多专科协作护理专案预防早产儿低体温

目的加强早产儿出生后的体温管理,有效降低早产儿入住NICU时低体温发生率。方法成立早产儿体温管理护理专案管理小组,构建以NICU为中心的多专科协作护理模式,制定标准化干预措施,编写《早产儿体温管理工作指引》,建立电子化早产儿体温管理质量追踪表并确定关键监测指标,开展全员参与型标准化培训等护理专案管理。结果实施护理专案管理后,早产儿入住NICU时低体温发生率由47.76%下降至19.51%(P0.01)。结论多专科协作的护理专案针对导致早产儿低体温发生的关键节点实施管理,可有效降低早产儿低体温发生率。     

手术室早产儿低体温预防的精准管理

目的探讨手术室早产儿低体温预防的精准管理方法及效果。方法将2017年10月至2018年2月经剖宫产分娩早产儿321例作为对照组,实施早产儿常规护理;2018年3～12月经剖宫产分娩早产儿784例作为干预组,在常规护理基础上,实施预防低体温精准管理。结果干预组低体温发生率显著低于对照组,3个节点体温监测值显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论针对早产儿低体温问题实施精准管理,能有效预防早产儿手术室低体温发生率,保障早产儿的分娩安全。     

ICU患者连续性肾脏替代治疗24 h内低体温研究

目的 了解ICU患者连续性肾脏替代治疗24 h内低体温发生率及体温变化趋势,为优化连续性肾脏替代治疗体外加温方案提供参考.方法 通过医院电子病历系统、重症监护护理系统、连续性肾脏替代治疗护理记录单回顾性收集2019年行连续性肾脏替代治疗的ICU患者一般资料,连续性肾脏替代治疗相关资料,连续性肾脏替代治疗启动后0～h、4～h、8～h、12～24 h最低体温.结果 共纳入213例ICU患者的784例次数据.84例患者(39.4％)发生低体温(核心体温＜36℃);低体温患者的APACHEⅡ评分和序贯器官衰竭估计评分、病死率显著高于非低体温患者(均P＜0.01).122例次(15.6％)连续性肾脏替代治疗运行过程出现低体温,其中运行4 h内体温下降显著(P＜0.05),随后20 h内体温无明显回升;低体温组机械通气率更高,治疗前体温更低(均P＜0.01).结论 ICU患者连续性肾脏替代治疗低体温发生率较高,且24 h内体温复温效果不理想,常规的保温/复温方案有待进一步优化.     

新生儿体外循环术后低体温影响因素分析

目的了解新生儿体外循环术后低体温发生现况,分析其影响因素,为针对性干预提供参考。方法对204例于体外循环下行先天性心脏畸形矫治术的新生儿,采用自制新生儿体外循环术中数据登记表收集其一般资料和手术相关资料共15项,进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 40.2%发生术后低体温;单因素分析显示,不同体质量、术前体温、止血关胸时间及是否急诊手术新生儿术后低体温发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);多因素分析显示,低体质量、术前体温低于35.5℃及非急诊手术是新生儿术后低体温的独立危险因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论新生儿体外循环术后低体温发生率较高,应采取针对性措施防范,尤其应重视低体质量、术前体温低及非急诊手术新生儿的防范,以保障手术安全。     

新生儿腹部手术的体温护理研究

目的:通过研究新生儿腹部手术中不同护理干预方法对术中体温的影响,探讨新生儿腹部手术过程中、术毕时影响体温的因素及相应护理干预措施,以提高新生儿腹部手术的护理质量及临床治疗质量.方法:将120例全麻下行腹部手术的新生儿按术中不同的护理方式随机分为两组,测量并记录进入手术室的患儿术前、术中、术后的体温.术中对患儿采用综合护理干预措施的为干预组,共68例;术中对患儿采用腹部手术常规护理措施的为对照组,共52例,并观察两组患儿术后3天并发症的发生率.结果:干预组术中、术毕的平均体温与术前相比,差异无统计学显著性(P＞0.05);对照组术中、术毕平均体温与术前相比较显著降低(P＜0.05).干预组术中和术后低体温发生率分别为11.8％,对照组术中和术后低体温发生率为55.8％,两组比较差异有统计学显著性(P＜0.05),两组患儿术中、术后并发症的发生率无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:新生儿腹部手术围手术期的体温改变可由多种因素引起,采用有效的综合护理干预可显著降术中、术毕时低体温发生率,保证新生儿腹部手术的顺利完成,减少手术及麻醉并发症的发生率.     

新生儿医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤预防管理方案的制订及应用

目的 降低新生儿重症监护室(NICU)新生儿医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤。方法 采取类实验研究设计，将2019年4～11月入住我院NICU的612例新生儿设为对照组，按照常规实施皮肤护理；将2020年11月至2021年6月的594例新生儿设为观察组，在对照组基础上实施皮肤损伤预防管理方案，比较两组医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤发生率。结果 观察组患儿医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 NICU新生儿医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤预防管理方案能有效降低新生儿皮肤损伤发生率。     

早产儿住院期间低体温干预的研究进展

对早产儿低体温的定义、发生现状及低体温干预方法进行综述。早产儿低体温干预主要通过产房的干预、从产房转运至NICU路途中的干预以及到达NICU后的处置3个环节控制,具体干预措施包括控制产房温湿度、聚乙烯袋包裹身体、加热湿化气体、转运过程保暖、复苏保暖、皮肤清洁等,可有效改善新生儿低体温状况。     

层流洁净新生儿重症监护病房早产儿实施床旁手术的可行性分析

目的 探讨层流洁净新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿实施床旁手术的效果与可行性。方法 回顾性分析某军队三甲综合医院2017年9月—2020年10月NICU住院并进行床旁动脉导管扎闭术(PDA)及腹部探查术的危重新生儿的临床资料,在NICU行床旁手术者列为NICU组,转入手术室进行手术者列为手术室(OR)组,比较两组新生儿术后体温、切口感染率及病死率的差异。结果 共计纳入258例新生儿,其中NICU组166例,OR组92例。NICU组新生儿出生胎龄、出生体质量、手术时体质量、新生儿危重病例评分均低于OR组;NICU组新生儿术前应用呼吸机通气比例高于OR组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。NICU组与OR组新生儿术中抽检空气培养微生物菌落数、术前体温、PDA与剖腹探查术的构成比例、术后切口感染发病率及病死率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),但手术后OR组新生儿平均体温低于NICU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 层流洁净NICU早产儿行床旁PDA和腹部手术临床可行,且床旁手术更有利于减少术后低体温的发生。对层流洁净病房进行日常规范化维护,可以有效保障危重早产儿床旁手术的安全。     

呼吸重症监护室抑郁患者的综合护理干预

目的探讨综合护理干预改善呼吸重症监护室患者抑郁的效果。方法对呼吸重症监护室抑郁患者实施睡眠干预、认知疗法、音乐疗法、心理干预等综合干预措施。结果干预2周后,患者抑郁程度较干预前显著缓解(P0.01)。结论早期重视和评估重症监护室患者抑郁状态,采取积极的综合干预措施,能有效缓解患者的抑郁程度。     

对NICU出院早产儿母亲实施网络支持干预的研究

目的探讨网络支持干预对新生儿重症监护室(NICU)出院早产儿母婴的影响。方法将符合入组条件的早产儿母亲77人按时间分组,2013年6~9月入组的早产儿母亲38人设为对照组,2013年12月至2014年3月入组的早产儿母亲39人设为观察组。对照组接受早产儿常规出院指导,观察组在此基础上实施网络支持干预,持续12周。结果观察组母亲在早产儿出院后4周、12周角色适应评分及育儿胜任感评分显著高于对照组(均P0.01);观察组早产儿出院后12周体质量、身长、头围显著高于对照组(均P0.01),再入院率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论网络支持干预能帮助NICU出院早产儿母亲适应母亲角色,提升育儿胜任感,有利于早产儿体格生长发育,降低早产儿再入院率。     

家庭参与式护理模式在NICU中的应用及展望

家庭参与式护理作为一种新兴成熟的NICU护理模式,已成为早产儿健康领域的关注重点。本文阐述了家庭参与式护理模式的起源、在NICU早产儿照护中的实施方法、干预目标和干预效果,并根据我国NICU开展家庭参与式护理的不足与难点,从环境基础、实施策略、研究方法、未来研究方向上提出展望,旨在为国内学者在NICU开展家庭参与式护理提供参考和借鉴。     

Blood pressure in non-critically ill preterm and full-term neonates

The neonatal period is a time of extensive hemodynamic changes. It is expected that these changes are most prominent in premature infants during the first week of life. The aim of this study was to examine arterial blood pressure (BP) measured by an oscillometric device in the first month of life in a stable premature population admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and to evaluate the influence of gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight, gender, and sleep state on BP. This prospective study was conducted over 27 months. The study population consisted of 373 hemodynamically stable infants (292 preterm and 81 full-term infants). Overall 12,552 BP measurements were carried out using a non-invasive oscillometric blood pressure monitor. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure progressively increased during the first month of life. BP increased more rapidly in preterm infants than in full-term infants, and was higher in groups with higher birth weight. Multiple regression analysis showed that mean BP during the first week and on the 30th day increased with gestational age, and also that it was higher in the awake than in the sleep state.     

Anaesthetic considerations for the management of very low and extremely low birth weight infants

The opportunities for very low birth weight infants (birth weight < 1500 g) and extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight < 1000 g) to undergo surgery are increasing. These infants are prone to prematurity-related morbidities including respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus and necrotising enterocolitis. Evidence is accumulating that preterm infants are also sensitive to pain and stress. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in preterm infants is not fully understood but smaller doses of anaesthetic drugs are usually required in preterm infants compared to term infants and older children and their effects last longer due to low clearance rates and longer elimination half-lives. Key anaesthetic considerations are (i) inspired oxygen concentration that should be adjusted to avoid hyperoxia, (ii) haemodynamic parameters that should be kept stable and (iii) prevention of hypothermia by using adequate measures to keep the infants warm. These precautions must be continuously taken during the operation and the transport to and from the operating theatre.     

Metabolic changes in surface-induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery.

Surface induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass (combined method) is excellent in open heart surgery of infants which combines each advantage of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. The present study was performed to investigate pathophysiological changes, especially metabolic changes, in combined method induced by two stressors such as cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. In general, metabolic changes during hypothermia are temporarily enhanced immediately after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. Lactacidemia and metabolic acidosis are rapidly improved after the start of perfusion rewarming, but abnormality of ceruloplasmin and cholesterol metabolism in the liver and hypopotassemia are not rapidly improved. Therefore, the treatment for these metabolic abnormalities seems to be necessary during and after the procedure.     

Metabolic changes in surface-induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery

Surface induced deep hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass (combined method) is excellent in open heart surgery of infants which combines each advantage of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. The present study was performed to investigate pathophysiological changes, especially metabolic changes, in combined method induced by two stressors such as cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. In general, metabolic changes during hypothermia are temporarily enhanced immediately after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. Lactacidemia and metabolic acidosis are rapidly improved after the start of perfusion rewarming, but abnormality of ceruloplasmin and cholesterol metabolism in the liver and hypopotassemia are not rapidly improved. Therefore, the treatment for these metabolic abnormalities seems to be necessary during and after the procedure.     

Performance of two hearing screening protocols in the NICU

We recently started a hearing screening program for the newborns of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shanghai Children's Medical Center. The program consisted of a two-step screening stage using DPOAE and automated ABR (AABR) at the age of a few days, and a diagnostic stage including otoscopy, measuring middle ear impedance and click evoked ABR at the age of two months. Babies who were referred on either the basis of DPOAE or DPOAE-AABR screening were referred for diagnostic work-up. Of the 200 NICU infants, twenty-nine (14.5%) were referred by a single session DPOAE screening. Of these, nine (4.5%) were identified by the DPOAE-AABR screening. At the age of two months, six NICU babies (3%) had a significant hearing loss based on click-evoked ABR. None of the infants who were referred by DPOAE but had passed the AABR screening were found to have actual hearing loss. Our study reports the successful implementation of a two-step screening protocol for 'at risk' babies in Shanghai. We hope that our efforts represent a first step towards the implementation of universal hearing screening throughout the People's Republic of China.     

Nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants: a single center experience

The risk of nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants is considerable, but conflicting numbers are given for the actual incidence (10–65%). Furosemide induced hypercalciuria is said to be the main risk factor. We examined retrospectively the incidence, causes and outcome of nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants born in our hospital from 1988 to 1998 (n=2190). An abnormal renal echogenicity or nephrocalcinosis was seen in 31 infants (29.7±3.3 weeks gestational age; 1307±690 g birth weight). Nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed in 16, hyperechoic kidneys (HK) in 10 and Tamm-Horsfall kidneys in 5 infants. Main risk factors were low gestation age and birth weight, length of hospitalization, variations in acid-base status, length of assistant ventilation and hypercalciuria at diagnosis. The incidence of nephrocalcinosis was 0.73% [1.7% for low birth weight infants (VLBW)]. Taking the cases of nephrocalcinosis and HK together, incidence was calculated to be 1.2% overall and 2.5% for VLBW infants, but increased to 7% in 1998. The follow-up showed persisting nephrocalcinosis or hyperechoic kidneys in 8/26 preterm infants. In conclusion, the incidence of nephrocalcinosis was lower in our population than is usually reported. The numbers have, however, increased over the past few years. From the follow-up it was obvious that long-term observation of preterm infants is necessary and that complications might arise in the long run. Received: 9 July 2001 / Revised: 14 November 2001 / Accepted: 18 November 2001     

Efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil in preterm infants undergoing laser therapy in retinopathy of prematurity: clinical experience

Background: Preterm infants often require surgery. As experimental evidence suggests that premature infants may experience pain and this could even result in fatal complications, the anaesthesiologist must face problems related to lowbirth weight, high risk of hypothermia, concomitant pulmonary disease and metabolic and receptor immaturity. Recently remifentanil has been considered an optimal analgesic drug in a preterm infant undergoing mechanical ventilation and frequent surgical manoeuvres, but no clinical studies have been reported in the literature. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of a continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil in premature infants undergoing laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: Six premature infants with ROP were scheduled for laser therapy. The procedure was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, ECG and noninvasive blood pressure were continuously monitored. Infusion of remifentanil started with a dose of 0.75–1 μg·kg^?1·min^?1, 1 h before surgery. A midazolam bolus dose (0.20 mg·kg^?1) was administered and the remifentanil infusion was increased to 3–5 μg·kg^?1·min^?1 taking into account haemodynamic and respiratory changes or spontaneous movements. Results: Increased dosage was necessary only for 10 min during the procedure. No changes in temperature and ventilatory settings were observed and after 2 h from the surgical procedure the preterm infants were back to their preoperative status. Conclusions: A continuous infusion of remifentanil allowed optimal control of surgical stress and a return to preoperative status and ventilatory settings without side‐effects.     

Comparison of inguinal hernia and asymptomatic patent processus vaginalis in term and preterm infants

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of inguinal hernia (IH) and patent processus vaginalis (PPV) in term and preterm infants less than the age of 6 months.

Method

Between January 2004 and December 2012, 246 term and 165 preterm infants underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy within the first 6 months of life. Preoperative clinical presentation and intraoperative anatomical findings during the laparoscopic procedure were evaluated. Additionally, initial side of hernia, laterality of IH and PPV were analyzed in term and preterm infants.

Results

In the group of term infants, most infants presented with a primary right-sided IH (58.5%) versus 17.9% left-sided and 23.6% bilateral IH. Babies with primary unilateral IH were found to have a contralateral PPV in 41.0% of cases. A difference between left-sided PPV and right-sided PPV could not be identified.In the group of preterm infants, initial bilateral presentation was predominant (38.8%) versus right-sided (30.3%) and left-sided IH (30.9%). Infants with primary unilateral IH were found to have a contralateral PPV in 56.4%. We identified a slight difference between left-sided PPV (54.0%) and right-sided PPV (58.8%).

Conclusion

IH is predominantly right sided in term infants, whereas preterm infants mostly present with bilateral IH. The incidence of PPV was found to be significantly higher in the preterm group. Regarding the incidence of a contralateral PPV in term and preterm infants, no difference between initial left-sided and right-sided IH could be identified between both groups.