不同手术方式对门静脉高压症病人肝功能性血流量的影响

目的　探讨TIPS、断流术、断流加分流术对肝功能性血流量的影响。方法　本组肝硬化门静脉高压症病人 37例 ,行TIPS治疗 8例、断流术 10例、TIPS +门奇静脉断流术 10例、门奇断流+脾肾分流术 9例。采用超声多普勒、D 山梨醇 (SOD)清除率和直接门静脉测压检测手术前后肝总血流量、肝功能性血流量和门静脉压。结果　术前病人门静脉、肝动脉和肝总血流量显著增加 ,肝功能性血流量显著下降 ,ChildC级病人下降更为显著。TIPS、TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术后门静脉压力和肝功能性血流量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,TIPS术后肝功能性血流量下降显著大于TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术。断流术病人门静脉压和肝功能性血流量无明显变化。结论　肝功能性血流是评估肝脏储备功能的重要指标 ,分流术在降低门静脉压力同时减少肝功能性血流量。     

D-山梨醇肝清除率联合CT肝体积测量评价病肝储备功能

目的 通过D-山梨醇清除率测量肝功能性血流量、CT测量肝体积变化来评价病肝储备功能,探讨其临床应用价值.方法 所选研究对象为92例肝炎后肝硬变、门静脉高压症患者(肝硬变组),20例健康志愿者作为对照组.采用稳态滴注法静脉滴注D-山梨醇,于滴注前、滴注后120、150、180 min分别采血和收集尿液,采用酶分光光度法测量D-山梨醇血浓度和尿浓度,计算出D-山梨醇肝清除率(CLH); 结合彩色多普勒超声测定肝总血流量(QTOTAL),求出肝内分流率(RINS); 通过腹部CT扫描求出肝硬变患者肝脏体积变化率.分析各指标与Child-Pugh肝功能分级和术后并发症之间的相互关系.结果 静脉滴注D-山梨醇,120 min后达稳态血药浓度,对照组为(0.189±0.05) mmol/L,肝硬变组为(0.358±0.06) mmol/L,肝硬变组明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).对照组的CLH为(1 248.3±210.5) ml/min、RINS为(8.37±3.32)%,肝硬变组的CLH为(812.7±112.4) ml/min、RINS为(36.54±10.65)%,2组相应指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01); 对照组和肝硬变组的QTOTAL值[(1 362.4±126.9) ml/min比(1 280.6±131.4) ml/min]比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).在肝硬变组中, Child A级肝脏平均体积为(1 057±249) cm3,Child B级为(851±148) cm3,Child C级为(663±77) cm3,三者之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05); Child B级和Child C级与Child A级比较,肝脏平均体积明显减小(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).当CLH＜600 ml/min、病肝体积缩小率为40%以上时,术后并发症发生率达78.6%.CLH、肝体积变化率与Child肝功能分级间均存在着交错现象.结论 D-山梨醇肝清除率、CT扫描测定病肝体积能够客观地评价肝固有代谢容量和肝功能性血流量的变化,有助于正确理解病肝储备功能状况,为合理地确定治疗方案、选择手术方式和手术时机奠定基础.     

选择性脾胃区减断分流术对肝脾血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者行选择性脾胃区减断分流术(SDDS-GSR)后肝脾血流动力学的改变及临床意义.方法 前瞻性收集41例行SDDS-GSR术治疗患者的超声检查资料,按术前、术后2周及术后1年分为3期,并以21例正常体检患者为对照进行研究.结果 (1)脾脏厚度在术后2周(47±8)mm及术后1年(46±8)mm较术前(60±9)mm显著减小(P<0.01).(2)术后2周门静脉直径(1.13±0.19)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.01),脾动脉直径(0.49±0.08)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.05),肝动脉直径(0.40±0.07)cm较术前显著增宽(P<0.05).术后1年门静脉直径(0.89±0.17)cm均较术前显著变窄(P<0.01).(3)术后2周门静脉血流量(649±294)ml/min和脾动脉血流量(446±254)ml/min较术前显著减小(P<0.01),肝动脉血流量(612±295)ml/min较术前显著增加(P<0.01).术后1年肝动脉血流量(401±152)ml/min与术前和正常组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学参数发生异常变化;SDDS-GSR有助于纠正肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学的紊乱状态.     

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目的探讨D山梨醇清除率在评估肝储备功能中的作用。方法2000年1月至2001年12月对50例行断流手术的肝硬化合并门静脉高压症病人术前进行肝功能分级及D山梨醇肝清除率测定,分析D山梨醇肝清除率与肝功能分级及断流术后并发症发生率的关系。结果ChildPugh肝功能分级为A级的病人比B级病人D山梨醇肝清除率高,断流术后无并发症病人比有并发症病人D山梨醇肝清除率高,在肝功能B级组中随着D山梨醇肝清除率降低,术后并发症发生率增高。结论D山梨醇肝清除率能够反映病肝储备功能,联合应用D山梨醇肝清除率和肝功能分级可以更客观地评估病肝储备功能。     

改良脾腔分流联合断流术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效分析

目的 探讨改良近端脾腔静脉分流联合贲门周围血管离断术(分断流联合术)治疗门静脉高压症的疗效及其对门静脉血流动力学和肝储备功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析我院1997-2007年接受分断流联合术治疗的门静脉高压症患者135例和断流术患者120例的临床资料.通过彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉血流量(PVF)及监测术中自由门静脉压(FPP),观察手术前后门静脉系统血流动力学的变化.采用吲哚氰绿排泄实验观察15 min(R_(15))滞留率和肝有效血流量(FHF)的变化.结果 联合组手术死亡率为2.2%,无近期出血病例,远期出血率为5.5%,肝性脑病发生率为6.4%,术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为96.4%、90.0%、81.3%和62.5%;断流组手术死亡率为4.3%,近期出血率为3.3%,远期出血率为14.1%,肝性脑病发生率为5.4%,1、3、5、10年生存率分别为95.7%、86.7%、75.0%和57.1%.联合组术后FPP、PVF和FHF分别为(32.0 ±1.5)cm H_2O、(880 ±260)ml/min和(430±180)ml/min,较术前均下降(P<0.05).R_(15)为30%±4%,较术前明显增加(P<0.01);断流组术后FPP、PVF和FHF下降(P<0.01),R_(15)增加(P<0.01).与断流组比较,联合组术后FPP下降更为明显(P<0.05),但PVF、FHF和R_(15)之间相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 改良脾腔静脉分流联合断流术的临床疗效满意,血流动力学改变合理,对肝储备功能影响较小,是治疗门静脉高压症的理想术式.     

贲门周围血管离断术前后肝硬化病人肝脏血流灌注的改变

目的：利用肝脏阻抗血流图探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症病人的肝脏血流灌注改变和贲门周围血管离断术对肝脏血流灌注的影响。方法：选取22例肝硬化门静脉高压症病人，分别在术前1周、术后2周检测肝血流阻抗改变，同时用Doppler检测门静脉血流动力学变化。结果：阻抗血流图表明，和对照XEG相比，门静脉高压症病人的肝动脉、门静脉向肝血流灌注明显下降，总肝灌注量降低；门静脉高压症病人术后门静脉向肝灌注增加，肝动态的向肝灌注无显著改变。Doppler测定表明门静脉高压症病人的门静脉直径增加，血流量增加，但血流速度无显著差别；术后门静脉血流动力学与术前无差别。结论：肝硬化病人肝动脉、门静脉向肝有效血流灌注都降低，肝脏总血流量下降；贲门周围血管离断术增加大部分病人的门静脉向肝血流灌注，但对肝动脉的向肝灌注无显著影响；肝脏阻抗血流图作为反映肝脏动态血流灌注的无创性检查，对于评价肝硬化病人的肝脏血流及评价手术对肝脏血流动力学的影响有一定的价值。     

门静脉高压症原位肝移植前后内脏血流动力学变化的临床研究

目的 研究门静脉高压症原位肝移植前后内脏血流动力学变化及其对脾功能亢进、侧支循环、术后肝功能恢复的影响.方法 2002年6月至2005年10月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院外科共完成173例原位肝移植术.选取其中38例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,分别于术前、术后1、3、5、7 d、1个月、6个月、1、2、3年行彩色多普勒超声检查,监测患者门静脉血流平均速度、门静脉血流量、肝动脉阻力指数等血流动力学指标和脾脏大小变化,并与8例急性重症肝炎患者及20名健康人进行对照,同时观察其对肝功能和食管胃底曲张静脉的影响.结果 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者术后门静脉血流平均速度从术前(13.7±4.2)cm/s升至(58.4±25.2)cm/s,门静脉血流量从(958±445)ml/min升至(3024±1207)ml/min,肝动脉阻力指数从0.65±0.11升至0.74±0.12,均明显高于急性重症肝炎组和正常对照组(P<0.05),门静脉血流平均速度和门静脉血流量分别于术后6个月、2年降至正常对照组水平.肝硬化门静脉高压症组术后脾功能亢进从术后第2天开始改善,至术后1个月完全恢复,但脾脏肿大在术后3年仍然存在.术后食管胃底曲张静脉亦明显改善.结论 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者原位肝移植术后内脏高血流动力学仍将长期存在,但并不影响脾功能亢进和食管胃底静脉曲张以及肝功能的恢复.     

肝硬变门静脉高压症患者肝脏体积测定及其临床意义

目的通过测定肝脏体积术前判断肝硬变门静脉高压症患者手术耐受能力和术后远期效果。方法使用双螺旋ＣＴ应用三维表面遮盖显示法检测了２５例肝硬变门静脉高压症患者的肝脏体积,并与对照组３０例比较。结果对照组肝脏大小与身高呈正线性相关,ｒ＝０４２（Ｐ＜００５）,平均肝体积为（１０７０６８±２２７５２）ｃｍ３,与肝硬变组（７９７０２±１３５１１）ｃｍ３比较差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜００５）。肝硬变门静脉高压症患者肝体积与Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级有关,ＣｈｉｌｄＣ级患者肝脏明显小于ＣｈｉｌｄＢ级患者（６７２４±９１１）ｃｍ３,（８８８２±９２６）ｃｍ３,Ｐ＜００５。结论肝体积小者分流术后易发生脑病,但肝脏大小、门静脉血流量和门体自然分流率没有密切的相关关系。     

门静脉高压症患者门脉系血流动力学变化的研究

目的：研究肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉系血流动力学变化。方法：应用多普勒超声检测了２０例健康成人和３４例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉系血流量参数。结果：门同压组肠系膜上静脉血流量与脾静脉血流量之和大于正常对照组的门静脉血流量：在门脉高压组，门静脉血流量约减少４２．８％，冠状静脉分流约５８．５％。结论：肝硬化门静脉高压症中存在内脏高血流动力学。此外，经胃冠状静脉分流量的大小可大致判断门静脉高压的程度     

肝阻抗血流图评价门静脉高压症患者贲门周围血管离断术前后肝血流灌注的改变

目的利用肝阻抗血流图探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的肝脏血流灌注改变和贲门周围血管离断术对肝血流灌注的影响.方法选取22例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,分别在术前1周、术后2周检测其肝血流阻抗的改变,同时用Doppler彩超检测门静脉血流动力学的变化.结果肝阻抗血流图测定结果表明,门静脉高压症患者的肝动脉、门静脉向肝血流灌注明显下降,总肝灌注血流降低[(0.053±0.011)比(0.031±0.009)、(0.033±0.011)比(0.018±0.008)、(7.7±3.0)比(3.5±1.7),P<0.05];断流术后门静脉高压症患者的门静脉向肝灌注增加[(0.018±0.008)比(0.026±0.006),P<0.05],肝动脉向肝灌注无显著改变.结论肝硬化患者肝动脉、门静脉向肝有效血流灌注都降低,肝脏总血流量下降;贲门周围血管离断术能增加大部分患者的门静脉向肝血流灌注,但对肝动脉的向肝灌注无显著影响;肝阻抗血流图对于评价肝硬化患者的肝脏血流及手术对肝脏血流动力学的影响有一定的价值.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.