中国黄海海域部分海鱼脂肪酸含量分析

目的分析中国黄海海域部分可食用海鱼的脂肪酸含量。方法于青岛市大型水产批发市场采集我国黄海海域38种海鱼样品,提取脂肪后甲酯化,以气相色谱法分析其脂肪酸含量。结果 38种海鱼总脂含量范围为0.459(鲬鱼)~17.086 g/100 g(海鲫)。海鱼中含量最多的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、n-6和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)分别为C16∶0、C18∶1n9、C20∶4n6和C22∶6n3。SFA总量范围为44.5(黄线狭鳕)~2442.9 mg/100 g(海鲫),P50=345.6 mg/100 g;MUFA总含量范围为19.8(黄线狭鳕)至2753.5 mg/100 g(青鳞鱼),P50=242.3 mg/100 g;n-6PUFA总量范围9.5 mg/100 g(黄线狭鳕)~939.5(梭鱼),P50=42.5 mg/100 g;总n-3PUFA含量范围为84.3(鲬鱼)~1452.2 mg/100 g(海鲫),P50=324.3 mg/100 g。n-3PUFA、EPA和DHA的含量均与总脂含量呈正相关(P0.001)。结论黄海海域大多数海鱼的不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富且具有种属差异性,可以作为n-3不饱和脂肪酸的良好来源。     

中国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入和食物来源状况分析

目的分析我国成人膳食脂肪酸摄入量及主要脂肪酸的食物来源。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中3d24h回顾膳食调查结果,结合食物成分表中脂肪酸数据及补充测定的34种食物脂肪酸数据,对44905名成人(不包括孕妇和乳母)的膳食脂肪酸摄入量及食物来源进行分析。结果城市居民饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)摄入量中位数分别为15.9、23.6和20.2,农村居民分别为13.8、23.4和13.7g/d;城市居民α亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、亚油酸(LA)和花生四烯酸(AA)摄入量中位数分别为2.3g/d、1.8mg/d、22.1mg/d、17.6g/d、45.4mg/d,农村居民分别为1.3g/d、0.0mg/d、6.0mg/d、11.3g/d、43.1mg/d。城市、农村居民膳食中S/M/P比值分别为1:1.4:1.3和1:1.5:1.1;n-6/n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸比例分别为7.6和8.0。全国居民SFA、MUFA和PUFA供能百分比中位数分别为6.1、9.8和6.3。城市居民51.4%的膳食SFA来自动物性食物,农村为38.5%。城市和农村居民膳食中MUFA的主要来源是食用油和动物性食物。城市居民膳食脂肪中约50%的PUFA、n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA来自于豆油和色拉油;农村PUFA和n-6系列PUFA来源广泛。农村居民膳食n-3PUFA近一半来自于菜籽油。结论城乡居民SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理;与参考摄入量相比,城乡居民n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高,应增加膳食中n-3系列PUFA摄入量所占比例。     

中国三地区人成熟母乳脂肪酸含量的研究

目的分析中国处于三个不同地理环境地区的母体成熟乳中脂肪酸含量的差异。方法选取江苏句容(河湖地区)、山东日照(沿海地区)和河北徐水(内陆地区)三地,每地区募集40～50名健康产妇,于产后第28天采集母乳,Folch法提取其中脂肪,气相色谱法分析其中31种脂肪酸构成及含量。结果句容,日照和徐水分别募集到47、50和46名受试者,各地成熟乳中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA)的主要成份均分别为C16∶0、C18∶1 n-9cis、C18∶2 n-6 cis和C18∶3 n-3。三地区成熟乳中花生四烯酸(ARA)百分含量中位数分别为0.72%、0.63%和0.63%;二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)分别为0.41%、0.47%和0.24%。三地区总乳脂含量中位数分别为4.47、1.50和3.91g/100g母乳;其总脂肪酸含量中位数分别为3934、1319和3437mg/100g母乳,日照总乳脂含量和总脂肪酸含量显著低于另两地区。结论母体成熟乳中脂肪酸含量及构成存在显著地区差异性。     

乌江渡水库网箱鱼汞和有益脂肪酸的分布特征

目的研究贵州乌江渡水库网箱鱼的汞及脂肪酸的含量。方法于2015年12月,采集养殖量最大的8种鱼类(草鱼、武昌鱼、鲫鱼、白鲢、花鲢、鲶鱼、江团鱼和鲈鱼),测定总汞和甲基汞以及饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)等脂肪酸含量。结果乌江渡8种常见网箱养殖鱼的总汞含量在4.16～169.2μg/kg湿重之间,平均含量为(42.02±6.02)μg/kg湿重,甲基汞占总汞的比例为29.6%～53.9%。肉食性与非肉食性鱼类总汞含量间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。该8种网箱鱼的总脂肪酸含量范围在5 194.4～38 605.0 mg/kg湿重之间,其中,SFA的含量为754～8 274 mg/kg湿重,MUFA的含量为860～20 216 mg/kg湿重,PUFA的含量为2 742.4～8 691.3 mg/kg湿重,PUFA中所含的n3PUFA和n6PUFA含量分别为1 129.8～5 660.8、1 190.7～5 316.8 mg/kg湿重。结论本次研究的乌江渡水库养殖的8种鱼均检出总汞和甲基汞,但含量均未超过我国《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)规定的限值。     

膳食脂肪酸对胰腺癌小鼠骨骼肌和肝脏细胞中脂肪酸构成的影响（英文）

目的探讨含不同类型脂肪酸的高脂膳食对荷胰腺癌小鼠骨骼肌和肝脏细胞中脂肪酸构成的影响。方法将60只健康5w龄雄性C57BL/6裸鼠随机分为6组:饱和脂肪酸(SFA)组、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)组、n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFA)组、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)组、等能量对照(ISO-C)组和正常对照(NC)组。四个高脂膳食组用四种高脂(15%g/100g)饲料分别喂养,其油脂来源分别为椰子油(富含SFA),橄榄油(富含MUFA),大豆油(富含n-6 PUFA)和亚麻籽油(富含n-3 PUFA)。ISO-C组和NC组的饲料含4%⁵%的大豆油。各组裸鼠在用各自的试验饲料喂养1w后,将HPAF-Ⅱ胰腺癌细胞接种到胰腺内,继续该饲料喂养至第14w末。处死小鼠,取股四头肌和肝组织,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析脂肪酸构成。结果骨骼肌和肝脏的脂肪酸构成在ISO-C组和NC组之间大致相同,以ISO-C组为对照组,我们发现小鼠骨骼肌脂肪酸的变化如下:(1)属于饱和脂肪酸的棕榈酸(C16:0)、十七烷酸(C17:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和花生酸(C20:0)的含量在SFA组增高(P<0.05);(2)属于单不饱和脂肪酸的油酸(C18:1)的含量在MUFA组增高(P<0.05);(3)属于n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的γ-亚麻酸(γC18:3)的含量在n-6 PUFA组增高(P<0.05);(4)属于n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的亚麻酸(C18:3)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5)和二十二碳五烯酸(C22:5)的含量在n-3 PUFA组增高(P<0.05)。小鼠肝脏脂肪酸的构成结果显示:(1)饱和脂肪酸的含量在SFA组没有增高;(2)单不饱和脂肪酸中仅二十烯酸(C20:1)的含量在MUFA组增高(P<0.05);(3)n-6多不饱和脂肪酸二十碳二烯酸(C20:2)和花生四烯酸(C20:4)的含量在n-6 PUFA组增高(P<0.05);(4)亚麻酸(C18:3)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5)、二十二碳五烯酸(C22:5)和二十二碳六烯酸(C22:6)的含量在n-3 PUFA组均增高(P<0.05)。结论荷瘤小鼠进食由不同类型脂肪酸组成的高脂膳食后,骨骼肌脂肪酸的构成反映了饲料脂肪酸的构成,而肝脏脂肪酸的构成与饲料脂肪酸的构成仅部分相同。     

代谢综合征患者血清磷脂脂肪酸构成及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的 研究代谢综合征患者血清磷脂脂肪酸构成及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 采集87例代谢综合征患者和102名健康者血样,采用色谱/质谱联合分析其血清磷脂脂肪酸构成,用胰岛素抵抗指数( homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)评价调查对象胰岛素抵抗.结果 代谢综合征组饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)、n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid,n-6/n-3 PUFA)比值较健康对照组升高(均有P＜0.001),PUFA/SFA比值较健康对照组降低(P＜0.001).相关性分析显示HOMA-IR与n-6/n-3 PUFA呈正相关,与n-3 PUFA呈负相关.结论 代谢综合征患者存在血清磷脂脂肪酸构成改变现象,SFA增高而PUFA降低,而且n-3 PUFA与胰岛素抵抗呈负相关.提示代谢综合征患者应减少SFA摄入,注意补充n-3 PUFA.     

共轭亚油酸对动脉粥样硬化老龄大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的影响

目的:研究共轭亚油酸(CLA)对动脉粥样硬化(AS)老龄大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸组成的影响。方法:先用高脂饲料喂养SD老龄大鼠,建立AS模型后分别添加不同剂量的CLA,研究CLA对AS大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸含量和组成的影响。结果:CLA添加组均能改变实验大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的含量,血脂中甘油三酯的含量有显著性改变,对照组为1.15mmol/L,CLA添加组分别为0.97、0.91和0.92mmol/L,HDL-C/LDL-C的比值均有所降低;总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量CLA添加组比对照组显著降低,对照组为46.15%,CLA添加组分别为42.33%、41.34%和39.07%,;总单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、总CLA和总n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量CLA添加组比对照组升高;M/P/S的比值CLA添加组与对照组相比MUFA和PUFA含量明显升高;n-3PUFA/n-6PUFA的比值,CLA添加组比对照组低。结论:CLA可以改善AS大鼠血脂和血浆脂肪酸的含量和组成,具有一定的抗AS作用。     

膳食脂肪酸对正常和携瘤小鼠血浆脂肪酸谱的影响

目的研究膳食中的脂肪酸对正常和携瘤小鼠血浆脂肪酸谱的影响并研究肿瘤代谢是否影响血浆脂肪酸谱。方法正常(无瘤)鼠和携瘤鼠在两个独立的实验中分别进行。每个实验均包含普通餐和4种高脂餐。这些高脂餐均含20%(质量比w/w)的脂肪,因脂肪来源的不同而分别富含饱和脂肪酸(SFA,月桂酸C12:0和肉豆蔻酸C14:0),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA,油酸C18:1),n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6PUFA,亚油酸C18:2)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA,亚麻酸C18:3)。在正常鼠实验中,20只雄性Balb/C小鼠被随机分成普通饲料对照(NC)组和4个高脂餐组(即SFA组、MUFA组、n-6PUFA组、n-3PUFA组),用相应的饲料喂养6w。在另一实验中,48只雄性Balb/C裸鼠被随机分成2个正常饲料组和4个高脂餐组。将Mia Pa Ca2人胰腺癌细胞移植到除一个普通饲料组外的5组裸鼠皮下。将6组动物用相应的饲料喂养7w。每一实验结束后,用气相色谱的方法分析血浆脂肪酸谱的变化。结果以普通餐组为对照组,血浆脂肪酸变化如下:(1)在无瘤和携瘤两种状态下,属于SFA的C12:0和C14:0含量在SFA组增高(P0.01)而属于MUFA的C18:1在MUFA组增高(P0.01)。(2)在无瘤状态下,属于n-6PUFA的C18:2在n-6PUFA组没有显著变化(P0.05),且与n-3PUFA组相比还有降低。而在携瘤状态下,C18:2的含量在n-6PUFA组却有增高趋势。(3)在无瘤和携瘤两种状态下,属于n-3PUFA的C18:3的含量在n-3PUFA组增高(P0.01)。结论 1.当无瘤鼠进食4种高脂餐时,餐中富含的SFA,MUFA和n-3PUFA可在血浆中增高,而餐中富含的n-6PUFA则不高。2.携瘤鼠对实验餐的反应与无瘤鼠大体相同,但n-6PUFA高脂餐也可增进携瘤鼠血浆中的n-6PUFA。3.癌细胞对n-6PUFA代谢的影响导致了血浆n-6PUFA在无瘤和携瘤鼠间的差异,该差异可能对癌症的诊断和治疗有所帮助。     

不同水产品消费地区孕妇脂肪酸摄入量调查

目的分析我国不同水产品消费地区孕妇脂肪酸摄入状况。方法应用食物频率法分别在淡水产品消费量较高的江苏省句容市、海产品消费量较高的山东省即墨市以及水产品消费量很低的河南省辉县市,对180名22~35岁孕妇进行妊娠中、晚期膳食调查,分析脂肪酸摄入状况。结果句容、即墨、辉县孕妇膳食中饱和脂肪酸(SFA),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的比例分别为1:2.50:1.05、1:1.44:1.31、1:1.48:1.24。n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA分别为5.51、17.62、13.85。辉县孕妇膳食中SFA和n-6PUFA摄入量最高;句容孕妇膳食中MUFA和n-3PUFA摄入量最高;即墨孕妇膳食中二十碳五烯酸(EPA,20:5n-3)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA,22:6n-3)摄入量最高。句容和辉县孕妇膳食中的花生四烯酸(AA,20:4n-6)摄入量均高于即墨。三地孕妇膳食中EPA和DHA均主要来自水产品;AA主要来自畜禽肉类和蛋类;亚麻酸(ALA,18:3n-3)和亚油酸(LA,18:2n-6)主要来自食用油、畜禽肉类、坚果和主食及糕点类。结论三地区SFA、MUFA、PUFA的摄入比例合理。即墨、辉县孕妇膳食中n-6/n-3PUFA比例偏高;即墨市孕妇膳食中DHA和EPA摄入量高于其它两地,但仍明显低于推荐量。建议增加孕妇膳食n-3PUFA,特别是DHA和EPA的摄入量。     

不同膳食脂肪酸对大鼠乳腺癌组织脂肪酸组成和脂代谢基因表达的影响

目的探讨不同膳食脂肪酸组成影响大鼠乳腺癌发生、发展的可能分子机制。方法用8种不同膳食脂肪酸组成(SFA、MUFA、n-6PUFA、n-3PUFA、1∶1n-6/n-3、5∶1n-6/n-3、10∶1n-6/n-3、1∶2∶1S/M/P其中n-6/n-31∶1)喂养SD雌性大鼠,并在大鼠乳腺癌模型的基础上,用气相色谱内标法观察大鼠乳腺组织脂肪酸组成改变,RT-PCR分析组织脂代谢调控基因(FAS、COX-2和5-LOX)的表达。结果在不同膳食脂肪酸构成中,只有1∶1n-6/n-3能有效抑制大鼠乳腺癌的发生。不同膳食脂肪酸构成可导致大鼠乳腺组织脂肪酸组成发生相应变化,且各组间的脂肪酸含量有显著差异。高乳腺癌诱发的SFA、MUFA、n-6PUFA、5∶1n-6/n-3、10∶1n-6/n-3和1∶2∶1S/M/P喂养组乳腺组织含有较多的C18∶1、C18∶2和C20∶4,而EPA和DHA含量极少。无或低乳腺癌诱发的n-3PUFA和1∶1n-6/n-3喂养组乳腺组织EPA和DHA明显增多,C20∶4含量显著减少。RT-PCR结果显示1∶1n-6/n-3低诱癌组较相应对喂组上调FAS、COX-2和5-LOXmRNA表达力度明显弱于其它高乳腺癌诱发组。结论不同膳食脂肪酸组成能明显改变大鼠乳腺组织脂肪酸组成,进而影响脂代谢基因FAS、COX-2和5-LOX表达,可能是大鼠乳腺癌发生的分子机制之一。     

Emerging Nutrition Science on Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Nutritionists’ Perspectives

Recent dietary guidance for heart health recommends a reduction (by ∼50%) in saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake to reduce LDL cholesterol and to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends substituting unsaturated fat [both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs and MUFAs, respectively)] for SFAs. There are many dietary options that can be implemented to replace SFAs, given the different sources of unsaturated fats in the food supply. Compelling evidence exists for the cardioprotective benefits of n–3 (ω-3) PUFAs, both marine- and plant-derived. In addition, the evidence of cardioprotective benefits of n–6 (ω-6) PUFAs is strong, whereas that for MUFAs is mixed, although there is emerging evidence of benefits. Quantitatively, lowering SFAs by 50% will require, in part, substituting food sources of n–6 and n–3 PUFAs and MUFAs for food sources of SFAs. The use of n–3 PUFAs as a replacement for SFAs will result in a shortfall in reaching the SFA goal because of the relatively low amounts that can be incorporated in the diet, even with very high n–3 PUFA substitution. SFAs also can be replaced with dietary carbohydrate and/or protein. Replacing SFAs with carbohydrate, specifically refined sources, however, has little impact on reducing CVD risk. There is evidence about the health benefits of dietary protein on CVD risk, which merits study. Dietary guidelines have advanced considerably with the “replacement of SFA with unsaturated fat message” instead of recommending decreasing SFAs alone. A key question that remains is what is the optimal mix of macronutrients to maximally reduce CVD risk.     

UK recommendations for dietary fat: should they be reassessed in light of the recent joint FAO/WHO recommendations?

In 2008, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) reviewed its recommendations on dietary fat and fatty acids in light of the growing evidence base on dietary fatty acids and health outcomes. These new FAO/WHO recommendations are considerably broader than the current UK recommendations, in that the FAO/WHO report makes separate recommendations for adults and children and sets ranges of intake for n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) based, not only on prevention of deficiency, but also on their role in contributing to optimum and long‐term health. The key recommendation of this report is that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) should be limited to 10% of dietary energy intake and, compared with the UK recommendations, there is a stronger emphasis on replacing excess dietary SFAs with PUFAs (both n‐3 and n‐6) because of convincing evidence that this dietary exchange reduces low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of coronary heart disease. It may therefore be timely to consider the need for a modification of the UK dietary guidelines on dietary fat and fatty acid intake to take account of the growing evidence base for the potential benefit of replacing SFAs with PUFAs.     

Fatty acid consumption pattern of Americans: 1987–1988 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey

This study characterized the fatty acid intake pattern and the contribution of different food groups to the fatty acid intake of Americans using the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1987–1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. The fatty acid intake was estimated using three-day food consumption data for children age 6–11 and for males and females age 12–19, 20–39 and 40 and older. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the diet for all age sex groups, contributing 52–57% of SFA intake. Oleic acid was the primary monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) for all age sex groups, comprising 91–95% of MUFA intake. Linoleic acid was the principle polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for all age sex groups, contributing 87–92% of PUFA intake. The Milk and Milk Products group was the major contributor of the short chain SFA and lauric and myristic acids. Meat, Poultry and Meat Mixtures were the main sources of palmitic and stearic acids. Grain Products contributed appreciably to the long chain SFA intake. Oleic acid was obtained mainly from Meat, Poultry, Fish and Mixtures. Yeast breads, rolls, cakes, cookies and pastries were the main contributors of linoleic acid intake. A variety of animal and vegetable products contributed to the linolenic acid and C_18:4+20:4 intake, while fish and shellfish were the main sources of C_20:5+22:6 fatty acids. The contribution of the various food groups to intake of individual fatty acids was similar for both males and females. The results of the present study indicate that a wide variety of food groups contribute to the total fat intake Americans.     

支链氨基酸对运动大鼠心肌能源物质代谢的影响

目的：探讨在运动状态下，支链氨基酸（ＢＣＡＡ）对心肌能源物质代谢的影响，为进一步研究ＢＣＡＡ对心脏功能的作用提供依据。方法：采用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠游泳运动模型，观察运动期间补充支链氨基酸（ＢＣＡＡ）对心肌中氨基酸、游离脂肪酸和糖原代谢的影响。结果：游泳运动使心肌中Ａｓｐ、Ａｌａ、Ｃｙｓ、Ｖａｌ显著增加，Ｇｌｎ、Ｇｌｕ降低，除Ａｌａ外，血浆中许多氨基酸都有不同程度的升高，其中Ｔａｕ、Ｇｌｎ、Ｃｙｓ、Ｉｌｅ、Ｐｈｅ达到了显著性；硬脂酸（Ｃ１８０）升高，花生四烯酸（Ｃ２０４）降低。心肌糖原升高，骨骼肌和肝脏糖原含量降低。补充ＢＣＡＡ后，心肌和血浆中的ＢＣＡＡ显著增加，同时心肌中Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｎ、Ａｌａ显著高于运动对照组，血清中与糖原异生有关的氨基酸Ｇｌｎ、Ｇｌｕ、Ａｌａ显著降低；肌糖原升高；Ｃ１８０降低。结论：运动条件下，增加ＢＣＡＡ的氧化，使心肌中的一些重要的氨基酸含量增加；促进了糖原异生或节约了肌糖原，可能有利于脂肪的氧化。     

The Role of Dietary Fat throughout the Prostate Cancer Trajectory

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed world-wide; however, patients demonstrate exceptionally high survival rates. Many lifestyle factors, including obesity and diet, are considered risk factors for advanced prostate cancer. Dietary fat is a fundamental contributor to obesity and may be specifically important for prostate cancer patients. Prostate cancer treatment can result in changes in body composition, affecting quality of life for survivors by increasing the risk of co-morbidities, like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We aim to examine dietary fat throughout the prostate cancer treatment trajectory, including risk, cancer development and survivorship. Focusing on one specific nutrient throughout the prostate cancer trajectory provides a unique perspective of dietary fat in prostate cancer and the mechanisms that may exacerbate prostate cancer risk, progression and recurrence. Through this approach, we noted that high intake of dietary fat, especially, high intake of animal and saturated fats, may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk. In contrast, a low-fat diet, specifically low in saturated fat, may be beneficial for prostate cancer survivors by reducing tumor angiogenesis and cancer recurrence. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/Akt signaling pathway appears to be the key pathway moderating dietary fat intake and prostate cancer development and progression.     

METABOLISM OF ALPHA-KETO ANALOGUES OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Perfusion of alpha-keto analogues of essential amino acids into isolated rat liver and skeletal muscle results in significant increases in the respective amino acids in the perfusion fluid.     

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate how maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake at different periods during pregnancy affects the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mature human milk.MethodsA prospective study was conducted involving 45 pregnant women, aged between 18 and 35 y, who had full-term pregnancies and practiced exclusive or predominant breast-feeding. Mature breast milk samples were collected after the 5th postpartum week by manual expression; fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. Fatty acid intake during pregnancy and puerperium was estimated through multiple 24-h dietary recalls. Linear regression models, adjusted by postpartum body mass index and deattenuated, were used to determine associations between estimated fatty acids in maternal diet during each trimester of pregnancy and fatty acid content in mature human milk.ResultsA positive association was identified between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (β, 1.873; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.545, 3.203) and docosahexaenoic acid (β, 0.464; 95% CI, 0.212–0.714) during the third trimester of pregnancy, as well as the maternal dietary ω-3 to ω-6 ratio (β, 0.093; 95% CI, 0.016–0.170) during the second and third trimesters and postpartum period, with these fatty acids content in mature breast milk.ConclusionsThe maternal dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid content during late pregnancy may affect the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Additionally, the maternal dietary intake of ω-3 to ω-6 fatty acid ratio, during late pregnancy and the postpartum period, can affect the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of breast milk.     

High carbohydrate diets are positively associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome irrespective to fatty acid composition in women: the KNHANES 2007–2014

We evaluated that carbohydrates and fatty acids intake modifies the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and we also determined gender–nutrient interaction in 38,766 adults in KNHANES (2007–2014). Carbohydrate intake was positively associated, and fat intake inversely associated, with the incidence of MetS. The association exhibited a gender interaction with the macronutrient intake; this association was significant in females. Furthermore, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes were inversely associated with MetS risk and only females showed the positive association. Both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids intake showed inverse associations with MetS risk, similar to PUFA intake. Among the MetS components, serum triglyceride levels and blood pressure had significant inverse associations with fatty acid intake irrespective of fatty acid types and exhibited a gender interaction. In conclusions, high carbohydrate intakes (≥74.2 En%) may increase the MetS risk and moderate fat intakes (≥20.7 En%), irrespective of fat types, may decrease it. These associations were significant only in women.     

兴奋性氨基酸递质系统在乐果诱导星形胶质细胞活化中的作用

Objective To study the involvement of excitatory amino acid system in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. Methods Pure-cultured astrocytes were gained by three passages from primary cultured rat nerve cells, then treated with 10-6,10-5,10-4 mol/L dimethoate for 48 h, 50 μmol/L and 100μmol/L MK801, a NMDA receptor blocker, was used to intervene the effects induced by 10-4 mol/L dimethoate.HPLC-FLD was utilized to measure the concentrations of excitatory amino acid (EAA), RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of NR2B, GLT-1, GLAST, GFAP and S100β mRNA, and immunofluresence staining method was applied to measure the expression levels of GFAP and S100β proteins. Results The expression levels of GLAST mRNA in all exposure groups were 67.8% ,68.6% and 76.2% of control level,respectively, which were significantly lower than that of control group (P＜0.05); The concentrations of EAA significantly decreased in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group, as compared with control group (P＜0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group, of S100β mRNA in 10-5 mol/L dimethoate group, of GFAP protein in 10-4 mol/L and 10-5 mol/L dimethoate groups and S100β protein in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group were significantly higher than those in control group (P＜0.01). The expression levels of GLT-1 and GLAST mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μ mol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group (P＜0.01), the expression levels of NR2B mRNA in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μmol/L MK801 groups increased significantly, as compared with control group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); the concentration of Glu in 10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 100 μ mol/L MK801 group increased significantly, as compared with 10-4 mol/L dimethoate group (P＜0.01); the expression levels of GFAP mRNA and protein in10-4 mol/L dimethoate plus 50 μ mol/L or 100 μ mol/L MK801 groups decreased significantly (P＜0.01); S100β protein expression level in 50 μ mol/L MK801 intervention group was significantly higher than thatl in control group (P＜0.01). Conclusion Excitatory amino acid system involved in astrocytes activation caused by dimethoate. MK801 was useful to control astrocytes gliosis.     

野生中华鲟成鱼与幼鱼肌肉成分比较

目的比较野生中华鲟成鱼(成鱼)与中华鲟幼鱼(幼鱼)肌肉成分及品质的差异。方法采用国标的方法,对肌肉中各成分进行相应分析。结果野生中华鲟成鱼肌肉中水分和粗灰分含量均显著低于幼鱼(P0.05),而粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量显著高于幼鱼(P0.05)。成鱼和幼鱼的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为63.35、72.02,其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的模式。脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量成鱼显著低于幼鱼(P0.05),分别为8.87%、22.99%。矿物质含量丰富,其中常量元素(P和Mg)含量成鱼显著高于幼鱼(P0.05)。结论成鱼和幼鱼的肌肉中均含有较丰富的氨基酸和脂肪酸,但两者间比较幼鱼的肌肉成分优于中华鲟成鱼。