非小细胞肺癌组织PD-L1的表达及其与临床因素的关系

目的:探索程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)在中国非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)患者肿瘤组织中的表达水平及影响因素.方法:免疫组织化学法检测2008年4月至2014年8月天津医科大学肿瘤医院122例NSCLC初治患者肿瘤组织中PD-L1、PD-1和CD3+T细胞表达情况,采用x2和kruskal-wallis检验分析PD-L1表达在临床因素中分布差异性,用Person检验和Spearman检验分析PD-L1表达与EGFR基因型、CD3+T细胞数量及淋巴细胞PD-1表达的相关性,以及原发灶与淋巴结PD-L1表达相关性.结果:所有患者原发灶肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达百分比中位值1.5％(0～93.2％),PD-L1表达在TNM分期分布上有统计学差异(P =0.003),与TNM分期呈显著正相关(r=0.273,P=0.002),与性别、年龄、有无吸烟史、肿瘤最大径、病理类型、CEA水平分布无显著相关(P ＞0.05);PD-L1表达水平与CD3+T细胞数量、淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平无相关性,PD-L1表达阴性、低表达和高表达与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变亦无显著相关(P ＞0.05);48例有淋巴结转移的NSCLC患者原发灶与相应转移淋巴结肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达水平无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论:NSCLC患者原发灶肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达在TNM分期分布上有差异,与CD3+T细胞数量、淋巴细胞PD-1表达水平、EGFR基因突变情况无相关性;原发灶与相应转移淋巴结之间肿瘤细胞PD-L1的表达亦没有相关性.     

非小细胞肺癌组织PD-L1表达的预后意义及其与SUVmax的相关性

  目的  本研究前期探索了程序性死亡配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC）组织表达及其与临床因素的关系,发现它与肿瘤分期存在正相关性,进一步分组研究其预后意义及与原发灶最大标准摄取值（maximum standardized uptake value,SUVmax）相关性。  方法  收集2008年4月至2014年8月122例就诊于天津医科大学肿瘤医院初治原发NSCLC患者的临床影像病理及随访资料,免疫组织化学法检测PD-L1表达情况,采用Kaplan-Meier法及Cox模型进行PD-L1表达的预后分析,Spearman检验分析PD-L1表达与SUVmax的相关性。  结果  早期NSCLC患者中,PD-L1（HR=4.518,95%CI:1.176-17.352,P=0.028）和肿瘤最大径（HR=1.404,95%CI:1.020-1.933,P=0.037）影响总生存时间（overall survival,OS）,是OS的独立预后因子,性别、年龄、病理类型、CEA水平和SUVmax分组对OS差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;Ⅲ~Ⅳ期NSCLC患者中,性别、病理类型、肿瘤最大径和SUVmax分组是OS的影响因素,年龄、CEA水平、PD-L1表达水平不是OS的影响因素。本研究中,PD-L1表达与SUVmax水平无相关性。  结论  PD-L1表达是早期NSCLC患者独立预后因子,尚不能成为分期较晚患者的预后因素。PD-L1表达与原发灶SUVmax无相关性。      

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂及其疗效预测标志物在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展更新

程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)免疫检查点抑制剂的发展为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的治疗提供了新的方向.然而,疗效预测标志物的尚未确定在很大程度上限制了其有效应用.本文对美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准、尚处于试验阶段的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的相关临床试验进行了综述.事实上,目前仅有约20％的晚期NSCLC患者可以从PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂中获益.多数临床试验将患者的PD-L1表达水平作为疗效预测标志物,但其预测价值不尽相同,本文亦对其临床应用局限性的原因进行了讨论.随着肿瘤突变负荷、肿瘤免疫微环境等新兴标志物的出现,将其与PD-L1表达相结合,指导PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂有效的个体化应用正逐渐成为新的研究方向.     

程序性死亡配体1、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞、FoxP3+调节性T细胞在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及意义

[目的]检测程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-1)、肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)和叉头转录因子P3(forkhead box P3,FoxP3)在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中的表达,分析其相关性及其与临床病理参数之间的关系。[方法]纳入2017年1月至2018年12月于徐州医科大学附属医院手术治疗的NSCLC患者669例,收集其手术切除的肿瘤组织,制成组织微阵列(TMA),采用免疫组化EnVision方法检测肿瘤细胞PD-L1、肿瘤间质TIL和Treg的表达水平。[结果]TIL在NSCLC不同组织学类型、性别、吸烟、淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯、TNM分期中存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。PD-L1、FoxP3⁺Treg在各临床病理参数中均无统计学差异。PD-L1与TIL呈正相关(P<0.01),FoxP3⁺Treg与TIL呈正相关(P<0.01)。肿瘤低分化、肿瘤>3cm、淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯、TNMⅢ/Ⅳ期、PD-L1和FoxP3⁺Treg高表达的NSCLC患者术后无复发生存期更短(P<0.05);鳞癌、男性、吸烟、肿瘤低分化、肿瘤>3cm、淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯、TNMⅢ/Ⅳ期、TIL极低浸润的NSCLC患者术后总生存期更短(P<0.05)。[结论]PD-L1、FoxP3⁺Treg高表达、低淋巴细胞浸润的NSCLC患者预后不良。PD-L1、FoxP3⁺Treg可作为NSCLC术后复发/转移的独立预后指标。     

PD-L1及TGF-β在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中PD-L1及TGF-β表达水平,及其与NSCLC临床病理参数和术后无病生存期(DFS)的关系.方法 收集81例NSCLC标本,采用免疫组化方法检测术后肿瘤组织中PD-L1、PD-1、Foxp3+和TGF-β蛋白的表达水平.结果 81例患者中PD-L1阳性表达为46例(56.8%),阴性表达35例(43.2%).TGF-β阳性36例(44.4%),阴性45例(55.6%).PD-1阳性33例(40.7%),阴性48例(59.3%);Foxp3+阳性44例(54.3%),阴性37例(45.7%).NSCLC中PD-L1蛋白表达与各临床病理参数无明显相关性.单因素分析发现T分期、TGF-β表达、PD-L1表达影响.SCLC术后DFS,具有统计学差异(P<0.05),多因素分析发现T分期、TGF-β表达、PD-L1表达是影响NSCLC术后DFS的独立因素(P<0.05).PD-L1阳性表达组术后DFS为(21.000±1.429)个月,阴性表达组为(14.500±1.615)个月,两组有统计学差异(χ2=6.930,P=0.008).TGF-β阳性组PFS为(14.500±0.813)个月,阴性组为(21.000±1.639)个月,两组有统计学差异(χ2=8.71,P=0.003).结论 非小细胞肺癌中PD-L1及TGF-β蛋白是预测NSCLC术后DFS的重要指标,且PD-L1表达越高预示术后DFS越长,而TGF-β则表达越高,预示术后DFS越短.     

非小细胞肺癌中与PD-L1和PD-L2表达相关的基因

背景程序性细胞死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand-1,PD-L1)和配体2(programmed cell death ligand-2,PD-L2)与程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1)的相互作用是一个介导免疫逃逸的免疫抑制检查点,因此是癌症中基于阻滞的免疫治疗的重要靶点。在非小细胞肺癌(nonsmall-celllungcancer,NSCLC)中,有必要对PD-1检查点阻滞反应生物学进行深入了解,并确定生物标志物以预测其对免疫疗法的临床反应。在本研究中,我们系统描述了NSCLC中PD-L1和PD-L2表达相关基因。方法我们进行了回顾性比较分析,来确定NSCLC中PD-L1和PD-L2 mRNA表达相关基因。为此,我们考察了肿瘤细胞系百科全书(Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia,CCLE)数据库中肺–非小细胞(lung non-small-cell,Lung_NSC)和癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma,LUAD)和鳞状细胞癌(lung squamous cell carcinoma,LUSC)的可用数据集。结果通过对CCLE数据集Lung_NSC的分析确定了PD-L1和PD-L2之间的表达相关性。此外,我们发现了489个基因与PD-L1相关、191个基因与PD-L2相关,以及111个基因与二者均有表达相关性。在TCGA数据集LUAD和LUSC中对PD-L1和PD-L2也进行了表达相关研究。在LUAD中,我们发现了257个基因与PD-L1相关、914个基因与PD-L2相关以及211个基因与二者均有表达相关性。在LUSC中,我们发现了26个基因与PD-L1相关、326个基因与PD-L2相关以及13个基因与二者均有表达相关性。只有少数基因表达在CCLE和TCGA数据集中均表现为与PD-L1和PD-L2相关。涉及干扰素信号转导基因的表达尤其与Lung_NSC中的PD-L1、LUSC中的PD-L2以及LUAD中的PD-L1和PD-L2的表达相关基因汇聚。在LUSC,PD-L1的表达,以及PD-L2的表达(相比之下相关程度较小)与染色体9p24区的基因相关,表明染色体9p24拓扑相关结构域是LUSC中PD-L1表达特别重要的驱动力。对PD-L1和PD-L2的受体PD-1、分化群80(cluster of differentiation,CD80)和排斥导向分子B(repulsive guidance molecule B,RGMB)的表达相关分析表明,在LUAD中PD-1和CD80表达与PD-L1和PD-L2均相关。在LUSC中CD80表达与PD-L2相关。结论我们提出了与NSCLC中PD-L1和PD-L2 mRNA表达相关的基因特征,这可能对于了解PD-1检查点阻滞反应生物学和开发基于基因特征的生物标志物以预测免疫疗法的临床反应具有重要意义。     

程序性死亡受体1和程序性死亡受体配体1在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达情况及临床意义

目的探讨程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)和程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中的表达情况及临床意义。方法选择150例NSCLC患者的NSCLC组织及其癌旁组织,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测两种组织中PD-1 mRNA和PD-L1 mRNA的相对表达量。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测NSCLC组织中PD-1和PD-L1的表达情况,分析PD-1和PD-L1表达情况与患者临床特征的关系。采用流式细胞术检测NSCLC组织和癌旁组织中CD4^+-PD-1、CD8^+-PD-1、CD14^+-PD-L1、CD68^+-PD-L1的表达水平。结果NSCLC组织中PD-1 mRNA和PD-L1 mRNA的相对表达量分别为(5.03±1.92)和(4.95±1.09),分别高于癌旁组织的(1.72±0.81)和(1.25±0.24),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。TNM分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、低分化、有淋巴结转移、有远处转移的NSCLC患者NSCLC组织中PD-1和PD-L1的高表达率均明显高于TNM分期为Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、高+中分化、无淋巴结转移、无远处转移的患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。NSCLC组织中CD4^+-PD-1、CD8^+-PD-1、CD14^+-PD-L1、CD68^+-PD-L1的表达水平均明显高于癌旁组织,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。结论PD-1和PD-L1在NSCLC组织中高表达,可能成为一种新的生物标志物,PD-1/PD-L1信号通路可能参与了NSCLC的免疫逃逸过程,对其逃逸机制进行研究可以为NSCLC患者的临床治疗提供新靶点。     

晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs治疗疗效关系的真实世界研究

背景与目的 晚期表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）阳性非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者的一线治疗首选EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs）。晚期驱动基因阴性，程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)阳性或高表达的NSCLC患者一线治疗推荐免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs）单药治疗或ICIs联合化疗。所以不同PD-L1表达水平的EGFR阳性晚期NSCLC患者的一线治疗策略值得进一步探究。既往众多研究提示PD-L1的表达明显受EGFR突变情况的影响，PD-L1表达很有可能与EGFR-TKIs耐药机制相关。本研究旨在分析晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs疗效的关系。方法 以159例EGFR阳性初治晚期NSC...     

PET/CT预测非小细胞肺癌PD-1/PD-L1表达及免疫治疗评估中的价值

摘 要：非小细胞肺癌 (non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占肺癌的80%~90%,其预后较差,传统治疗方法如手术切除、放化疗对于晚期患者疗效有限。免疫治疗作为一种新兴靶向治疗手段,能有效提高晚期NSCLC患者的预后和生存期,但该治疗方法常仅在以PD-1/PD-L1为代表的免疫检查点阳性患者才能受益。而PET/CT作为一种全身显像方式,可以综合评价全身各处肿瘤的生物学信息。全文旨在对PET/CT预测肿瘤PD-1/PD-L1表达及评估免疫治疗预后方面的价值进行综述。     

40岁以下非小细胞肺癌中EGFR突变状态和PD-L1的表达

目的 回顾性分析47例手术切除的青年NSCLC患者的临床资料、EGFR突变特点和PD-L1的表达，了解这一群体的临床病理特点和分子特征。方法 收集2014年1月—2019年12月于首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院行手术切除的年龄≤40岁的NSCLC患者，使用R语言进行倾向性评分，并按1:2匹配94例老年NSCLC患者的手术标本（≥60岁），采用ARMS-PCR检测EGFR突变，免疫组织化学方法检测PD-L1的表达。结果 47例青年NSCLC患者的中位年龄为37岁，女性多见，腺癌为主。与老年组相比，青年组19外显子缺失（19del）和20外显子插入（20ins）比例更高，老年组21外显子L858R点突变比例更高。实体亚型成分为主的腺癌PD-L1阳性率明显增高。分组分析显示，青年组19del组PD-L1表达高于L858R组，老年组两种突变类型之间PD-L1表达差异无统计学意义。结论 青年NSCLC以女性、腺癌、不吸烟患者为主，EGFR 19del和20ins构成比例高。实体型成分为主的腺癌PD-L1阳性率高于其他亚型。青年组EGFR 19del患者PD-L1表达高于L858R患者。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.