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1.
目的 分析河南省艾滋病感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗(antiretroviral therapy,ART)10年生存状况及影响长期生存的因素。方法 利用国家艾滋病抗病毒治疗数据库,收集河南省2003-2005年接受ART的HIV/AIDS基本情况和治疗随访信息,采用寿命表法和Cox比例风险模型分析生存状况和影响长期生存的危险因素,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析。结果 2003-2005年开始ART的2 448例HIV/AIDS中,男性占53.5%(1 309/2 448),女性占46.5%(1 139/2 448),40~59岁占70.1%(1 715/2 448),以血液传播为主,占95.5%(2 337/2 448);ART后随访10年,死于艾滋病及相关疾病719例,死亡率为3.78/100人年(719/19 010人年);患者第1、3、5、10年累计生存率为0.94、0.86、0.78、0.69。相对于年龄<40岁组,40~、50~、60~和≥70岁组HR值(95% CI)分别为1.417(0.903~2.222)、1.834(1.174~2.866)、2.422(1.539~3.810)和3.424(2.053~5.709);相对于基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)>350个/μl,CD4<50、50~199、200~350个/μl的HR值(95% CI)值分别为7.105(5.449~9.264)、4.175(3.249~5.366)和2.214(1.691~2.900);男性相对于女性HR=1.480(95% CI:1.273~1.172)、没有更换二线治疗HR=11.923(95% CI:9.410~15.104)。结论 河南省早期HIV/AIDS接受ART 10年后的累计生存率为0.69,男性、年龄较大、基线CD4水平低、未及时更换二线抗病毒药物为影响其长期生存的危险因素。  相似文献   

2.
目的 了解山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的生存状况及影响因素。方法 运用Kaplan-Meier(K-M)法及累积发生函数(CIF)估算2003-2015年山东省抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生率、部分分布比例风险回归模型(F-G模型)分析生存状况及影响因素。结果 竞争风险存在时,K-M法计算艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率高于CIF。CIF估算5 593例治疗HIV/AIDS随访1、3、5、10年艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率分别为3.08%、4.21%、5.37%和7.59%。大专及以上文化程度(HR=0.40,95% CI:0.24~0.65)HIV/AIDS的艾滋病相关死亡发生危险较低,现住址在鲁西地区(HR=1.33,95% CI:1.01~1.89)、医疗机构检测发现(HR=1.39,95% CI:1.06~1.80)、治疗基线方案含NVP(HR=1.36,95% CI:1.03~1.88)、治疗基线临床症状Ⅲ/Ⅳ期(HR=2.61,95% CI:1.94~3.53)、诊断1年后接受随访(HR=2.02,95% CI:1.30~3.15)、诊断基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)≤ 200个/μl(HR=3.41,95% CI:2.59~4.59)、治疗基线CD4 ≤ 350个/μl(HR=5.48,95% CI:2.32~12.72)的HIV/AIDS发生艾滋病相关死亡风险高。结论 竞争风险存在时,K-M法高估艾滋病相关死亡累积发生率,优选竞争风险模型进行生存分析;早诊断、及时随访、早治疗可降低HIV/AIDS艾滋病相关死亡。  相似文献   

3.
目的 了解河南省HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)确诊AIDS后生存状况及其影响因素。方法 从国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统下载河南省相关数据库,筛选出2008-2015年间确诊为AIDS且≥15岁患者,进行回顾性研究。结果 纳入25 525例研究对象,观察期内病死率为24.9%,其中接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)为14.4%。治疗比例从2008年的72.1%上升到2015年的92.8%,同期病死率从21.2%下降到4.1%,其中接受HAART者从9.2%下降到2.6%。多因素分析显示,确诊AIDS时CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<50个/μl的患者死亡风险大(aHR=2.45);接受HAART的患者死亡风险低(aHR=0.13)。在接受HAART患者中,有复方磺胺甲恶唑(TMP-SMZ)服用史的患者死亡风险低(aHR=0.76);确诊AIDS时CD4计数50~个/μl组和<50个/μl组死亡风险高(aHR值分别为1.26和1.97);基线CD4计数50~个/μl、<50个/μl组死亡风险高(aHR值分别为1.44和1.84)。结论 抗病毒治疗是影响HIV/AIDS生存时间的重要因素,加强HIV/AIDS的CD4检测,尽早纳入HAART,同时及时开展TMP-SMZ预防治疗,是减少患者AIDS相关疾病死亡的有效途径。  相似文献   

4.
目的 分析1995-2015年北京市HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)诊断后生存时间及影响因素。方法 运用回顾性队列研究方法,对1995-2015年中国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中报告的12 874例HIV/AIDS的数据资料进行分析,应用寿命表法计算生存率,采用Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的相关因素。结果 12 874例HIV/AIDS中,303例(2.4%)死于艾滋病及相关疾病,接受抗病毒治疗9 346例(72.6%)。平均生存时间为226.5个月(95% CI:223.0~230.1),1、5、10、15年生存率分别为98.2%、96.4%、93.2%、91.9%。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,艾滋病死亡风险较高的因素包括诊断时为艾滋病患者(比HIV感染者,HR=1.439,95% CI:1.041~1.989);异性传播(比同性传播,HR=1.646,95% CI:1.184~2.289);现有或曾有配偶(比未婚,HR=2.186,95% CI:1.510~3.164);诊断时年龄≥ 60岁(比≤ 30岁,HR=6.608,95% CI:3.546~12.316);诊断后首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)<350个/μl(比≥ 350个/μl,HR=8.711,95% CI:5.757~13.181);未抗病毒治疗(比抗病毒治疗,HR=18.223,95% CI:13.317~24.937)。结论 1995-2015年北京市HIV/AIDS诊断后的平均生存时间为226.5个月。诊断为HIV感染、同性传播、未婚、≤ 30岁、首次CD4 ≥ 350个/μl、接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS生存时间较长。相反,诊断为AIDS、异性传播、现有或曾有配偶、年龄≥ 60岁、CD4<350个/μl、未抗病毒治疗的死亡风险较高。  相似文献   

5.
目的 了解河南省驻马店市单阳家庭中接受抗病毒治疗原阳者的生存状况及其影响因素。方法 采用2008-2014年开展的开放式、前瞻性队列研究,每年随访一次,收集当地单阳家庭治疗原阳者的人口学特征、CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)、病毒载量、艾滋病相关症状、治疗启动日期、治疗机构级别、治疗方案等信息,以及随访期间的死亡结局,用寿命表法计算生存率,Cox比例风险模型分析死亡率的影响因素。结果 2008-2014年间接受过抗病毒治疗的4 196例原阳者中,350例发生死亡,死亡率为1.88/100人年(95%CI:1.86/100人年~1.90/100人年)。随访第1~7年的生存率依次为99.64%、97.70%、95.62%、93.54%、91.25%、86.86%和82.36%。年龄在≥50岁(HR=3.48,95%CI:2.67~4.55)、初中及以上文化程度(HR=0.75,95%CI:0.56~1.00)、基线CD4水平在350个/μl以上(HR=0.55,95%CI:0.42~0.72)、基线病毒载量水平在400拷贝/ml以上者(HR=1.71,95%CI:1.32~2.22)和既往启动治疗者(HR=0.65,95%CI:0.41~1.05)是单阳家庭治疗原阳者生存状况的影响因素。结论 驻马店市单阳家庭治疗原阳者的死亡率较低,整体治疗效果较好;在治疗条件下,需进一步识别并控制影响治疗者生存的关键因素,提高治疗的及时性和依从性,使治疗者维持在较高的免疫水平,尤其要关注早期治疗、长期治疗者可能发生的耐药、治疗失败等不良事件。  相似文献   

6.
目的 了解1995-2018年贵州省HIV/AIDS生存时间及影响因素。方法 采用回顾性队列研究的方法,从"艾滋病防治基本信息系统"中下载1995-2018年贵州省报告的所有现住址为贵州省的HIV/AIDS报告卡。进行统计分析,运用寿命表法计算生存率、Kaplan-Meier法计算生存时间、Cox比例风险模型分析HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结果 纳入研究对象HIV/AIDS 53 232例,死亡率为8.53/100人年(14 210/166 679.18);生存时间中位数为10.20(95%CI:9.91~10.48)年,第1、5、10、20年的累积生存概率分别为0.85、0.68、0.51、0.36、0.19;多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,男性(与女性相比,aHR=0.757,95%CI:0.727~0.788)、未接受过抗病毒治疗(与接受过抗病毒治疗相比,aHR=0.173,95%CI:0.165~0.181)、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)<200个/μl(与首次CD4 ≥ 200个/μl者相比,aHR=0.410,95%CI:0.387~0.435)、≥ 45岁 (与<45岁者相比,aHR=1.506,95%CI:1.193~1.901)、文盲(与高中及以上学历者相比,aHR=0.904,95%CI:0.832~0.982)、未婚(与离异或丧偶者相比, aHR=0.896,95%CI:0.848~0.946)、异性性传播(与同性性传播者相比,aHR=0.555,95%CI:0.487~0.632)、苗族等少数民族(与汉族相比,aHR=1.185,95%CI:1.114~1.262)、农民/民工(与家政/待业者相比, aHR=0.874,95%CI:0.834~0.916)均是影响病例生存时间的因素。结论 贵州省HIV/AIDS死亡率较高,近年来并未出现明显的下降趋势,男性、≥ 45岁、文化程度较低、少数民族、首次CD4检测<200个/μl等是影响HIV/AIDS生存时间的因素。应该针对具有这些特征的病例加强治疗和随访管理,以提高其生存质量。  相似文献   

7.
目的 分析山东省HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的影响因素,为降低死亡风险及延长生存时间提供参考。方法 研究对象为2017-2021年山东省HIV感染者,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析艾滋病相关死亡及确证1年内死亡的影响因素。结果 2017-2021年山东省报告的14 700例HIV感染者中,发生艾滋病相关死亡351例,占2.4%(351/14 700)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的危险因素包括文化程度为初、高中/中专(aHR=1.37,95%CI:1.01~1.84)、样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.61,95%CI:1.22~2.12)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=9.86,95%CI:6.86~14.19)、未检测基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)(aHR=3.93,95%CI:2.69~5.75)、抗病毒治疗(ART)时间<6个月(aHR=3.46,95%CI:2.42~4.93)和未ART(aHR=1.45,95%CI:1.02~2.07)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=3.51,95%CI:2.18~5.65)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=10.58,95%CI:6.15~18.19)、末次病毒载量(VL)值为50~999拷贝数/ml、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=2.59,95%CI:1.07~6.26;aHR=9.50,95%CI:5.60~16.12;aHR=15.33,95%CI:8.91~26.36);HIV感染者确证1年内发生艾滋病相关死亡风险较高的因素包括样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.68,95%CI:1.19~2.36)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=10.60,95%CI:7.13~15.75)、基线CD4未检测(aHR=3.71,95%CI:2.34~5.90)、ART时间<6个月(aHR=4.30,95%CI:2.85~6.49)和未ART(aHR=2.05,95%CI:1.35~3.13)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=5.45,95%CI:2.04~14.60)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=20.95,95%CI:7.69~57.04)、末次VL值为50~999、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=15.21,95%CI:2.54~91.21;aHR=42.93,95%CI:9.64~191.20;aHR=61.35,95%CI:13.85~271.77)。结论 扩大检测覆盖面,促进早发现和早治疗,加强对HIV感染者的定期随访和检测,掌握病程进展并进行精准管理和治疗,对降低HIV感染者病死率和延长生存时间有重要作用。  相似文献   

8.
目的 了解不同性别抗病毒治疗者死亡率及其影响因素,为提高抗病毒治疗效果提供思路和方法。方法 以新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)2004年7月至2013年6月进行高效抗反转录病毒治疗的男性8 061例,女性6 001例为研究对象。数据来源于国家“艾滋病综合防治信息系统”中“抗病毒治疗信息系统”。采用回顾性研究方法,分析不同性别抗病毒治疗者死亡率和累积生存率,采用Cox回归模型分析死亡的影响因素。结果 HIV传播途径男性以静脉注射吸毒为主,女性以性途径为主。男性抗病毒治疗者年龄偏大,基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平偏低;整体死亡率高于女性,治疗早期死亡率高达10.87/100人年,两年后降至7.00/100人年以下。女性治疗早期死亡率为4.77/100人年,两年后降至3.00/100人年。Cox回归分析结果显示:死亡率的影响因素为基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平和感染途径。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(cell/μl)< 200者(对照为≥350),男性的HR=4.08(95%CI:2.96~5.62),女性的HR=5.11(95%CI:3.16~8.35)。静脉注射吸毒者(对照为性途径感染),男性的HR=1.99(95%CI:1.66~2.40),女性的HR=1.77(95%CI:1.24~2.52)。累积生存率分析结果显示:常规治疗组经性途径感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为81%与87%,经静脉吸毒感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为66%与75%,性别差异有统计学意义。早治疗组经性途径感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为97%与98%,经静脉吸毒感染的男性与女性5年生存率分别为86%与97%,无性别差异。结论 新疆男性抗病毒治疗者较高的死亡率,源于该群体较低的基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平及较高的经静脉注射吸毒感染比例。另外,男性主动服药意愿偏弱及服药依从性偏低为深层次影响因素。  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解2005-2015年天津市开始接受抗病毒治疗(ART)的HIV/AIDS生存状况及影响因素。方法 利用中国艾滋病基本信息系统收集2005-2015年天津市开始接受ART的HIV/AIDS病例的数据资料,对数据资料进行回顾性队列研究,应用寿命表法计算生存率,Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果 共纳入研究对象2 057例,其中艾滋病相关死亡病例51例,研究对象接受ART后1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为98.4%、97.8%、97.4%、95.8%。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,相比于年龄<30岁组,30~、40~和≥ 50岁组的aHR值(95% CI)分别为4.506(1.226~9.059)、5.944(1.479~13.892)和15.958(5.309~27.206);相比于ART过程无失访者,有失访者的aHR=5.645(95% CI:3.124~10.200);相对于其他机构发现者,发现机构为医院的aHR=3.823(95% CI:1.423~10.274);相比于ART前未感染HBV/HCV者,感染HBV/HCV者的aHR=2.580(95% CI:1.210~5.502);相比于ART时临床分期Ⅰ/Ⅱ期者,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期者的aHR=3.947(95% CI:2.167~7.188);相比于初中及以下文化程度者,高中及以上文化程度者的aHR=0.440(95% CI:0.238~0.810);相比于样本来源为术前检测者,样本来源为专题调查与检测咨询的HR值(95% CI)分别为0.111(0.027~0.456)和0.182(0.049~0.674)。结论 2005-2015年天津市ART的HIV/AIDS生存率较高。ART时年龄较大、ART过程有失访、发现机构为医院、ART时感染HBV/HCV、临床分期为Ⅲ/Ⅳ期是HIV/AIDS生存的危险因素,高中及以上文化程度、样本来源为专题调查与检测咨询是HIV/AIDS生存的保护因素。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析全国2010年新报告HIV感染者/AIDS病例(HIV/AIDS)生存时间及影响因素。方法 使用艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统截至2015年12月31日的病例报告历史卡片和随访定时数据库,筛选出2010年新报告HIV/AIDS并整理出随访结局数据,以寿命表法计算其生存率,采用Kaplan-Meier法拟合不同状态下的生存曲线,Cox比例风险模型分析HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结果 40 335例HIV/AIDS中,11 975例因艾滋病及相关疾病死亡;截至观察终点时,中位生存时间为63.1(95%CI:63.0~63.2)个月,1年和5年生存率分别为81.2%和69.9%;多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,艾滋病死亡的风险随年龄增加而增加,25~34、35~44、45~54和≥55岁组因艾滋病死亡的风险分别是15~24岁组的1.41倍(95%CI:1.29~1.54)、1.90倍(95%CI:1.74~2.07)、2.24倍(95%CI:2.04~2.46)和2.81倍(95%CI:2.57~3.08);HIV/AIDS首次检测CD4T淋巴细胞(CD4)值≥500个/μl是CD4值<200个/μl 的0.12倍(95%CI:0.11~0.13);接受抗病毒治疗者是未接受治疗者的0.11倍(95%CI:0.10~0.12)。结论 确诊时年龄、确诊时CD4值水平、是否接受抗病毒治疗是HIV/AIDS生存时间的主要影响因素,应及早进行艾滋病检测、接受抗病毒治疗,以延长HIV/AIDS生存时间。  相似文献   

11.
This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.  相似文献   

12.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

13.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

16.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

17.
Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.  相似文献   

18.
To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.  相似文献   

19.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

20.
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