盐城市家蝇抗性动态分析及其防制对策

目的：掌握家蝇抗性动态变化,为控制抗性的发生与发展提供科学依据;方法：微量点滴法;结果：1995—1998年盐城市家蝇对敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯的抗性虽仍处在高抗水平,但总体上抗性有所延缓呈下降趋势;家蝇对二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性都处在中低抗水平,除射阳县以外,均呈下降趋势;家蝇对溴氰菊酯的抗性均处于中低抗水平,且市区、建湖二个监测点呈逐年下降趋势,已接近敏感水平;结论：根据家蝇抗性动态变化,及时采取综合防制、交替轮换或镶嵌用药等措施,能控制抗性的发生与发展。     

苏州市区家蝇抗性现状及其发展趋势

目的：分析苏州市区1982～1996年家蝇对杀虫剂抗性状况，探讨防制策略。方法：用微量点滴法测定家蝇对杀虫剂的抗性程度。结果：苏州市区家蝇对二氯苯醚菊酯的抗性程度仍较严重，而对溴氰菊酯和DDVP抗性的发展呈下降趋势。结论：在监测家蝇抗性动态的基础上，实施综合治理，包括合理调配用药，可延缓抗性的发生与发展。     

家蝇对辛硫磷抗性预测研究

目的：预测辛硫磷防治家蝇造成的抗性趋势；方法：用辛硫磷对家蝇进行室内选育，用点滴法测定家蝇的抗性水平，无选择压力下饲养观察家蝇对辛硫磷的敏感性变化，观察不同抗性水平家蝇的生物学；结果：经过8次辛硫磷处理，家蝇抗性水平RF由38上升到633，而在无选择压力下30代后，家蝇抗性水平RF从44衰迟到16。用辛硫磷处理的家蝇对胺菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯的敏感性上升，LD50分别下降了71．7％、54．1％和45．1％，而对乙酰甲胺磷、益必添、杀螟松及溴氰菊酯敏感性下降，LD50分别上升了271．0％、105．7％、66．0％和55．0％，而5％的残杀威对家蝇的24h死亡率只有20％。低抗性水平家蝇成蝇大量发生早于高抗性水平家蝇，其蛹期内的前6d蛹量占整个世代的约50％，而高抗性水平家蝇仅占25．0％左右；结论：家蝇对辛硫磷抗性增长速度远远大于抗性衰退的速度。用辛硫磷防治家蝇时不宜连续使用，可以与辛硫磷轮用的菊酯类杀虫剂有胺菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯。化学方法防治低抗性水平的家蝇应在种群大量发生的早期进行，而防治高抗性水平的家蝇应该采用有长期控制作用的方法。     

辽宁省家蝇对溴氰菊酯的抗性动态及其防治对策

本文总结了１９８６～１９９４年辽宁省部分代表性地区家蝇对溴氰菊酯的抗性监测结果，显示１９８８年之前抗性发展较为平缓；到１９９０年，占调查总数８０％地区的家蝇达到高抗水平；１９９３年，所有调查地区的家蝇均达到高抗水平，其中５０％地区的家蝇达到最高抗水平；１９９４年，占调查总数８０％地区的家蝇达到最高抗水平，其中锦州地区家蝇相对抗性达６６７倍。同时比较了调查地区家蝇对顺式氯氰菊酯的抗性状况，表明１９９０～１９９４年间的抗性增长了７倍多，并有向更高水平发展的趋势。据此，提出了延缓家蝇抗性发展的相应对策。     

上海市宝山区家蝇对3种常用杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目的了解2010年上海市宝山区家蝇对敌敌畏、甲基嘧啶磷、溴氰菊酯的抗性情况。方法微量点滴法。结果上海市宝山区的家蝇对3种常用杀虫剂的抗性水平均不同：家蝇对敌敌畏的抗性属低抗水平,LD50为0.344 996μg/只;对甲基嘧啶磷的抗性属中抗水平,LD50为0.989 695μg/只;对溴氰菊酯的抗性属高抗水平,LD50为0.028 733μg/只。结论上海市宝山区家蝇对3种杀虫剂存在不同程度的抗性,对溴氰菊酯与甲基嘧啶磷产生了明显的抗性,而对敌敌畏相对敏感,应通过交替、轮换和复配使用杀虫剂,控制和延缓抗药性发展。     

5种杀虫剂对家蝇的抗性测定研究

目的为有效控制家蝇的危害，了解家蝇对5种常用卫生杀虫剂的抗性现状。方法采用点滴法，检测家蝇现场品系对敌敌畏、三氯杀虫酯、氯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯对5种杀虫剂的抗药性水平。结果家蝇对5种常用卫生杀虫剂的抗性水平均不同：家蝇对三氯杀虫酯和氯菊酯的抗性属低抗水平，LD50分别为2．9176、0．0134μg／只，溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯属中抗水平，LD50分别为0．0295、0．0039μg/只，敌敌畏属高抗水平，LD50为0．1311μg／只。结论家蝇的现场品系对5种杀虫剂存在不同程度的抗性，对敌敌畏与部分拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生了明显的抗性，而对三氯杀虫酯和氯菊酯相对敏感，应通过交替、轮换和复配使用杀虫剂控制和延缓抗药性发展。     

三门峡市区家蝇抗药性水平变化分析

目的探讨分析区域家蝇抗药性变化水平。方法在相同的家蝇孳生地,采集成蝇,带回三门峡市疾病预防控制中心昆虫饲养室饲养,取F1代羽化后3~5 d的雌性成蝇,采用微量点滴法进行家蝇抗药性监测试验,用POLO软件对数据进行统计分析比较家蝇抗性变化水平。结果三门峡市区家蝇对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂为高抗性水平,且呈上升的趋势;对敌敌畏为低抗水平。2011年与2006年结果相比,家蝇对敌敌畏的抗性水平下降了37.6%,对溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯的抗性分别增加了2.61和1.19倍。结论多领域、大剂量使用拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂是家蝇抗性水平逐年增加的主要因素之一。     

新疆南部3市家蝇对杀虫剂抗药性的首次测定

目的：了解新疆南部３市家蝇对化学杀虫剂的抗药性基数和现状。方法：采用常规微量点滴法。结果：家蝇对拟除虫菊酯类的抗性较高，仅和田市家蝇对二氯苯醚菊酯处在中等抗性；对敌敌畏抗性水平较高，地区间差异不大，发展趋势较为平缓。结论：加强监测和技术指导，综合治理、合理用药，延缓家蝇抗性的发展     

绍兴市区家蝇抗性现状分析及防治对策

目的掌握家蝇抗性动态变化,为控制抗性的发生与发展提供科学依据。方法微量点滴法。结果绍兴市区家蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、胺菊酯的LD50依次分别为1.1886,0.0350,0.0580,0.0827,0.0927,0.4890μg/只,与1981～1983年全省测定结果相比分别提高11.22,50.00,23.20,32.12,10.30,2.09倍。结论绍兴市区家蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯已产生很高抗性,但对敌敌畏、氯菊酯的抗性发展相对缓慢。实施综合治理、合理用药,可抑制和延缓抗性发展。     

乙酰胆碱酯酶用于不同生境家蝇抗药性研究

目的应用一种家蝇抗药性早期检测方法即乙酰胆碱酯酶（ACHE）法,了解南昌市不同生境家蝇对常用的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性现状及其发展趋势。方法采用微量点滴法进行生物测定,同时采用AChE检测不同生境家蝇对敌敌畏和残杀威的抗性水平。结果生物测定结果表明,居民区、餐饮店、垃圾中转站和农贸市场4个家蝇品系对敌敌畏和残杀威产生了不同程度的抗性,对敌敌畏的抗性指数依次为34．07、22．57、20．05、17．43倍,其中农贸市场品系为中抗水平,其余3个品系均达高抗水平;对残杀威的抗性仍处于低抗水平,抗性指数依次为2．68、3．48、2．15、2．74倍。AChE法的检测结果表明,居民区、餐饮店、垃圾中转站和农贸市场品系对敌敌畏的抗性个体频率依次为100％、82％、55％和29％,均为敌敌畏抗性品系;对残杀威抗性个体频率依次为28％、42％、12％、27％,其中垃圾中转站品系抗性个体频率〈20％,其他3个品系均为残杀威抗性品系。结论AChE法检测结果与生物测定结果基本相符,该法可以应用于野外家蝇抗性的早期检测。南昌市不同生境家蝇对敌敌畏达中抗或高抗水平,建议停用;对残杀威也产生了一定程度的抗性,且有发展的趋势,应换用或轮用其他杀虫剂,以避免或延缓抗性的发展。     

A life-course perspective on physical functioning in women

Objective

To validate Kalache & Kickbusch’s model: namely, that functional capacity peaks in early adulthood, then declines at a rate dependent on fitness level until a “disability threshold” is reached.

Methods

Data came from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, which followed three cohorts from 1996 to 2011: a young, a mid-aged and an older cohort (born in 1973–78, 1946–51 and 1921–26, respectively). The Short Form (36) Health Survey was used to measure physical functioning (score 1–100). The disability threshold was the mean physical functioning score in older women requiring assistance with daily activities (62.8). The relationship between age and physical functioning was modelled using spline regression for the entire sample, and by baseline physical functioning quintile and physical activity level.

Findings

Physical decline quickened with age: 0.05 annual units (95% confidence interval, CI: −0.13 to 0.22) at ages 18–23 years (i.e. no decline); –2.43 (95% CI: −2.64 to −2.23) at ages 82–90 years. Decline was faster in quintiles with lower baseline physical functioning in the younger and mid-age cohorts and in quintiles with higher baseline physical functioning in the older cohort. The disability threshold was reached at a mean age of 79 years, but the range was 45–88 years, depending on baseline physical functioning and physical activity.

Conclusion

Age and physical decline are not linearly related, as traditionally believed; decline accelerates with age. However, baseline physical functioning, but not physical activity, influences the rate of decline.     

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Ile de France area during 2001

OBJECTIVE: The authors wanted to assess the level of Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in Ile de France. METHOD: In 2001, 637 clinical strains of S. pneumoniae were prospectively collected from 32 microbiology laboratories. RESULTS: Fifty one percent of strains were isolated from children under 15 years of age and 49% from adults. In children, 76% of strains came from otitis media, 20% from blood culture, in adults most strains (92%) came from blood culture. The overall prevalence of non-susceptible penicillin pneumococci was 61% higher in children (73%) than in adults (50%). Among the non-susceptible penicillin pneumococci 21.8% were resistant (CMI > 1 mg/l). Strains with decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin and cefotaxime were 38% and 17% respectively. Resistant strains to these two drugs (CMI > 2 mg/l) were rare 2.6% and 0.4% respectively. Among other antimicrobial agents, rate of resistance was 63% to erythromycin, 47% to cotrimoxazole, 40% to tetracycline, and 23% to chloramphenicol. The most frequent serogroups were serogroups 19 and 14, respectively 23% and 18%. Serotypes included in heptavalent vaccine covered 90% of children strains under 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of resistance to penicillin was high in children particularly in otitis media pus (76%).     

Longitudinal changes in the retail food environment in Mexico and their association with diabetes

The retail food environment is a potential population-level determinant of diet and nutrition-related chronic diseases, yet little is known about its composition and association with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries. Our objectives were: (1) to describe changes in the composition of the retail food environment in Mexican neighborhoods from 2010 to 2016 and (2) to examine the association between these changes and diabetes cases diagnosed over the same period. Individual level data came from the 2016 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey (N = 2808 adults). Neighborhood level retail food environment data for 2010 and 2016 came from the National Directory of Economic Units of Mexico. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the adjusted association between changes in the neighborhood density per km² of fruit and vegetable stores, chain convenience stores and supermarkets with diabetes. Small store formats still predominate in Mexico's food environment, however there is evidence of fast increase in chain convenience stores and supermarkets. Adults living in neighborhoods that saw a decline in fruit and vegetable store density and a simultaneous increase in chain convenience store density experienced higher odds of diabetes, compared to adults who lived in neighborhoods where fruit and vegetable and convenience stores did not change (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.61, 9.48). Considering the complex interplay between store types, understanding the mechanisms and confirming the causal implications of these findings could inform policies that improve the quality of food environments in cities.     

肥胖大鼠胰岛素抵抗和leptin抵抗的关系研究

目的：探讨在肥胖形成的过程中Leptin抵抗和胰岛素抵抗何时出现及其因果关系。方法：选取雄性Wistar大鼠20按体重随机分为基础对照和肥胖2组,喂养5周,每周末称重,采尾血测定血糖、胰岛素和Leptin。结果：肥胖组体重、血糖、胰岛素和Leptin均高于基础对照组。在肥胖形成的过程中Leptin抵抗的发生先于胰岛素抵抗。肥胖组Leptin抵抗首先出现在第2周末而胰岛素抵抗出现在第3周末,推测Leptin抵抗是胰岛素抵抗的原因。结论：肥胖是糖尿病重要的危险因素。     

Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Shigella spp. in northeastern Argentina]

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antibiotic resistance of strains of Shigella spp. isolated from feces samples from northeastern Argentina and to characterize the strains in terms of their molecular epidemiology. METHODS: We studied 132 isolates of Shigella spp. obtained from feces samples from 132 patients with diarrhea who were seen at various private and public laboratories in the Argentine provinces of Chaco and Corrientes during the period of 1998 to 2002. Each strain was characterized according to its serotype, its resistance to 13 individual or combination antibiotics, and its sensitivity to pyocins. With 52 strains selected in relation to their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles we conducted plasmid profile analysis using alkaline lysis, and the repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences were determined by amplifying repetitive DNA segments using polymerase chain reaction. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions, with a level of statistical significance of 0.05. RESULTS: Shigella flexneri was the most common species (78%), followed by S. sonnei (22%). In general, the resistance of S. flexneri to the antibiotics studied was greater than that of S. sonnei, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) for ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and the combination of ampicillin and sulbactam. The S. flexneri strains also showed multiple resistance more often than S. sonnei strains (84.5% vs. 31.0%; P < 0.001). The strains isolated from S. flexneri were grouped into five pyocin types, three plasmid profiles, and five patterns of repetitive palindromic sequences. The strains of S. sonnei formed three pyocin types, two plasmid profiles, and three patterns of repetitive palindromic sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the Shigella species that were studied showed a high level of resistance to the most frequently used antibiotics, surveillance activities should be implemented in order to detect and control the appearance of new resistant strains. Applying epidemiological typing techniques can provide more precise information about the distribution and evolution of resistant strains of circulating microorganisms.     

胎教音乐对孕妇和胎儿的影响

目的 :探讨胎教音乐对孕母的健康和胎儿生理和智力发育影响的依据。方法 :检测胎教音乐对孕妇各项生理指标的影响 ,以及胎儿 胎盘血液循环阻力和胎儿的胎动、胎心率变化情况。结果 :孕妇的呼吸、心率在播放胎教音乐后均有下降 ,其中呼吸频率的差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 )。孕妇的动脉血氧饱和度在倾听胎教音乐后有显著上升 (P <0 0 5 )。脐动脉S/D、PI、RI在播放胎教音乐后均有下降 ,其中脐动脉S/D的差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。播放胎教音乐前后胎儿胎心率、胎动、加速等各项指标无明显差异。结论 :胎教音乐能使孕妇产生平静、放松的情绪反应 ,伴随着情绪活动发生一系列的生理变化 ,胎儿 胎盘循环阻力下降 ,灌注胎盘的血液量增加 ,这样的血液动力学改变有利于增加对胎儿的营养物质和氧气供应。胎教音乐无论是对孕母的健康 ,还是对胎儿生理和智力上的发育都是有益的。     

山东省家蝇对化学杀虫剂的抗药性分析

目的：探讨山东省不同地区家蝇对化学杀虫剂的抗药性现状。方法：采用常规点滴法。结果：不同地区家蝇对拟除虫菊酯类的抗性水平普遍较高；对有机磷类，则用量大、使用频率高的地区抗性水平较高；个别地区对氨基甲酸酯类的抗性发展很快；对停用多年的有机氯类，已恢复到非常敏感的水平。结论：家蝇抗药性水平高低，与化学杀虫剂用量大小和使用频率高低密切相关。     

济宁市淡色库蚊抗药性发展趋势研究

目的：了解纹虫对常用杀虫剂抗药性发展趋势。方法：在济宁市区采集淡色库蚊,采用区分剂量法和ＷＨＯ浸渍法测定每种杀虫剂致蚊虫的死亡率和半数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）,并计算抗性指数。结果：淡色库蚊对ＤＤＶＰ和溴氰菊酯抗药性较强,ＤＤＶＰ抗性指数由８．３０倍上升到２０．６３倍,溴氰菊酯波动在１３．０９～４４．２１倍之间,对ＤＤＴ由１．１１倍上升到１１．５３倍,对马拉硫磷由１．７６倍上升到６．１６倍,     

胰岛素抵抗、血清瘦素水平与子痫前期-子痫关系的研究

目的:研究子痫前期-子痫时胰岛素抵抗与血清瘦素水平之间的关系,探讨胰岛素抵抗与瘦素在子痫前期-子痫发病中的作用。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法(BLISA)、放射免疫法及葡萄糖氧化酶法检测50例子痫前期-子痫患者及50例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)的血清瘦素、胰岛素及血糖水平,采用血糖和血胰岛素乘积的倒数来表示胰岛素敏感指数,并分析胰岛素抵抗、血清瘦素水平与子痫前期-子痫的相关性。结果:子痫前期-子痫患者存在明显胰岛素抵抗,且与疾病严重程度呈正相关,血清瘦素水平增加导致子痫前期-子痫患者胰岛素抵抗程度升高。结论:孕妇血清瘦素水平变化与子痫前期发病及病情发展有关。