绝经后妇女钙摄入量及膳食来源分布

为了解绝经后妇女膳食钙的摄入量，钙的食物来源以及膳食结构，对济南市区１５４名绝经后妇女进行了７ｄ膳食调查及２４ｈ尿钙测定。膳食调查采用记录和称重相结合的方法，用原子吸收分光光度法测定尿钙，依据《食物成份表》计算１２类食物的平均摄入量以及钙在各类食物中的分布，对膳食钙摄入量与尿钙排出量进行相关分析。结果显示，济南市区绝经后妇女平均每天膳食钙摄入量为３４９±１１２ｍｇ，占ＲＤＡ的４４％，奶类和豆类食品     

尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值及尿钙/肌酐比值预测妊高征的临床研究

２４８例孕妇在妊娠２０～３４ｗ时留晨尿，用放射免疫方法（ＲＩＡ）测定尿微量白蛋白，用生化自动分析仪测定尿肌酐、尿钙，以尿白蛋白／肌酐比值（ＵＡｌｂ／Ｃｒ）≥１０（ｍｇ／ｇ）作为临界值，预测妊高征。其敏感性、特异性、阳性和阴性预测率分别为７７．８％、９７．０％、６６．７％和９８．２％。与尿钙／肌酐比值（ＵＣａ／Ｃｒ）预测妊高征比较，各项指标均优于后者。认为ＵＡｌｂ／Ｃｒ比值是较ＵＣａ／Ｃｒ更为有效的预测妊高征的手段。     

北方男性膳食钠摄入量及对钙需要量影响的研究

为研究北方男性膳食钠摄入量及其对尿钙排出量的影响 ,我们对健康男性 1 49人 (老年人 50名、青年人 48名、青少年 51名 )进行 5天称重法膳食调查 ,测定血清中钙、磷、肌、酐 ,2 4h尿中钙、磷、钠、肌酐。结果显示三组膳食钙的摄入量均低于我国供给量。2 4 h尿钠排出量 (即膳食钠摄入量 ) :青少年组 1 43.85mmol/d,青年组 2 53.7mmol/d,老年组 1 84.4mmol/d,三组间差异显著 ( P<0 .0 0 1 )。尿钙排出量与尿钠排出量呈显著正相关 ( P<0 .0 0 1 )。提示北方男性钙的需要量可能受钠的摄入量影响 ,在制定膳食钙供给量标准时应考虑钠的摄入量     

糖代谢对糖尿病患者尿钙和镁排泄的影响

自身对照观察１７例非老年（年龄＜５５岁）和１４例老年（年龄≥５５岁）糖尿病患者降血糖治疗后尿钙和镁的改变，使治疗后空腹血糖均低于治疗前且小于１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。结果：非老年组糖尿病患者治疗后尿钙（４．１９±２．６７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）与治疗前（５．５５±１．６５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）比较明显下降（Ｐ＜０．００５），而老年组糖尿病患者治疗前后尿钙无明显差异，治疗后两组的尿镁排泄均有下降，但前后比较无统计学差异     

454名正常儿童尿钙/肌酐、磷/肌酐、镁/肌酐值测定

目前国内外测定机体尿钙、磷和镁排泄的通常方法是收集24h尿来进行定量检测。Nordin研究认为通过测定随机尿标本的钙与肌酐比值，可判断机体钙的排泄情况。近年来，关于儿童随机尿Ca／Cr的研究较为多见，而P／Cr、Mg/Cr则相对较少。由于尿Ca／Cr比值受到年龄、地域、饮食习惯的影响，     

孕期不同钙干预对新生儿健康的影响

为探讨孕期不同钙摄入对新生儿健康的影响，将 ３６名 ２４～３１岁、第 １胎孕 １８ｗ的健康自愿者随机分 为３组，以膳食指导和干预控制钙及其他营养素的摄入，并对新生儿体格及胎盘钙、脐血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶测定。结果显 示：钙实际摄入量符合研究需要；脐血的钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶值各组均明显高于母血，与母血均存在显著差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０１），Ｉ组胎盘钙含量明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，且与钙摄入量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６９，Ｐ＜０．０１）；新生儿身长第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组稍偏长，但 差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；高危评分第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与第Ⅰ组差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０、０１），钙摄入量与高危评分呈正相关（ｒ ＝０．６８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。脐血的钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶值说明孕母在较低钙摄入的情况下，仍能使钙通过胎盘以较高浓度集于 脐血之中，以便向胎儿转运，似表明了胎盘的主动转运功能。脐血碱性磷酸酶传统膳食组明显高于钙剂干预组，可能与母 血碱胜磷酸酶较高有关，但也不能排除其对胎儿骨代谢的影响。低钙摄入对胎儿和新生儿体格发育无明显不良影响，仅 增加孕期危险因素。     

膳食蛋白质水平及含硫氨基酸对人体钙代谢的影响

目的：了解在我国实际膳食情况下，增加蛋白质摄入量对钙代谢的影响。方法：７名２４～３１岁的健康男性青年于４个实验期中分别轮流摄取四种不同的膳食，包括：基础膳食；基础膳食加４０ｇ鸡蛋白蛋白质；基础膳食加蛋氨酸１．９ｇ和胱氨酸１．７ｇ；以及基础膳食加牛磺酸２．４ｇ。然后观察尿钙、钙吸收及钙平衡的变化。结果：各膳食期钙的表观吸收率均无差异，补充蛋白质或补充蛋氨酸和胱氨酸使尿硫酸根及尿钙排泄量显著高于基础膳食期，并且钙平衡也均降低。补充牛磺酸对尿钙和钙平衡均无影响。结论：高蛋白质摄入对钙平衡的负面影响与含硫氨基酸蛋氨酸和胱氨酸的分解产物硫酸根排出增加有关     

膳良蛋白质水平及含硫氨基酸对人体钙代谢的影响

目的：了解在我国实际膳食情况下，增加蛋白质摄入量对钙代谢的影响。方法：７名２４￣３１岁的健康男性青年于４个实验期中分别轮流摄取四种不同的膳食，包括：基础膳食；基础膳食加４０ｇ鸡蛋白蛋白质；基础膳食加蛋氨酸１．９ｇ和胱氨酸１．７ｇ；以及基础膳食加牛磺酸２．４ｇ。然后观察尿钙，钙吸收及钙平衡的变化。结果：各膳食期钙的表观吸收率均无差异，补充蛋白质或补充蛋氨酸和胱氨酸使尿硫酸根及尿钙排泄量显著高于基础膳     

49名9～11.5岁青春前期女童钙吸收率研究

目的研究中国青春前期女童钙代谢状况,了解中国青春前期女童钙吸收率和影响钙吸收率的因素。方法选择49名处于生长突增期、未月经初潮的青春前期女童,采用经典钙代谢实验方法,在600～1500mgd范围内设计4个不同的钙摄入剂量组,观察研究对象的钙代谢状况。结果在600～1500mgd钙摄入量范围内,各组对象钙表观钙吸收率未发现差别,平均吸收率为(53±0.12)%(范围52%～55%)。膳食蛋白质水平与钙吸收率、粪钙量无相关关系,尿钙与膳食磷含量、蛋白质含量显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论中国青春前期女童钙的表观吸收率为53%;高膳食蛋白质能增加尿钙的排出。     

260例农村孕妇钙代谢状况分析

目的:了解农村孕妇缺钙状况。方法:测定260例足月妊娠未补钙者的血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及新生儿脐血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶值。结果:260例产妇中有临床缺钙症状的占73·07%,血清钙为(2·075±0·28)mmol/L,磷为(2·31±1·18)mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶为(254·46±83·74)U/L;其新生儿脐血清钙为(2·275±0·35)mmol/L,磷为(3·05±1·14)mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶为(227·97±146·93)U/L。结论:农村孕妇缺钙较明显,但胎儿与母体比较缺钙不是很明显。     

孕期不同钙摄入量对孕产妇钙代谢的影响

目的　研究孕期不同钙摄入量对孕产妇钙代谢的影响。方法　 36名孕妇通过膳食指导和监测按钙摄入量水平随机分为传统膳食组、膳食钙干预组和膳食加钙剂联合干预组 ,对孕产期有关钙代谢指标、骨钙素及产后 45天骨密度监测。结果　血清钙磷各期各组间无差异 ( P>0 .0 5) ,随孕期进展钙吸收率、钙贮留量、血清碱性磷酸酶和尿羟脯氨酸增加 ,孕末期达高峰 ,产后下降 ;骨钙素也增加 ,产后仍增加 ;粪钙和尿钙降低 ,产后粪钙略增加而尿钙明显降低。母体腰椎骨密度组间差异显蓍 ( P<0 .0 1 )。钙摄入量与尿钙、钙贮留量和骨钙素呈正相关 ( r>0 .53,P<0 .0 1 ) ,与钙吸收率呈负相关 ( r=- 0 .51 ,P<0 .0 1 )。结论　我国传统膳食导致孕期低钙摄入情况下 ,母体虽可通过降低尿钙和粪钙的排泄 ,增加肠道钙吸收率和骨钙动员等调节 ,维持胎儿钙需要和自身血钙稳定 ,产生对摄入低钙的适应 ,但这种适应是有限的 ,不能达到较高钙贮留来满足妊娠期钙需要 ,对自身骨健康和代谢有一定影响 ,因此孕期应强调富钙食物、钙剂和 VD的补充     

孕妇营养状况与胎儿生长发育关系的探讨——Ⅰ.孕期各种主要营养素的摄入量与婴儿出生体重的关系

对101名正常孕妇孕期营养摄取情况与婴儿出生体重的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,孕妇膳食中蛋白质、钙、核黄素和视黄醇的摄入量均较供给量标准低,孕中、后期尤其明显,而孕中、后期热能、脂肪,硫胺素、核黄素和尼克酸的摄入量又较孕初期显著增加。经单相关和逐步回归分析,婴儿出生体重与母亲膳食中热能、蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、铁、钙和核黄素的摄入量呈显著正相关。随着母亲孕期营养素摄入量的增加,婴儿出生体重也有逐步增大的趋势。孕妇在孕中、后期热能摄入为2400—2500kcal/天时,其婴儿出生体重较为适宜。增加孕妇膳食中蛋白质、钙和核黄素含量的问题有待解决。     

Dietary folate intake during pregnancy and birth weight in Japan

BACKGROUND: Inadequate folate status has been associated with many negative reproductive outcomes, such as neural tube defects (NTD), low birth weight and placental abruption. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the levels of dietary folate intake during pregnancy in Japanese women and the subsequent birth weight of their babies. METHODS: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted with 197 women with a singleton pregnancy in 2005. Dietary folate was investigated 3 times: in the first trimester at 12 weeks, in the second trimester at 20 weeks and in third trimester at 32 weeks using a diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Non fasting blood samples were collected from the women for measurement of homocysteine, hemoglobin, ferritin, unbound iron-binding capacity (UIBC) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). RESULTS: Energy intake increased as pregnancy advanced, but not significantly. The daily intake of folate increased from 248.5 +/- 113.1 microg/d in the first trimester to 275.4 +/- 100.2 microg/d in the third trimester (P = 0.04). This was well below the recommended level of 440 microg/d and only 10% of mothers were above the levels. In the third trimester, plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the low folate group of less than 250 microg/d (P = 0.02), but not the first and second trimesters. Dietary folate intake and plasma homocysteine concentrations were not likely to be predictors of birth weight in our subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that Japanese women's energy and folate intakes do not meet their energy needs during pregnancy and are at an extremely low recommended dietary allowance level throughout pregnancy.     

孕妇与非孕妇蛋白质和钙铁锌铜营养状况的比较

比较了３２名非孕妇女和１０８名孕妇的膳食状况和２７名非孕妇女与４６名孕妇发样中钙、铁、锌、铜及尿样中氮、钙、锌含量。结果表明这些元素的摄入量和排出量在孕中期和孕后期没有显著差别。孕妇尿中氮和锌的排出显著高于非孕妇女；孕妇钙摄入量显著高于非孕妇，但尿钙和发钙没有差别，表明孕中期和孕后期钙的摄入并不充分；孕后期有２４％的人血红蛋白低于１００ｇ／Ｌ，孕妇和非孕妇中有５０％的人铜摄入不足，约２０％的人发铜低于０．１２５ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ。     

晚期妊娠妇女尿脱氧吡啶啉与尿肌酐比值的测定及临床意义

目的了解正常晚期妊娠(晚妊)妇女尿脱氧吡啶啉(deoxypyridinoline,DPD)和尿肌酐(creatinine,Cr)比值(DPD/Cr)及其与骨钙代谢关系.方法测定80例正常晚妊妇女(1ate normal pregnant women,LPW)及22例正常非孕妇女(normal nonpregnant women,NPW)尿DPD、尿Cr和血钙离子浓度(serum calcium,SCa),并计算DPD/Cr.尿DPD浓度用化学发光法测定.结果晚妊妇女尿DPD/Cr比值明显增高,与正常非孕妇女比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.001),晚妊妇女SCa与正常非孕妇女比较略有下降,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论尿DPD/Cr较SCa能更准确、灵敏、特异地反映体内缺钙状况,是孕期保健中值得推荐的骨钙代谢监测指标.     

Validation of a Novel Method for Retrospectively Estimating Nutrient Intake During Pregnancy Using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

Case control studies evaluating the relationship between dietary intake of specific nutrients and risk of congenital, neonatal or early childhood disease require the ability to rank relative maternal dietary intake during pregnancy. Such studies are limited by the lack of validated instruments for assessing gestational dietary intake several years post-partum. This study aims to validate a semi-quantitative interview-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for retrospectively estimating nutrient intake at two critical time points during pregnancy. The FFQ was administered to women (N?=?84), who 4-6?years earlier had participated in a prospective study to evaluate dietary intake during pregnancy. The FFQ queried participants about intake during the previous month (FFQ-month). This was then used as a reference point to estimate consumption by trimester (FFQ-pregnancy). The resulting data were compared to data collected during the original study from two 24-h recalls (24?h-original) using Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon sign-rank-test. Total energy intake as estimated by the retrospective and original instruments did not differ and was only weakly correlated in the trimesters (1st and 3rd) as a whole (r?=?0.18-32), though more strongly correlated when restricted to the first half of the 1st trimester (r?=?0.32) and later half of the 3rd trimester (r?=?0.87). After energy adjustment, correlation between the 24hR-original and FFQ-pregnancy in the 3rd trimester were r?=?0.25 (P?相似文献   

Nutritional covariates of dietary calcium in elderly Japanese women: results of a study using the duplicate portion sampling method

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to determine the intake of nutrients related to bone health, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), protein, and vitamin D, in elderly Japanese women and to examine possible intercorrelations between Ca intake and other nutrients. METHODS: Fifty-three elderly women in a rural community in Japan participated by supplying duplicate meal samples of everything they ate during a 24-h period. Dietary Ca, P, Na, K, protein, and vitamin D intakes were examined. The mean (standard deviation) age of the 53 women was 68.2 y (6.4 y). RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) intakes of dietary Ca, P, Na, K, protein, and vitamin D were 670 (219) mg/d, 1019 (267) mg/d, 4203 (1341) mg/d, 2752 (844) mg/d, 65.2 (18.3) g/d, and 9.90 (8,89) microg/d, respectively. Dietary Ca was significantly correlated with dietary P (r = 0.732, P < 0.0001), Na (r = 0.336, P = 0.0140), K (r = 0.571, P < 0.0001), and protein (r = 0.563, P < 0.0001), but not with vitamin D. After adjusting the data to reflect the total dry weight, dietary Ca was still correlated with P (r = 0.696, P < 0.0001), K (r = 0.423, P = 0.0018), and protein (r = 0.405, P = 0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of dietary nutrients relevant to bone health in ambulatory Japanese elderly women was examined and documented. The potential confounding effects of these nutrients, especially P, K, and protein, should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of dietary Ca on bone health in observational studies.     

中、晚期孕妇营养状况与贫血调查

用膳食频率问卷法及３日膳食登记法对南通市１８３名中、晚期孕妇怀孕一年及孕期的膳食情况进行了调查，并测定了其血红蛋白含量、空腹晨尿中锌、钙及肌酐含量。结果表明：孕中、晚期食物结构比较合理，但乳制品摄取比例均较低（仅占３．７％和４．５％）。营养素分析结果：除钙、铁、锌、视黄醇、硫胺素、核黄素外，能量及其它营养素都达到或超过了ＲＤＡ标准，中、晚期钙、锌，视黄醇、硫胺素摄入均不足，Ｃａ分别为ＲＤＡ的６２．９％（中期）、４２．９％（晚期）；Ｚｎ为６８．４％（中期）、７２．６％（晚期）；ＶＡ为７８．５％（中期）、７１．９％（晚期）；ＶＢ１为７１．７％（中期）、７７．２％（晚期）。铁、核黄素摄入仅孕中期不足，分别为ＲＤＡ的７９．６％与７７．２％。生化检测结果表明，孕中、晚期贫血患病率分别为４５．１％和６５．９％；尿Ｃａ／Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ／Ｃｒ排出量分别为：０．５８、０．４７ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ及０．７７、１．４９μｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ。对贫血原因所作的多元逐步回归分析表明：怀孕前一年动物内脏及动物血摄食频率（Ｘ２５）、孕期动物性食物能量占总能量比（Ｘ７１）及孕妇文化程度（Ｘ５）与血红蛋白含量（Ｙ）呈正相关，回归方程为：Ｙ（Ｈｂ）＝１?     

不同孕期钙干预对钙及微量元素代谢的影响

目的:探讨不同孕期钙干预对钙及微量元素代谢的影响。方法:以42名年龄在21～28岁、第一胎妊娠16～18w孕妇为对象,将其分为孕中期补钙(Ⅰ)、孕中期钙联合干预(Ⅱ)、孕晚期补钙(Ⅲ)三组。Ⅰ～Ⅱ组于20±2w、Ⅲ组于32±2w开始进行钙干预(600mg/d)直至产后1w,Ⅱ组同时补充高钙奶粉40～60g/d,并于24±2w、36±2w、分娩时、产后1w分别抽取母血或脐血测定血清中Ca、P、Zn、Fe、Cu含量。另取16名未补钙剂的第一胎孕妇作对照。结果:通过膳食指导保证各组热能与营养素摄入相近。经钙干预后整个孕期与产后血清钙、磷代谢相对稳定。钙补充以孕末期为佳,产后Ⅲ组血钙高于对照组。过量钙摄入可能干扰其他微量元素、尤其是锌的代谢。结论:孕妇补钙以孕晚期为宜,避免过量钙摄入,并注意适当调整膳食结构,增加富钙食品与VD的摄入。     

镁的不同摄入水平对生长期大鼠钙、磷、镁代谢及骨骼的影响

目的　研究饲料缺镁或高镁对生长期大鼠钙、磷、镁吸收代谢以及骨骼发育的影响。方法　 30只 SD大鼠 ,分为三组 ,每组 1 0只 ,单独喂养在有机玻璃代谢笼中 ,第一组大鼠饲喂缺镁饲料 (含镁 86mg/kg) ,第二组饲喂适量镁饲料 (含镁 548mg/kg) ,第三组为高镁饲料 (含镁540 2 mg/kg) ,三组饲料均为人工半合成制备 ,其中含钙 3.7g/kg,含磷 4g/kg。经过 2 5天对喂养方法及代谢笼的适应后 ,开始 5天期的代谢实验。每天记录大鼠的进食量 ,分别收集每个大鼠的粪、尿。代谢实验结束后 ,禁食 1 2 h,在乙醚麻醉下 ,心脏采血并处死大鼠 ,取股骨、胫骨测定重量、长度和体积后 ,与肾脏一起储存于 - 2 0℃ ,待测钙、镁和磷的含量。结果　缺镁和适量补镁对钙的表观吸收基本没有影响 (86% ) ,饲料中过量的镁使大鼠钙的表观吸收略有下降 (83% ) ,高镁使尿钙排出显著增加 ,降低了钙在体内的滞留 ;饲料高镁使磷的表观吸收显著下降。但尿磷排出减少 ,磷在体内滞留反而增加。随着饲料中镁含量的增加 ,粪和尿中镁的排泄均大幅度上升 ,可见镁的内环境稳定由肠道和肾脏共同调节。结论　低镁和高镁饲料均不利于生长期大鼠骨骼的生长发育。低镁饲料使大鼠肾钙、磷蓄积 ,可能是肾结石形成的主要原因。