保留乳房的乳腺癌改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床观察

目的探讨保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的疗效。方法对22例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术治疗，术后并行辅助放疗、化疗等综合治疗。结果全组随访6～48个月，无局部复发和远处转移，3年生存率100％（17／17）。结论对早期乳腺癌行保乳手术疗效满意，严格掌握手术指征，规范的切除和术后放疗、化疗等综合治疗是保乳手术治疗成功的关键。     

乳腔镜辅助下早期乳腺癌的保乳治疗

目的 探讨乳腔镜辅助下早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的优越性.方法 乳腔镜辅助下行保乳术37例,术后均行乳腺和病灶区放射治疗,并按病理及受体情况给予相应的辅助化疗及内分泌治疗.结果 乳腔镜辅助下保乳术成功35例,2例术中因腋窝出血量多而转开放性手术.患者无明显手术并发症, 且美容效果良好.术后随访时间最长27个月, 中位随访时间为18 个月,无一例局部复发、远处转移和死亡.术后乳腺美容效果评估: 优、良者术后6个月为68.2%,术后1年为83.4%.结论 乳腔镜辅助下早期乳腺癌保乳术以不降低生存率、不增加复发率为原则,联合多学科有机配合及综合治疗为保证,具有创伤小、并发症少、外形美观、生存质量高等优点.     

早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗临床疗效观察

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的临床治疗效果和对乳房美容效果的影响.方法:回顾分析32例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,所有病例均经病理证实,择期在全身麻醉下行保乳手术,术后辅助放疗、化疗及内分泌治疗,评价手术疗效及美容效果.结果:32例保乳术患者均成功进行了手术,术后预后良好,随访5年,无一例死亡,无一例局部复发或出现远处转移,保乳手术后患者美容效果满意率为86.57%.结论:早期乳腺癌患者行保乳综合治疗,临床效果确切可靠,并取得满意的美容效果.     

Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术临床疗效对比研究

目的：探讨保乳手术与改良根治术治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的临床疗效差异。方法：系统回顾2000年1月—2009年1月我院肿瘤外科收治的45例接受保乳手术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,将其与同时期接受改良根治术的120例乳腺癌患者进行对比,比较2组患者在术后早期并发症、生存率、术后局部复发及远处转移、术后美容效果和生活质量方面的差异。结果：乳腺癌患者术后早期并发症主要为皮下积液、皮瓣坏死和患侧上肢水肿,此方面2组患者差异无统计学意义;术后复发、远处转移率和生存期2组患者的差异亦无统计学意义;而保乳手术术后美容效果和生活质量显著优于改良根治术,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：保乳手术和改良根治术在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者的术后早期并发症、生存率、术后复发和远处转移方面无明显差异,而在术后美容效果和生活质量方面,保乳手术明显优于改良根治术。保乳手术是Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的最佳手术方式。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术的疗效对比

目的：探讨乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效及临床应用价值。 方法：早期84例乳腺癌患者,按照手术方法分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予乳腺癌改良根治术治疗,观察组给予保乳手术治疗,观察两组治疗效果。 结果：观察组在手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组患者的乳房美容效果明显好于对照组（P<0.05）;两组并发症发生率、局部复发率、远处转移发生情况,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：早期乳腺癌患者实施保乳手术具有创伤小、恢复快等特点,术后乳房美容效果好,是治疗早期乳腺癌的发展趋势,值得在临床上大力推广使用。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术196例回顾性分析

目的：通过与改良根治术比较,探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析广西医科大学第九附属医院自2001年9月—2006年9月早期乳腺癌患者196例,其中实施保乳手术96例,改良根治术100例,并对两者的临床资料进行研究,对比两组的切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院天数、美容效果满意率、术后并发症及远期生存率。结果：保乳组切口长度、术后住院天数、手术时间、术中出血量、明显小（少）于改良组（P〈0.01）,美容效果满意率明显高于改良组（P〈0.01）;两组的生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;保乳组术后发生3例皮下积液,改良组发生6例并有4例发生皮瓣坏死。中位随访时间61个月。两组5年的无病生存率分别为94%和96%,局部复发率分别为2%和1%。结论：早期乳腺癌行保乳治疗是安全可靠的,但必须掌握保乳手术指征并保证术后综合治疗。     

乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效及可行性。方法将189例Ⅰ、Ⅱa期乳癌患者前瞻性非随机分为两组：（1）保乳组：92例行乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术;（2）对照组：97例行乳癌改良根治术。两组术后均给予相同方案的放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗,术后进行定期随访,并进行美容评估。结果本组178例得到随访,随访率94.2%,中位随访时间为78个月。局部复发：保乳组3例,对照组1例。保乳组3年存活率97.7%,5年存活率94.1%,远处转移率7.9%。对照组3年存活率97.8%,5年存活率90.8%,远处转移率7.9%,两组局部复发和远处转移差异均没有统计学意义,两组3、5年生存率差异应用log-rank检验无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。COX比例风险模型分析发现年龄、ER、PR情况不是影响生存的风险因素,TNM分期与生存率有关。85.5%患者对保乳手术的美容效果满意。结论对早期乳癌使用保乳综合治疗可达到传统根治术相当的治疗效果,应作为早期乳癌的首选治疗方法。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术探讨

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗治疗效果.方法 分析近6年76例保乳术后加放疗的乳腺癌病人临床资料.结果 76例患者3,5年生存率分别为96.05%,94.8%;3,5年局部复发率分别为5.3%,6.6%;术后3,5年乳房保留率分别为96.05%,93.3%;仅1例胸壁复发,无死亡病例.该复发病例25岁,未婚,保乳愿望强烈,复发后再次行乳房切除及化疗,现健在.术后形体美容效果满意度80.5%.结论 早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术及放射治疗可取得满意结果,规范化的切除和术后放疗、全身综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键.     

乳腺癌手术加综合治疗：附86例报告

目的 探讨手术+综合治疗治疗乳腺癌的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析乳腺癌86例行手术+新辅助化疗、术后综合治疗的临床资料.结果 行保乳术38例及改良根治术48例的患者均施行新辅助化疗,术后化疗、放疗,内分泌治疗等.术后随访83例,其3,5,8年生存率:保乳术组分别为97.3%,94.4%,38.2%;改良根治术组为95.7%,93.1%,36.6%,差异无统计学意义.复发率:保乳术组3,5,8年分别为0,5.6%,23.5%.改良根治术组为2.8%,6.8%,26.8%,差异无统计学意义.结论 保乳术或改良根治术+新辅助化疗、术后化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗是提高乳腺癌生存率、减少复发率、改善生活质量的重要措施.     

早期乳腺癌的保乳手术治疗25例分析

目的：对早期乳腺癌采用保瘤乳房的手术治疗配以术后放疗，以探讨其手术适应证和疗效。方法：对25例早期乳腺癌进行保乳手术并与传统根治术进行比较，保乳手术指征包括：肿瘤直径小于3cm，腋窝淋巴结N0或N1a肿瘤距乳头距离大于3cm，手术前乳腺照相排除多发癌灶，手术时肿瘤周围边界至少2cm(冰冻切片证实），腋窝淋纠结解剖到第2站，术后2周内做放疗，从生存质量（Quality of life,QOL)的观点出发，分析保乳手术的适应证及存在的问题。结果：两组术后均获随访，平均随访时间64．1个月，保乳手术和传统根治术在5年生存率和复发率的比较差异无显著意义（P＞05），结论：早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术治疗效果满意。     

Endoscopic breast surgery for breast cancer

Since 1995, endoscopic breast surgery (EBS) has been gradually established in Japan. Establishment of EBS was inextricably linked to explosive development of instruments for endoscopic surgery and profound theoretical understanding, how to perform broad & stable dissection of the compact connective tissue thorough small incisions. EBS consisted chiefly of two procedures added to breast and axilla and procedures to breast is classified into three methods according to incisions, axillar, periareolar and combined incisions. With EBS technique, any kind breast surgery, sentinel node biopsy, reconstruction, augmentation, and benign tumor excision, could be performed through same skin incisions. Curability of breast cancer EBS is same as that with conventional method and local recurrence rate after total and partial mastectomy. All breast cancer without skin involvement of cancer would be candidate for EBS. To minimize invasiveness of treatment and maintain cosmetic outcome of breast, combination treatment of ablation treatment, EBS and evolution of radiation therapy would be important.     

Diagnosis of breast tumors after breast reduction

We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the diagnosability of breast tumors after breast reductions as this is a frequent surgical procedure. The data should shed light on the hypothesis that routine screening methods concerning the diagnosis of breast tumors prove more difficult after breast operations. All women who had undergone breast reduction at our department between January 1989 and December 1994 were examined. During this period we counted 166 patients; the majority of them (n = 144) had undergone a bilateral breast reduction and the rest of them (n = 22) a unilateral breast reduction for various reasons. After the operation, all patients were checked in standardized intervals. Those who developed any kind of breast mass (n = 6) were recorded and examined by ultrasound and mammography, and occasionally by an additional fine-needle biopsy. In case any doubt about the dignity had remained, an excisional biopsy was carried out. In none of our patients was it possible to get a precise diagnosis of an ill-defined mass with ultrasound. With mammography, some of the existing masses, which were really scars, mimicked different kinds of tumors, and once a carcinoma was initially interpreted as scar tissue with oil cysts. The diagnosis of breast masses after breast reductions with routinely used screening methods has proved to be more difficult as breast reductions lead to architectural alterations of the remaining breast parenchyma. Such alterations can and should be documented shortly after the operation so that later occurring tumors are distinguished more easily. Therefore, a basic mammography 3 months after each breast reduction has to be claimed in order to facilitate further breast tumor diagnosis.     

Ipsilateral breast tumor relapse after breast conserving surgery in women with breast cancer

Ipsilateral breast tumor relapse (IBTR) is a potentially a significant problem after breast conserving surgery (BCS). With a median follow-up period of 64.7 months, IBTR occurred as a first relapse in 67 (3.0%) of a total of 2243 patients and distant recurrence occurred in 167 (7.4%). A positive surgical margin and the omission of radiotherapy (RT) were independently associated with IBTR. The five-year cumulative IBTR rates were 5.1% in patients with positive margins and 2.0% in the patients with negative margins. The five-year cumulative IBTR rates were 1.8% in patients with RT and 8.1% in patients without RT. IBTR was independently associated with distant-recurrence-free survival rates as well as age, nodal metastasis, lymphovascular invasion and progesterone receptor status. The five-year distant-recurrence-free survival rates were 81.9% in patients with IBTR and 93.2% in patients without IBTR. In order to prevent IBTR, a negative margin and the administration of RT are therefore considered to be important in patients who undergo BCS.     

Cancer of the breast and breast prostheses

Plastic surgery operations designed to modify the breast volume do not increase the risk of cancer. Xeroradiography provides the best images of operated breasts. The least interfering prostheses are the most radiolucent and, in particular, retropectoral prostheses. The diagnosis of cancer is based on the detection of microcalcifications and star-shaped images. It is guided by clinical examination which is precise as the content of the breast is thin an lies on top of the anterior surface of the implant. The complications of prostheses (shells, collapse, rupture, displacement) have been well studied. After breast reconstruction examination of the contralateral breast is therefore of prime importance due to the risk of bilateral cancer.     

Association of breast cysts and breast cancer

A review of 915 consecutive patients with breast cancer and 812 with breast cysts showed that an association between the two is uncommon--5% of breast cancers were associated with cysts and 4% of cysts were associated with breast cancer. Four types of association were identified: (a) cystic cancers--easily diagnosed because of the characteristic features of the aspirate, failure of the mass to disappear and early recurrence in a patient whose age and menstrual status were not usually associated with cysts; (b) cancers occurring simultaneously with breast cysts--recognized because they did not contain cyst fluid; (c) cysts occurring after breast cancer--diagnosed by aspiration of the mass in premenopausal women; (d) cancers in patients who have had breast cysts--usually occurring many years after the cyst aspiration when menses had ceased. These associations were not sufficiently frequent to justify specific follow-up, but all suspected cysts should be successfully aspirated to confirm the clinical diagnosis.     

Correction of breast contour deformities using polyurethane breast implant capsule in revisional breast surgery

Surgeons are commonly confronted with breast contour deformities and defects that result from previous surgical interventions. These soft tissue deformities can be corrected by conventional reconstructive flap surgery using autologous tissue, but there can be donor site morbidity. Smaller volume replacement is possible using temporary fillers such as hyaluronic acid or polylactic acid, or by using 'permanent' fillers such as autologous fat, but large defects are notoriously difficult to fill and often the fillers resorb or migrate. The patient described in this case report had an exchange of polyurethane implant (PU) in the left breast and correction of a contralateral breast contour filling deformity. A left breast partial capsulectomy was performed after implant removal and the capsule graft was inserted into a predissected pocket where soft tissue augmentation was required. A biopsy from the PU capsule was reported to show a foreign body type giant cell reaction to PU material in a fibrous capsule, lined by synovial metaplasia. The post-operative result showed satisfactory soft tissue revolumisation. PU breast implant structured capsule has thus been used as filler to correct breast soft tissue deformity and contour defects. Clearly it may have a use in other anatomical sites.     

Calcifications in the breast and digital breast tomosynthesis

Our study was to compare the clarity with which calcifications are seen on conventional mammography (CM) with the same calcifications on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). We define clarity as the sharpness, contrast, and diagnostic quality by which the calcifications were depicted. In a HIPPA compliant Institutional Review Board approved study, 3,000 women volunteered to have both a screening mammogram and a DBT study. A total of 119 sequential cases with relevant calcifications (not clearly benign) were reviewed. Two board certified, dedicated, breast imaging radiologists reviewed the CM and DBT images in an unblinded paired comparison. Only the mediolateral oblique (MLO) projection was available for the DBT studies. The MLO and craniocaudal projections were reviewed using the 2D images. Window and leveling, and electronic zoom were permitted. Unlimited time was allowed to provide a subjective assessment as too how well the calcifications were seen, from a diagnostic perspective, when the two studies were evaluated side-by-side. In 41.6% of the cases, the readers felt that calcifications were seen with superior clarity on DBT. In 50.4% of the cases, the visibility of calcifications was the same for DBT and CM, and in 8% of the cases, calcifications were seen with greater clarity on CM than DBT. In 92% of the cases, the clarity with which calcifications were seen on DBT was equal to or better than for CM and in almost half, the clarity on DBT was judged to be better than for CM. Our analysis shows that calcifications can be demonstrated with equal or greater clarity on DBT as on CM, thus allowing for comparable, and, perhaps, improved interpretive analysis of detected calcifications.