江苏省农村已婚育龄妇女贫血的发生与避孕方法使用关系的研究

目的明确江苏省已婚育龄妇女中贫血发生的比例,探讨放置宫内节育器对已婚育龄妇女贫血发生的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,在避孕药具不良反应监测试点调查已婚育龄妇女生育史、避孕方法应用和副作用发生情况,同时进行相应的健康检查。结果江苏省农村已婚育龄妇女贫血患病率为41.52%,其中苏南地区为28.32%、苏中和苏北地区分别为51.22%和51.98%(P<0.001)。经产次调整后,宫内节育器使用者贫血患病率为42.37%,女性绝育术者贫血患病率为39.30%,避孕药和屏障法贫血的患病率分别为37.80%和35.54%(P<0.001)。宫内节育器使用者贫血的自报率很低,仅1.18%。分地区多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,苏南地区使用宫内节育器(OR=1.400,95%CI1.256~1.559)为贫血的主要影响因素;苏北地区多产次(OR=1.333,95%CI1.169~1.520)为贫血的主要影响因素。结论江苏省农村已婚育龄妇女的贫血患病率较高,地区差异明显;不同地区贫血的影响因素不同,使用宫内节育器与妇女贫血发生有关。应做好使用避孕方法前对象的健康筛检;放置宫内节育器后加强随访和血红蛋白监测,及时发现贫血并进行规范治疗,提高妇女的生殖健康水平。     

吸烟对不同收入人群慢性病患病的影响

目的探讨吸烟对不同经济状况人群的健康影响。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法，在全国共抽取95个县、950个村(居委会)，每个样本村(居委会)随机抽取60户家庭，全国共抽取55200户家庭中15～65岁男性5．93万人。结果研究发现在控制年龄、经济状况、文化程度、就业状况、工作岗位的情况下，不论农村、城镇，与从不吸烟的人相比，有吸烟史的人群慢性病患病率均高(农村OR=1．185，95％CI：1．121～1．253；城镇OR=1．083，95％CI：1．010～1．161)；吸烟对农村男性患慢性病的影响(戒烟OR=2．764，95％CI：2．471～3．092)要大于城镇的相应人群(戒烟OR=2．112，95％CI：1．844～2．419)；另外发现吸烟对低收入人口患慢性病的影响(城镇OR=2．076，95％CI：1．551～2．780；农村OR=2．903，95％CI：2．248～3．749)大于对高收入人口的影响(城镇OR=1．785，95％CI：1．285～2．479；农村OR=2．466，95％CI：1．941～3．134)。结论吸烟对收入低下的人群健康损害更大，应该引起重视。     

宫内节育器与子宫内膜癌病例对照研究

目的探讨宫内节育器（IUD）使用与子宫内膜癌的关系。方法采用病例对照研究方法，调查上海市区1997年1月～2000年12月间确诊、年龄在30～69岁之间的子宫内膜癌患者（n=1204）和普通对照人群（n=1212）的一般情况、月经生育史、饮食、个人生活习惯、口服避孕药（OC）及宫内节育器使用情况、疾病及家族史等。采用非条件Logisfic回归模型分析宫内节育器使用与子宫内膜癌的关系。结果上海市区女性所使用的宫内节育器类型主要为金属环和V型塑料环。分别占使用者的68．1％和20．7％。与从未使用过宫内节育器的女性比较，使用者发生子宫内膜癌的危险性显著降低。调整后OR=0．57（95％CI=0．47～0．69），且随使用时间增加而降低。分层分析显示，在从未服用口服避孕药的女性中，曾使用IUD者发生子宫内膜癌的危险降低，OR=0．51（95％CI=0．41～0．64）。结论绝经前后女性使用宫内节育器可能会降低子宫内膜癌的风险。     

婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻危险因素的病例对照研究

目的研究婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻的影响因素。方法按1：1配对原则，分别选取74例社区对照和63例医院对照进行多重病例对照研究。结果母乳喂养期在6个月以内的婴儿(OR=0．147，95％CI=0．028～0．764)、住房的面积大(OR=0．22．95％CI：0．09～0．54)感染轮状病毒的危险性较小；但12个月后更长时间的母乳喂养(OR=3．278，95％CI：1．554～6．931)、母亲年龄较小(OR=41．89，95％CI：2．56～68．6；OR=12．77，95％CI：1．58～103)、老人看护(OR=11．39，95％CI：2～65．31)、经常抱孩子外出(OR=2．676，95％CI：1．042～6．821)会增加轮状病毒腹泻的感染率。结论母乳喂养在一定程度上可减少婴儿轮状病毒腹泻的发生，但喂养时间不宜过长；与外界环境接触机会增多。可能是导致轮状病毒腹泻的主要危险因素。     

宁夏农村高血压病人抑郁与影响因素分析

目的了解农村高血压病人抑郁发生率与影响因素。方法采用Zung氏抑郁自评量表（SDS），由专门培训的调查员进行集中询问调查收集资料。结果206名高血压病人抑郁发生率为69.4％，男性抑郁发生率为54.4％，女性为81．0％，两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0、01）。抑郁程度轻度50．3％、中度42、7％、重度7.0％。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与年龄（OR=1．050，95％CI=1．013～1.088）、性别（OR=3.575．95％CI=1.918-6.663）、婚姻状况（OR=1．679，95％CI=1．165～2.420）、文化程度（OR=0.639，95％CI=0.454～0.899）及人均月收入（OR=0.997，95％CI=0.995～0.999）有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：抑郁与性别（OR：2.742。95％CI=1．402～5．365）、婚姻状况（OR=1.800，95％CI=1.075～3.014）及月收入（OR=0．998，95％CI=0.996—1．000）有关。结论农村高血压病人抑郁发生率较高，女性、文化程度低、收入低及丧偶的高血压病人是抑郁的高发人群。     

辽宁省城乡居民精神疾病流行病学调查

目的了解辽宁省18岁以上人群各类精神疾病患病率和分布特点。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，以复合性国际诊断交谈检查量表（CIDI 1．0）对全省6个市／县13358名18～65岁城乡居民进行了入户调查。结果调查的应答率为86．1％。各类精神疾病的2周、12个月和终生患病率分别为5．03％，8．09％和11．26％。情感障碍、焦虑障碍和酒精使用障碍的12月患病率分别为2．01％、3．97％和3．27％。男性情感障碍（OR=0．59，95％0=0．48～0．72）和焦虑障碍（OR=0．46，95％CI=0．39～0．53）患病率明显低于女性，酒精使用障碍显著高于女性（OR=23．67，95％CI=15．71～35．67）。离婚者3类障碍的患病率均明显增高。城市居民的情感障碍患病率显著高于农村（OR=1．54，95％CI=1．21～1．95）。14．60％和1．40％患者一生中曾患有2类或3类疾病，情感障碍与焦虑及酒精使用障碍的终生共病率分别为41．96％和10．87％。结论辽宁省每11个居民中约有1人患有精神疾病，精神疾病已经成为常见病和迫切需要解决的重大公共卫生问题。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌致医院感染危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)导致医院感染的危险因素。方法 选取2002年1月至2003年12月收治的67例IRPA医院感染病例、150例亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌(ISPA)医院感染者为病例组，同时选取同一病区，接受相似治疗措施的非铜绿假单胞菌感染的住院患者为对照组，其中敏感对照组159例，耐药对照组200例。分别对两组患者的危险因素进行病例对照研究，采用非条件logistic回归分析法进行分析。结果 多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明，IRPA医院感染的发生与住院时间长短(OR=1．03，95％CI：1．01～1．04)、亚胺培南(OR=4．65，95％CI：1．35～11．52)、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦(OR=3．37，95％CI：1．85～9．43)及喹诺酮类抗菌药物(OR=1．85，95％CI：1．25～5．34)的使用有关；而ISPA医院感染与三代头孢(OR=2．54，95％CI：1．26～5．23)及氨基糖苷类抗生素(OR=1．86，95％CI：1．42～3．26)的使用、住院时间长短(OR=1．05，95％CI：1．03～1．05)有关。结论 为减少IRPA医院感染的发生，在限制使用亚胺培南的同时，应尽可能根据药物敏感试验的结果，合理使用其他抗菌药物。     

广西城乡居民膳食营养素摄入与代谢综合征的关系

目的探讨广西城乡居民膳食营养素摄入水平与代谢综合征的关系，为有针对性提出膳食营养防治策略提供科学依据。方法按照多阶段随机抽样法．分别抽取广西4个城市和4个农村县共3026名18岁及以上的城乡居民进行调查：采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查；对调查对象进行体检和血糖、血脂检测。结果被调查居民中代谢综合征（MS）患者107人，患病率为3．54％，其中城市居民MS患病率为5．21％，农村为1．90％，差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。城市居民MS患者能量、铁营养素摄入与正常人群相比无明显差异．经多因素Logisic回归分析发现，膳食蛋白质（OR=1．256，95％CI：1．042～1．514）、铁（OR=1．432，95％CI：1．127—1．820）摄入过多是城市居民MS重要的膳食危险因素，而维生素B2是保护因素（OR=0．712．95％CI：0．590～0．860）；而农村居民MS患者能量、蛋白质、钠、钾、硒和烟酸、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量均显著高于正常人群，蛋白质（OR=1．854，95％CI：1．435—2．396）摄入过多是农村居民MS危险因素，而膳食钙（OR=0．612，95％CI：0．398-0．939）是保护因素。结论膳食营养因素与广西城乡居民发生MS关系密切，膳食蛋白质摄入过多是广西城乡居民MS的危险因素，其他膳食营养因素存在城乡差异；对城乡居民采取针对性膳食营养干预措施将取得更好的防治效果。     

儿童腹股沟疝发病危险因素的配对病例-对照研究

目的探讨儿童腹股沟疝发生的主要危险因素。方法采用l：1配对病例一对照研究方法，对201例0-6岁腹股沟疝患儿与对照儿童的父母进行问卷调查，采用条件Logistic回归对所收集资料进行单因素及多因素分析．计算OR值及0R值的95％CI。结果多因素分析结果表明，儿童便秘史（OR=3．520，95％CI：1．238。10．015）、啼哭不安史（OR：6．532．95％CI：2．651～16．091）、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月腌制品摄入史（彻=2．529，95％CI：1．271．5．031）及贫血史（DR：6．809，95％CI：2．530~18．322）、儿童腹股沟疝家族史（OR=11．250，95％CI：4．766～26．553）与儿童腹股沟疝的发病存在显著联系。结论儿童便秘史、儿童啼哭不安史、腹股沟疝家族史、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月贫血史及腌制品摄人史是儿童腹股沟疝发生的危险因素。     

中国农村人群高血压危险因素的meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨中国农村人群高血压发病的主要危险因素,为今后防治提供依据。方法以高血压、农村、危险因素等为主题词或关键词,检索1998—2013年发表的有关中国农村人群高血压发病危险因素的病例对照研究,按照文献纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价质量,提取数据,采用RevMan5．1软件进行meta分析。结果共17篇文献符合条件纳入研究,meta分析结果表明各危险因素的合并OR值及95％a分别为：年龄（OR=1．07,95％CI：1．06—1．08）、BMI（OR=1．36,95％CI=1,27～1．45）、高血压家族史（OR=1．79,95％CI=1．34—2．39）、吸烟（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．07～1．34）、饮酒（OR=1．20,95％CI=1．14—1．27）、嗜盐（OR：1．28,95％CI=1．17—1．41）、高脂肪摄入（OR=1．17,95％CI=1．05—1．31）、文化程度高（OR：0．78,95％CI=0．71～0．87）、经济收入高（OR=0．90,95％CI=0．86—0．94）、锻炼（OR=0．81．95％CI=0．69～0．94）、腰臀比（OR=1．51,95％CI=1．2—1．89）、性别（OR：1．28,95％Cl=1．15-1．42）。结论高血压家族史、腰臀比、BMI、嗜盐、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂肪摄入、年龄为中国农村人群高血压发病的危险因素,文化程度高、锻炼、经济收入高则为保护性因素。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.