增并测序分析。采用间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）对血清标本恙虫病东方体特异抗体检测。结果采用PCR共检测血液标本30份,均阳性（100%）;用IFA检测28份患者血清抗体,25份阳性（89.3%）;长片段PCR扩增,3份标本扩增阳性,阳性结果测序比对所有核苷酸序列相同,与Kawasaki的同源性为96%。结论首次从分子流行病学和血清流行病学的角度证实北京平谷地区存在恙虫病东方体。     

Eastern Europe and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: animal health systems in transition

The economic transition in Eastern Europe and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the last decade has profoundly changed the agricultural sector and the well-being of people in rural areas. Farm ownership changed; selected farm assets, including livestock, were transferred to farm workers or others, and the social and service structures of rural society are in a state of uncertainty. The transition has, in general, led to the deterioration of rural services. Animal health services have also deteriorated. This decline is associated with the contraction of the livestock inventory, the fragmentation of farms, higher transaction costs for service providers, and the overall decline of the rural economy which has, so far, lowered the demand for animal health services. There are considerable differences in the way that these countries are coping with the economic transition and its aftermath. Among the determining factors in the former USSR are, as follows: the speed of recovery from the legacies of large State-controlled farming and a centrally planned animal health system, the efforts made to address poverty reduction, the choice on whether to become a Member of the World Trade Organization and the requirements of such membership, the ability to provide low-cost services to a fragmented and unskilled livestock production sector. In Eastern Europe, the requirements for joining the European Union (EU) are an additional and important determining factor. In the short term, the choice of a veterinary system to serve the livestock sector may differ from country to country, depending on the legacies of the past, the status of reforms and the proximity of Western markets. Lower-income countries with an oversupply of veterinarians may support labour-intensive, low-cost systems which focus on food security and public health. The better-endowed EU accession countries may focus rather on improved disease surveillance, production enhancement, quality assurance and increased food safety. Such choices may also determine the investment made by these countries in upgrading their State system, laboratories and veterinary education facilities.     

2013年中国2岁以下儿童母亲维生素B12营养状况及其影响因素

目的了解中国2岁以下儿童母亲维生素B12营养状况的现状,并分析其影响因素。方法利用2013年中国居民营养与健康状况监测中2岁以下儿童母亲的调查数据,采用多阶段分层抽样方法抽取中国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的55个县(市/区)2岁以下儿童母亲。最终采集2岁以下儿童母亲血液样本10331份,问卷调查收集其基本情况,通过食物频率法收集其近1个月的膳食摄入情况,采用单纯随机抽样方法抽取20%血清样本(共1976份),用电化学发光法测定血清维生素B12水平,以血清维生素B12水平<200 pg/mL判定为维生素B12缺乏。2岁以下儿童母亲血清维生素B12水平呈对数正态分布,将其对数变换后进行广义线性回归模型分析影响血清维生素B12水平的因素。结果中国2岁以下儿童母亲血清维生素B12含量中位数(P25,P75)为469.0(349.0,633.5)pg/mL,维生素B12缺乏率为2.7%,边缘缺乏率为12.8%。不同地区、不同文化程度以及是否哺乳的2岁以下儿童母亲维生素B12缺乏率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001、P=0.037、P=0.048)。普通农村和中小城市2岁以下儿童母亲血清维生素B12水平分别是贫困农村的1.07倍和1.13倍。未哺乳的母亲血清维生素B12水平是哺乳母亲的1.08倍。初中及以下文化水平的2岁以下儿童母亲血清维生素B12水平显著低于大专/职大和大学学历2岁以下儿童母亲,分别为具有大专/职大学历和大学学历2岁以下儿童母亲的88.3%和85.0%。血清维生素B12水平与畜肉、鱼和水产品的摄入量呈正相关。结论2013年中国2岁以下儿童母亲维生素B12营养状况较好。学历、地区、是否哺乳以及膳食中畜肉、鱼和水产品摄入量可能会影响2岁以下儿童母亲维生素B12营养状况。     

广州市黄石街社区围绝经期女性肉类摄入频率与血脂的相关性分析

目的探讨广州市黄石街社区围绝经期女性肉类食品的摄入频率与血脂的相关性,为社区医务人员制定合理的慢性病营养管理策略,实现有效绝经管理提供科学依据。方法招募围绝经期女性作为调查对象,收集对象各类食物摄入频率,进行体格测量,测血清脂质水平,分析肉类食物的摄入水平与血脂的相关性。结果本研究共纳入对象608例,平均年龄(47.40±3.27)岁;多重线性分析结果显示,校正了年龄、文化程度、婚姻、体质指数(BMI)及腰围(WC)后,摄入畜肉类≥4次/周者与<4次/周相比具有较高的血清三酰甘油(TG)(β=0.39,95%CI:0.06~0.72,P=0.021);摄入鱼和其他水产品≥4次/周者与<4次/周相比具有较低血清TG(β=-0.24,95%CI:-0.47^-0.01,P=0.038)。结论畜肉类摄入频率高、鱼和其他水产品摄入频率低是社区围绝经期女性血清TG水平的重要危险因素。     

Foot and mouth disease in livestock and reduced cryptosporidiosis in humans,England and Wales

During the 2001 epidemic of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in livestock in England and Wales, we discovered a corresponding decrease in laboratory reports of cryptosporidiosis in humans. Using a regression model of laboratory reports of cryptosporidiosis, we found an estimated 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20% to 47%) reduction in reports during the weeks spanning the period from the first and last cases of FMD. The largest reduction occurred in northwest England, where the estimated decrease was 63% (95% CI 31% to 80%). Genotyping a subgroup of human isolates suggested that the proportion of Cryptosporidium genotype 2 strain (animal and human) was lower during the weeks of the FMD epidemic in 2001 compared with the same weeks in 2000. Our observations are consistent with livestock making a substantial contribution to Cryptosporidium infection in humans in England and Wales; our findings have implications for agriculture, visitors to rural areas, water companies, and regulators.     

Escherichia coli O157: comparing awareness of rural residents and visitors in livestock farming areas

This research compared public opinions about Escherichia coli O157 (an increasing environmental hazard associated with livestock) in two farming areas with contrasting incidence of E. coli O157 disease. A questionnaire was administered in rural Grampian (10·8 cases/100,000 population per year) and North Wales (2·5 cases/100,000 population per year). Awareness was highest among farmers in Grampian (91%) and lowest among visitors to both areas (28%). Respondents were more likely to indicate vomiting (76%) than bloody diarrhoea (48%) as a common symptom. Undercooked meat and contact with farm animal faeces were identified by 60% of all respondents as risk factors who described 'basic hygiene' for risk reduction indoors. Visitors view E. coli O157 as a food hazard, not an environmental hazard that produces vomiting not dysentery. Efforts to reduce human infections in livestock farming areas could be improved with proximate reminders for visitors of the environmental pathway of E. coli O157 infection.     

Wildlife trade and global disease emergence

The global trade in wildlife provides disease transmission mechanisms that not only cause human disease outbreaks but also threaten livestock, international trade, rural livelihoods, native wildlife populations, and the health of ecosystems. Outbreaks resulting from wildlife trade have caused hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damage globally. Rather than attempting to eradicate pathogens or the wild species that may harbor them, a practical approach would include decreasing the contact rate among species, including humans, at the interface created by the wildlife trade. Since wildlife marketing functions as a system of scale-free networks with major hubs, these points provide control opportunities to maximize the effects of regulatory efforts.     

Evidence of persisting serum antibodies to Escherichia coli O157 lipopolysaccharide and Verocytotoxin in members of rural communities in England

The techniques of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting were used to examine a total of 1667 sera, from apparently healthy members of rural communities in England, for antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O157 and Verocytotoxins (VT). Twenty-nine sera from 22 individuals were shown to have antibodies specific for E. coli O157 LPS. Some of these lived on livestock farms and had occupational contact with cattle, suggesting that personnel working with farm animals may produce serum antibodies to the O157 LPS antigens. Fifteen people had IgG class antibodies to O157 LPS, suggesting long-term exposure to E. coli O157 and five people had serum antibodies on more than one occasion showing evidence of persistent antibodies to O157 LPS. Thirteen sera from 12 of 22 individuals also contained antibodies to VT1, VT2 or both toxins. Ten sera contained antibodies to VT1 and VT2, three sera contained antibodies to VT2 only.     

Study of the effects of dietary fish intake on serum lipids and lipoproteins in two populations with different dietary habits

Increased concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6; DHA), have been shown to be beneficial in coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, the relationships between fish intake and concentrations of serum EPA and DHA and the effects of these fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins were investigated. Two groups of men, one living in a fishing village and the other in a farming village, participated in this study. The daily fish consumption was ten times greater in the fishing village group than in the rural village group and the mortality from IHD in the rural village was four times higher. Serum concentrations of EPA and DHA were significantly higher in the fishing village group (P < 0.001). In this group, the serum concentration of arachidonic acid (20:4; AA), was significantly lower (P < 0.001), and the ratio EPA:AA was twice that of the rural village (P < 0.001). Moreover, in the fishing village group, the serum triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower than those observed in the rural village (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). In the fishing village group the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration was also lower, although the difference was not significant. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that a high intake of n-3 PUFA provides protection against CAD.