脊柱结核术后复发的治疗方案及临床疗效

正脊柱结核作为常见的肺外结核,占骨关节结核的50%~60%~([1])。严重者可导致脊柱后凸畸形甚至脊髓受压。脊柱结核复发率较低,但复发后常常导致窦道迁延不愈、脊柱畸形及继发性神经损伤。目前脊柱结核的治疗包括非手术治疗与手术治疗,其中手术治疗主要针对存在脊柱畸形、伴严重神经损伤的患者,以达到神经减压、纠正后凸、重建脊柱稳定性的目的~([2])。由于结核病具有难治且易复发的特点,以及手术时机或方法选择不当、术中病灶清     

儿童生长期脊柱结核外科治疗现状及进展

回顾性研究近年来大量儿童生长期脊柱结核外科治疗文献,探讨儿童脊柱结核的特点,分析儿童生长期脊柱结核外科治疗的进展,总结了儿童脊柱结核手术治疗的指征,分析各种脊柱结核手术方法的临床疗效,目前认为前路病灶清除联合前后路植骨融合往往能获得良好的生长率和畸形校正。椎弓根内固定对儿童脊柱结核是安全可行的。早期积极手术,能防治儿童脊柱后凸畸形。微创外科技术是儿童生长期脊柱结核治疗的发展方向。     

脊柱结核规范化外科治疗:争议与共识

正人类感染结核分枝杆菌的历史可以追溯到铁器时代,经过数世纪的探索,人类对结核分枝杆菌的控制能力得到了显著的提高~([1])。作为最常见的肺外结核病灶,骨与关节结核占所有结核病例的1%~2%,其中脊柱结核约占骨与关节结核的50%~([2])。脊柱结核常导致寒性脓肿形成、脊柱骨质破坏、脊柱畸形和瘫痪等严重并发症,这也是脊柱结核目前治疗的重点和难点~([3])。从治疗角度,脊柱结核历经抗结核药物治疗、病灶清除术、病灶清除并     

一期后路病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

<正>骨关节结核是常见的肺外结核,其中脊柱结核所占的比例最高,约为47.287%~([1])。目前,随着对脊柱结核认识的不断深入,在规范抗结核药物治疗的基础上积极进行手术已成为共识~([2])。彻底病灶清除是外科治疗的前提和基本要求,但病灶清除后脊柱的稳定性将进一步被破坏,重建及维持脊柱稳定性具有重要的意义。目前对于胸腰椎结核的手术入路一直存在争议,因脊柱结核往往仅累及椎体、椎间盘等前方结构,经前路行病灶清除、植骨融合,同期前     

脊柱结核外科治疗研究进展

本文从脊柱结核外科治疗的目的、指征、方法及术后康复治疗等方面逐一进行了回顾性介绍,并对各种手术方式进行了适应症分析,强调了脊柱结核术后康复治疗的重要性。笔者认为脊柱结核的外科治疗技术目前已日臻成熟,手术方式的多样化、微创治疗技术的兴起,都成为了目前及今后的主流研究方向。     

上颈椎结核外科手术诊疗的研究进展

正近年来,结核病的发生率呈增长趋势,骨关节结核约半数累及脊柱,上颈椎结核占脊柱结核的0.3%~1.0%~([1-2])。发生率虽低,但其部位特殊,造成该区域骨和韧带的广泛破坏,进而导致的压迫和不稳定严重威胁到延髓、脊髓,引起神经和呼吸功能障碍~([3])。但上颈椎漏斗结构对脊髓压迫容忍度较大,早期不易发现,出现严重神经症状时常需要手术治疗~([1-2])。手术治疗的目的主要是清除结核病灶,利于药物渗入,重建上颈椎稳定性,保留和恢复神经功     

脊柱结核病灶应清除到何种程度?

<正>清除病灶是脊柱结核手术治疗的主要目的之一,是使结核治愈、减少结核病灶复发的重要手段,也是使用内固定的安全保证。对有手术指征的脊柱结核要进行病灶清除术,而且病灶清除应彻底,否则是脊柱结核     

骨感染

病变治愈型脊柱结核脊柱后凸畸形及脊髓压迫的外科治疗；脊柱结核的手术指征及术式选择；前后路联合手术治疗下腰椎结核；间断冲洗引流治疗腰椎间隙感染；老年人膝关节化脓性关节炎的关节镜下治疗     

非手术治疗寰枢椎结核4例及文献复习

正寰枢椎结核临床少见,占脊柱结核的0.3%~1.0%~([1-2])。虽然寰枢椎结核发生率不高,但结核病灶随病情发展可破坏骨质或形成椎旁脓肿,压迫周围组织出现临床症状,对患者的工作生活造成较大影响。目前,临床上对于寰枢椎结核的治疗尚无统一意见,治疗方法多种多样,以手术治疗报道居多。其治疗原则和脊柱其他部位结核相同,主要是卧床休息,抗结核药物、固定和手术治疗。对于早期诊断、无广泛椎体破坏、无神经症状体征的患者,可行药     

儿童脊柱结核治疗现状及进展

正中国是全球结核病高发病率国家之一,疫情较为严重~([1])。骨结核占所有结核病例的1%~2%,其中脊柱是最常见的受累部位,约占全部骨结核的50%~([2-3])。儿童作为结核病的易感人群,其脊柱结核的发生率有上升趋势,如诊治延误,致残率较高~([4-6])。生长期儿童脊柱结核如无法得到有效控制,易继发后凸畸形和神经损伤,严重影响患儿的生长发育~([7])。由于儿童脊柱生长发育的特殊性,其解剖特点和成人不同,儿童脊柱结核的临床特点和治疗方式和成     

Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit

Background. Emergence delirium in the post-anaesthesia careunit (PACU) is poorly understood. The goal of this prospectivestudy was to determine frequency and risk factors of emergencedelirium in adults after general anaesthesia. Methods. In this prospective study, 1359 consecutive patientswere included. Contextual risk factors and occurrence of deliriumaccording to the Riker sedation scale were documented. Groupswere defined for the analysis according to the occurrence ornot of agitation, then after exclusion of patients with preoperativeanxiety and neuroleptics, or both, and antidepressants or benzodiazepinestreatments. Results. Sixty-four (4.7%) patients developed delirium in thePACU, which can go from thrashing to violent behaviour and removalof tubes and catheters. Preoperative anxiety was not found tobe a risk factor. Preoperative medication by benzodiazepines(OR=1.910, 95% CI=1.101–3.315, P=0.021), breast surgery(OR=5.190, 95% CI=1.422–18.947, P=0.013), abdominal surgery(OR=3.206, 95% CI=1.262–8.143, P=0.014), and long durationof surgery increased the risk of delirium (OR=1.005, 95% CI=1.002–1.008,P=0.001), while a previous history of illness and long-termtreatment by antidepressants decreased the risk (respectively,OR=0.544, 95% CI=0.315–0.939, P=0.029 and OR=0.245, 95%CI=0.084–0.710, P=0.010). Conclusions. Preoperative benzodiazepines, breast and abdominalsurgery and surgery of long duration are risk factors for emergencedelirium.     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro

Backround : Since anesthetics are widely used in critically ill patients, this study investigates anesthetic effects on neutrophil and monocyte function concerning bacterial elimination in human whole blood. Methods : The effects of thiopental (20 and 200 μg/ml), propofol (5 and 50 μg/ml), midazolam (0.15 and 1.5 μg/ml) and ketamine (3 and 30 μg/ml) on elimination of Escherichia (E.) coli from whole blood were investigated in vitro after incubation for 1 h in both clinical (1) (n=10) and 10-fold higher (h) (n=11) concentrations. These data were compared to neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis (1; n=6) and burst activity (1; n=10, h; n=11), measured by flow cytometry. To enable quantification of the clearance process, a defined number of 10⁵ colony forming units of E. coli were added to the blood assays and bacterial growth was determined. Results : All anesthetics delayed bacterial clearance from the blood in the 10-fold concentration (P<0.05). Thiopental (1+h) and propofol (h) suppressed neutrophil (59±3% and 38±6%) and monocytic (45±6% and 30±11%) oxidative burst (P<0.01). Phagocytosis was reduced even after propofol (1) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (34±9%; P<0.05) and monocytes (35±11%). Ketamine (h) prolonged bacterial elimination (P<0.01), which did correlate with inhibition of monocytic phagocytosis, by 26±14%. Midazolam application (h) resulted in an inhibition of PMN-respiratory burst by 19±6% (P<0.05) and impaired bacterial clearance (P<0.05). Conclusion : Thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine affect E. coli clearance and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis in vitro only in high concentrations, while thiopental inhibited monocytic burst and propofol impaired PMN phagocytosis even in clinically used concentrations. These data suggest that i.v. anesthetics in concentrations recommended for general anesthesia seem to have minor influence on the investigated host defense mechanisms.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Neurolytic thoracic paravertebral block in cancer pain

Background : Paravertebral block has successfully been used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. The duration of paravertebral block could theoretically be prolonged by using neurolytic agents.
Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the results of neurolytic paravertebral blocks performed in 7 patients suffering from intense cancer-related thoracic pain. Thirty-seven spinal nerve roots were blocked during 20 visits. Nerve roots were identified by eliciting paresthesia radiating to the painful area. Each root was blocked separately. After test block using 0.5% bupivacaine, the paravertebral blocks were performed with 1–4 ml of 7% phenol in aqua.
Results : No technical failures or complications were recorded in the patient files. Pain relief lasted over 2 months after 4 visits (20%), from 1 week to 1 month after 5 visits (25%), and less than 1 week after a single visit (5%). After 9 visits (45%), the results were poor with no significant pain relief.
Conclusion : Neurolytic paravertebral block with phenol doses used in our patients appears to have only limited use. Some patients with pain restricted to a small number of thoracic segments may benefit from its use. Because of complication risks, this technique should be limited to intractable pain in cancer patients with poor prognosis.     

Fluid absorption in endoscopic surgery

Fluid absorption is an unpredictable complication of endoscopicsurgery. Absorption of small amounts of fluid (1–2 litre)occurs in 5–10% of patients undergoing transurethral prostaticresection and results in an easily overlooked mild transurethralresection (TUR) syndrome. Large-scale fluid absorption is rarebut leads to symptoms severe enough to require intensive care.Pathophysiological mechanisms consist of pharmacological effectsof the irrigant solutes, the volume effect of the irrigant water,dilutional hyponatraemia and brain oedema. Other less widelyknown factors include absolute losses of sodium by urinary excretionand morphological changes in the heart muscle, both of whichpromote a hypokinetic circulation. Studies in animals, volunteersand patients show that irrigation with glycine solution shouldbe avoided. Preventive measures, such as low-pressure irrigation,might reduce the extent of fluid absorption but does not eliminatethis complication. Monitoring the extent of absorption duringsurgery allows control of the fluid balance in the individualpatient, but such monitoring is not used widely. However, theanaesthetist must be aware of the symptoms and be able to diagnosethis complication. Treatment should be based on administrationof hypertonic saline rather than on diuretics. New techniques,such as bipolar resectoscopes and vaporizing instead of resectingtissue, result in a continuous change of the prerequisites forfluid absorption and its consequences.     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Clinical significance of in vitro donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in renal allograft recipients as demonstrated by the MLR

A longitudinal study was carried out on 19 recipients of cadaveric renal allografts, monitoring their anti-donor and anti-third party responses in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) at the time of transplantation and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-transplant. Two patterns of responses were identified: in the first (n=11), patients showed, or later developed, donor-specific hyporesponsivenes, and in the second (n=8), patients had persistent antidonor and anti-third party responses. After 1 year, the serum creatinine, number of episodes of acute rejection and biopsy findings were compared in both groups. In the first group, the mean serum creatinine was 136.4 mmol/l, the total number of acute rejection episodes was three and in nine of the ten available biopsies, there were minimal cellular infiltrates and normal appearance of the glomeruli, tubules and blood vessels. In the second group, the mean serum creatinine was 163 mmol/l, the total number of acute rejection episodes was 12 and in five of the seven biopsies available, evidence of ongoing rejection was obtained. The difference in mean serum creatinine was not statistically significant (P>0.05), but the difference in the numbers of acute rejection episodes was (P>0.05). It is concluded that in some renal allograft recipients, a state of donor-specific hyporesponsiveness develops, and this state may be associated with better graft out-come at 1 year. These data may be useful in selecting patients for reduced immunosuppressive therapy.