腰椎滑脱内固定术并发症的分析与防治

目的：回顾腰椎滑脱症经后路椎管减压、椎弓根内固定治疗的临床效果,探讨主要并发症发生的原因及其防治措施。方法：回顾分析1991年2月至2007年5月收治的165例经后路椎管减压、椎弓根内固定系统治疗的腰椎滑脱症病例的手术及术后随访情况。男55例,女110例;年龄15～75岁,平均53.6岁。单节段滑脱161例,双节段滑脱4例。Ⅰ度滑脱150例（90.9%）,Ⅱ度滑脱15例（9.1%）。结果：165例患者术后3个月时滑脱节段保持解剖复位,外侧植骨融合好。术中并发症5例次（3.0%）,其中硬脊膜撕裂4例次,神经根损伤1例次;术后并发症18例次（10.9%）,其中脑脊液漏3例次,切口感染1例次,切口血肿2例次,一过性下肢神经症状5例次,内固定失败1例次,植骨不愈合6例次。结论：腰椎滑脱症采用经后路椎弓根内固定系统固定临床效果满意,并发症的发生与掌握椎弓根内固定技术的熟练程度有关,并需严格掌握手术适应证。     

后路椎间融合器加椎弓根系统治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的评价采用后路椎管减压、椎体间融合器(Cage)融合和椎弓根钉复位内固定系统治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法对27例腰椎滑脱患者采用全椎板减压、Cage加节段性椎弓根钉复位内固定治疗。结果术后随访12～36个月,所有患者都获得了椎体间完全融合。术后1年及最终随访时JOA评分恢复与术前比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);并发症有脑脊液漏1例,1例足趾背伸功能减弱。结论后路椎管减压、Cage加节段性椎弓根钉系统复位内固定治疗腰椎滑脱,可增强稳定性,提高疗效。熟练掌握该项技术,可减少或避免相关并发症。     

后路减压SRS内固定椎间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨腰椎后路椎管减压、SRS内固定等治疗腰椎滑脱并腰椎管狭窄临床疗效。方法从2002年6月~2006年6月,对31例腰椎滑脱进行腰椎管减压、SRS内固定等手术治疗。结果随访10~36个月。术后30例症状完全消失;25例Ⅰ度滑脱完全复位,6例Ⅱ度滑脱中5例完全复位;椎间高度由术前平均5.2mm恢复至术后11.8mm,且无高度丢失。结论后路减压、SRS内固定等治疗腰椎滑脱,效果良好,复位固定稳定满意。     

腰椎滑脱后路术后远期并发症分析

目的 :统计分析椎管减压 ,后路器械复位内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱患者术后 2～ 5年中的并发症 ,探讨其发生的原因及防治措施。方法 :统计分析 1998～ 2 0 0 1年间收治的 86例椎管减压后路器械复位内固定并植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱病人 2年后并发症 ,分析其原因 ,探讨其预防措施。结果 :86例患者中 ,术后腰痛及下肢痛 5例 ( 5 .81% ) ,假关节形成 3例 ( 3 .49% ) ,下肢痛伴麻木 1例 ( 1.16% )。结论 :腰椎滑脱后路手术复位内固定并植骨融合具有较好的临床效果 ,下腰痛、假关节形成和下肢神经痛是其主要并发症 ,应高度重视手术的规范性操作。     

后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤86例报告

目的：本报告后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤。方法：对86例胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤患行脊柱后路椎管减压，根据不同的损伤节段选用不同的短节段内固定器。结果：随访10－24个月，所有伤椎的高度在术后都有不同程度的恢复，神经功能恢复好转率为78．9％。结论：后路短节段器械复位内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤是有效的，并且操作简便，创伤小，并发症少。     

椎弓根系统固定加后路减压融合治疗腰椎滑脱

目的　评价采用后路椎管减压、椎体融合和椎弓根螺钉复位内固定系统治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法　对 44例腰椎滑脱患者 ,采用全椎板减压、RF -Ⅱ或SOCON脊柱内固定系统复位固定 ,并辅以后路椎体间植骨融合或椎体间融合器技术进行治疗。术后随访观察临床症状和体征 ,定期摄X线片 ,并与术前比较。结果　术后随访时间为 6～ 2 6个月 ,平均 16.4个月 ,3 2例Ⅰ°滑脱和 9例Ⅱ°滑脱完全复位 ,3例Ⅱ°滑脱复位达 90 %。滑脱椎体均获得骨性融合。 2 2例患者腰腿疼症状体征消失 ,17例基本消失 ,优良率为 88.6%。无内固定松动、断裂及神经损伤等并发症 ,无一例患者术后出现症状加重。结论　在腰椎滑脱治疗过程中采用彻底减压 ,并进行椎间融合 ,辅以坚强的内固定 ,是治疗成功的关键     

Steffee钢板内固定手术治疗腰椎滑脱

目的探讨Ｓｔｅｆｆｅｅ钢板内固定手术治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法 采用椎管减压，Ｓｔｅｆｆｅｅ钢板复位内固定，横突间植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱６１例。结果 ２６例得到完全复位，３５例部分复位，无手术并发症。术后随访５２例，随访时间平均２．８年，优良率为９０．４％。结论Ｓｔｅｆｆｅｅ钢板拉力大，能使滑脱椎体复位，同时有利于椎管探查及扩大减压，并且固定可靠，可明显提高脊柱融合率。     

退变性腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗

目的探讨采用后路腰椎椎管减压、钉棒内固定并椎间植骨融合术和后路腰椎减压并Dynesys系统内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的效果。方法应用后路腰椎椎间融合（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）术进行椎管减压、钉棒系统固定并椎体间植骨融合手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱37例;应用后路腰椎管减压并Dynesys内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱5例。结果随访9～39个月,平均26个月,腰痛疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分术前为8.7分,随访时为2.1分;腿痛VAS评分术前为7.6分,随访时为2.3分。术前Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）为58.2%,随访时为21.2%。无严重手术并发症发生。术后X线片复查显示椎间高度均得到不同程度的恢复,滑脱椎体完全复位或者基本复位,椎间植骨融合。无融合器移位或螺钉松动、断裂。结论后路腰椎椎管减压、钉棒内固定并椎间植骨融合术和后路腰椎减压并Dynesys内固定手术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱效果满意,安全彻底的神经根管减压是取得满意临床效果的关键。     

退行性腰椎不稳的手术治疗

目的：探讨后路腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合器或横突间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效.方法：对35例腰椎滑脱ugh患者进行腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合和横突间植骨的手术治疗.其中Ⅰ度滑脱32例,Ⅱ度滑脱3例.28例采用椎板开窗减压钉棒系统固定、横突间植骨融合术;7例采用全椎板减压钉棒系统固定、椎间融合器加植骨融合术.结果：35例中,30例术后2周内神经受压症状消失,X片显示内固定器械位置良好.5例术后出现神经症状加重：神经根刺激症状加重者4例,其中3例经治疗症状于3个月内缓解,1例症状未缓解者于术后8个月将内固定钉棒取出后症状缓解;不全瘫者1例,经二次手术探查后症状减轻.29例获得连续随访,随访时间2～3.5年,1例于术后6个月发现滑脱椎体再次轻度滑脱.1例因跌倒致椎弓根螺钉位置改变,伴有神经根刺激症状,将椎弓根螺钉取出后症状缓解,其余27例椎体滑脱完全复位,椎间融合或横突间植骨融合良好.临床疗效按照邹德威的综合评价标准评估：优20例,良7例,一般2例,优良率为93.1%.结论：后路腰椎管减压、钉棒系统复位内固定、椎间融合或横突间植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症效果满意.     

短节段Silhouette内固定结合BAK治疗腰椎滑脱

目的 观察腰椎管减压，多孔螺纹状钛合金椎间融合器（BAK），椎体间植骨，短节段Silhou-ette内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的早期临床疗效。方法 采用腰椎管减压，BAK，椎体间植骨及短节段Sil-houette内固定手术治疗18例腰椎滑脱患者。术前经X线检查后按Meyerding分度；Ⅰ度滑脱15例。Ⅱ度滑脱3例；滑脱部位：L410例，L58例。结果 术后平均随访7.4个月（3-18个月），18例患者中，17例症状术后安全消失，优良率达94.4%。18例滑脱椎体均理想复位，无一例发生感染，1例因合并有颈椎管狭窄而残留轻度行走不稳。结论 运用短节段Silhouette内固定结合BAK治疗腰椎滑脱复位满意，效果优良。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.