Halo pelvic distraction in combination with total spine osteotomy for treatment of severe scoliosis & kyphosis

[目的]介绍颅盆牵引加全脊柱截骨治疗重度脊柱侧凸和后凸的手术方法,并总结185例重度脊柱弯曲的治疗结果。[方法]对重度脊柱侧弯患者,先用颅盆牵引,使重弯变为轻弯,以便置入器械的安装,再在颅盆牵引下进行截骨矫正畸形和内固定手术,术后继续配戴颅盆环制动,术后第2 d即可下床站立活动,给护理工作带来极大方便。[结果]作者自1983~2010年,采用此法治疗重度脊柱侧弯185例,平均矫正率70.32%。脊柱截骨断端能够达到坚固的骨性融合,矫正率丢失平均在5°以内,术后晚期并发脱钩4例,均经再次手术固定解决,对矫正效果无影响。1例术后1年并发感染,拆除置入器械后,伤口很快愈合,X线片示植骨愈合良好。1例并发神经根疼痛,尔后逐渐减轻,所有病例未见脊髓损伤和神经系统并发症发生。[结论]颅盆牵引加全脊柱截骨是治疗重度脊柱侧弯的有效方法,对那些仅用单纯器械无法安装、置入困难的病例,经颅盆牵引后,内固定器械容易安装,再加上全脊柱截骨,能使弯曲的脊柱进一步伸直,减轻了内固定器械所承受的负荷力,避免了脱钩、断棍的发生,为治疗重度脊柱侧弯的有效手段。     

一期头盆环牵引二期后路截骨矫正重度脊柱后凸侧后凸的临床效果评价

[目的]探讨一期头盆环牵引,二期后路截骨矫正重度脊柱后凸、侧后凸治疗的临床效果。[方法]回顾分析本院2006年1月²013年12月收治的80例重度脊柱后凸、侧后凸患者,均行一期头盆环牵引、二期后路截骨矫正的手术方案,对患者治疗效果进行评价。[结果]对于重度的脊柱后凸、侧后凸患者采用一期头盆环牵引后,脊柱后凸角明显减小,二期后路截骨矫正治疗后有效的避免了直接矫正时损伤脊髓及神经的并发症的发生,同时保证了矫形效果的最大化。[结论]通过选择一期头盆环牵引、二期后路截骨矫正治疗重度脊柱后凸、侧后凸畸形,可通过一期牵引使畸形部分松弛,从而保证矫形的最大化,是一种安全、有效、具有良好耐受性的治疗方法,矫形效果明显。     

颅盆环牵引脊柱截骨矫形术并发症的防治和护理

[目的]探讨颅盆环牵引脊柱截骨治疗重度脊柱侧凸的护理经验,提高治疗效果.[方法]对185例行该术的患者术前进行康复指导,训练如何增加肺活量、加强深呼吸、鼓励咳嗽和通过颅盆牵引改善脊柱柔软度的方法;术后加强颅盆环牵引期并发症的防治及护理,并结合详细的健康宣教.[结论]本组病例术后由于对并发症的防治和护理对策及时正确,从而取得满意疗效.     

牵拉成骨技术在发育期间脊柱畸形中的应用

[目的]探讨牵拉成骨技术在发育期间脊柱畸形中的应用价值。针对发育期间的脊柱弯曲畸形、侏儒症性脊柱发育障碍或合并有胸廓畸形、骨盆倾斜的病例，均可采用牵拉成骨技术达到治疗目的。[方法]根据头盆环牵引装置的原理，制成头环和盆环。头环用4钉法固定，盆环用2针法固定。另外用4根立柱连接头环与盆环，采用逐日升高的方法，使脊柱逐渐延长伸直，对弯曲畸形的脊柱产生三维矫正的作用。[结果]本组10例患者采用此法治疗，经过70～120d的牵拉过程，使脊柱畸形产生自家矫正功能，楔形椎体在牵拉的作用下恢复方形，使弯曲的脊柱伸直，旋转的椎体复位，达到三维矫正的目的。[结论]牵拉成骨技术在发育期间脊柱畸形中的应用，是一种代替脊柱内固定手术的微创技术。     

头盆环牵引辅助后路截骨矫形治疗重度僵硬型脊柱畸形

目的探讨头盆环牵引辅助后路截骨矫形治疗重度僵硬型脊柱畸形的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2018年3月贵州省骨科医院收治的76例重度僵硬型脊柱畸形患者的临床资料。患者均采用后路截骨矫形手术,按是否实施头盆环牵引分为观察组(n=32)和对照组(n=44),观察组术前采用头盆环牵引3～4周(平均3.2周),对照组未行头盆环牵引。观察组患者记录牵引前后及手术前后Cobb角变化,计算牵引后和术后的侧后凸纠正率,同时与对照组的矫形效果进行比较。结果观察组头盆环牵引后平均侧凸、后凸纠正率分别为45.2%、53.7%。随访时间6～48个月(平均24个月)。观察组术中出血量及手术时间少于对照组,术后1周、末次随访时侧凸及后凸矫正率均优于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论头盆环牵引辅助后路截骨矫形治疗重度僵硬型脊柱畸形,可预测患者对脊髓矫形的耐受程度,简化手术步骤,提高矫正率,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

一期头盆环牵引二期后路矫正重度脊柱侧凸的临床效果评价

[目的]探讨一期头盆环牵引、二期后路矫正治疗重度脊柱侧凸的临床效果.[方法]回顾分析本院2000年1月～ 2012年1月收治的100例重度脊柱侧凸患者,均行一期头盆环牵引、二期后路矫正的手术方案,对治疗效果进行评价.[结果]对于重度的或僵硬性的脊柱侧凸患者采用一期头盆环牵引后,脊柱侧凸Cobb角明显减小,二期后路矫正治疗后有效的避免了过度矫正所带来的脊髓及神经的损伤和并发症的发生,同时保证了矫形效果的最大化.[结论]通过选择一期头盆环牵引、二期后路矫正治疗重度脊柱侧凸畸形,可预测矫形效果,是一种安全、有效、具有良好耐受性的治疗方法,矫形效果明显.     

改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉治疗儿童重度先天性脊柱侧凸

目的：总结２３例儿童（平均年龄１１．１岁）重度先天性脊柱侧凸采用改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉的治疗结果。方法：用改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉配合脊柱松解或／和头盆环牵引后器械固定。结果：平均随访２５．８个月。术前侧凸平均Ｃｏｂｂ角１０２．３°，悬吊位９５．１°；术后侧凸平均Ｃｏｂｂ角５７．６°，平均矫正率４１．９％，无不可逆性脊髓损伤。结论：改良哈氏棒固定减少了哈氏器械所致的脱钩、断棒等并发症，配合脊柱松解或／和头盆环牵引，减少了脊髓牵拉损伤，提高了矫正率     

颅盆牵引与支具外固定交替进行治疗发育期间的先天性脊柱侧弯

[目的]根据Ilizarov牵拉成骨的理论,采用颅盆牵引与支具外固定交替进行的方法,治疗15岁之前正在发育期间的先天型脊柱侧弯25例,企图用不开刀治疗脊柱侧弯的方法,达到矫正先天性脊柱畸形的目的.[方法]采用自制轻便颅盆环牵引装置(包括颅环、盆环、4根立柱和头钉、盆针总重量只有1 kg).颅环与盆环之间用4根立柱作支撑,采用逐日升高的方法,使脊柱逐渐伸直延长,对弯曲畸形的脊柱产生三维矫正的作用.利用躯干部慢性牵拉的过程中产生成骨增长的自家矫正作用,使弯曲的脊柱逐渐伸直延长,借助支具外固定维持和延长成骨过程.颅盆牵引8～10周,更换支具外固定8～10周,反复交替进行,一般经过2～3次轮转即可达到矫正畸形的目的.[结果]本组25例患者采用此方法治疗,经过70～120 d的牵拉过程,使脊柱畸形产生自家矫正功能,楔形的椎体向着方形过渡,弯曲的脊柱逐渐伸直,旋转的椎体也有所恢复,达到三维矫正的效果.对年龄较大、弯度较大,一个疗程未能达到目的患者,还可反复进行,一般不超过3个疗程,即可达到治疗目的.[结论]如果病例选择适当,年龄尽量小,进行早期的牵拉成骨治疗,将会取得意想不到的治疗效果,确实避免了将来再做脊柱侧弯大手术的可能.     

脊柱板-棍系统与钉棒系统在重度脊柱侧凸矫形中的应用及效果

[目的] 评价脊柱板-棍系统(plate-rod spinal system,PRSS)及钉棒系统治疗重度脊柱侧凸的疗效.[方法] 2001～2007年本科收治25例重度脊柱侧凸患者,按矫形器械分为PRSS系统治疗组和钉棒系统治疗组.采用PRSS系统治疗12例,男7例,女5例;平均15.2岁;其中先天性脊柱侧弯1例,神经纤维瘤型脊柱侧弯1例,特发性脊柱侧弯10例.钉棒系统治疗13例,男9例,女4例;平均17.6岁;其中特发性脊柱侧弯6例(1例术前不全瘫),先天性脊柱侧弯3例,神经纤维瘤型脊柱侧弯3例,重度脊柱侧弯翻修术1例.两组病例采用的术式包括术前牵引后,前路松解联合后路矫形;前路松解联合后路矫形术;一期单纯后路矫形术和后路松解截骨矫形术.术后根据畸形矫正及并发症发生情况评估两种内固定系统的疗效.[结果]两组病例均顺利完成手术,无死亡及严重手术并发症出现.PRSS治疗组平均手术时间3.6 h,术中平均出血量930ml,术后平均随访56.7个月,主侧弯Cobb角由术前平均98°(86°～135°),矫正至术后平均59°(32°～76°),矫正率平均57%,出现断棒3例,脱钩1例,皮肤破溃或皮下滑囊形成11例.钉棒系统治疗组平均手术时间4.6 h,术中平均出血量1420 ml,术后平均随访7.8个月.主侧弯Cobb角由术前平均108°(93°～159°),术后矫正至平均54°(30°～105°),矫正率平均66.3%.矢状面后凸从术前平均116°(90°~155°)矫正至术后平均34°(20°～45°),发生肠系膜上动脉综合征1例,术后肋间神经痛1例,术后双下肢-过性麻木2例,-过性肌力减退1例.[结论]术前正确评估判断是前提;手术彻底松解是基础,椎弓根钉置入、矫形靠经验,准确操作及诱发电位监控是安全保障.PRSS系统操作简便、经济,与钉棒系统相比,矫正效果差,并发症较多.     

"颅盆环"牵引结合后路矫形术治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]探讨"颅盆环"牵引结合后路矫形术在重度特发性脊柱侧凸治疗中的优势.[方法]自2005～2010年,手术治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸38例,均在术前接受颅盆环牵引,再行后路矫形植骨内固定术,其中男性18例,女性20例;年龄6～18岁,平均12.5岁.柔韧性<40%的18例,柔韧性<30%的20例.应用"颅盆环"作术前牵引,使其大弯变小弯,使缩短的脊柱拉长伸直,再行后路矫形手术,达到内置入器械安装方便、矫形手术变的容易、操作安全的目的.[结果]本组38例中能随访到的35例,随访期限1～6年,平均3.5年,平均矫正率不丢失.[结论]颅盆环牵引能持续、缓慢地拉直脊柱,使软组织得到逐渐延长蠕变松解,结合后路矫形手术治疗,为重度特发性脊柱侧凸矫形奠定了成功的基础和安全保障.     

应用头颅-骨盆环牵引辅助后路截骨治疗重度脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果

目的探讨应用头颅-骨盆环牵引辅助后路截骨矫形治疗重度脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法回顾分析2014年3月至2018年3月贵州省骨科医院脊柱外科收治的重度脊柱侧后凸畸形患者32例的临床资料。其中男14例,女18例,年龄(17.5±4.8)(14~23)岁。均行Halo骨盆牵引后后路截骨矫形手术治疗。牵引力取患者可承受的极限,牵引时间为(3.2±0.6)(3~4)周,后行后路截骨内固定融合术。对患者治疗前左右侧屈位、牵引后和术后的侧后凸矫正率进行比较。采用SPSS 24.0软件对数据进行统计学处理。结果32例患者均顺利完成手术。行经椎弓根椎体截骨(pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO)或邻椎截骨12例、Smith-Petersen截骨(Smith-Petersen osteotomy,SPO)或Ponte截骨20例。未见脊髓与神经损伤并发症发生。治疗前脊柱冠状面Cobb角为(136.8±38.0)°(96°~172°),矢状面Cobb角为(90.4±24.0)°(45°~125°)。患者平卧左右侧屈位侧凸矫正率为(8.9±3.2)%,Halo骨盆牵引后侧凸矫正率为(37.6±4.3)%,后路截骨矫形术后侧凸矫正率为(68.7±4.8)%;牵引后矢状面侧凸矫正率为(30.7±5.6)%,后路矫形术后矢状面侧凸矫正率(60.6±4.3)%;各时间点差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论应用Halo头颅-骨盆牵引辅助后路截骨矫形治疗重度脊柱侧后凸畸形患者,可预测矫形效果,简化手术,降低操作难度,提高畸形矫正率,安全有效。     

组合可调式Halo-骨盆固定支具的设计及初步临床应用

目的设计新型组合可调式Halo-骨盆固定支具并观察该装置联合截骨术治疗重度僵硬型脊柱畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年2月—2017年6月采用Halo-骨盆固定支具术前牵引联合截骨术治疗的8例重度僵硬型脊柱畸形(特发性侧凸7例,结核性后凸1例)患者的临床资料。记录并观测患者治疗前后脊柱侧凸/后凸Cobb角、躯干偏移距离、躯干高度(T_1～S_1)及身高的改善程度。结果 8例患者均顺利完成手术。7例特发性侧凸患者牵引后及术后Cobb角、躯干高度(T_1～S_1)、躯干偏移距离及身高均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);牵引后及术后Cobb角矫正率分别为29.3%、46.8%。1例结核性后凸患者,牵引后及术后后凸Cobb角及身高均较术前显著改善,牵引后及术后后凸Cobb角矫正率分别为4.9%、34.0%。牵引过程中2例发生盆针皮肤切割伴感染,1例发生颅钉松动脱落,均经对症治疗后痊愈。结论组合可调式Halo-骨盆固定支具可满足重度僵硬型脊柱畸形患者术前脊柱固定和牵引的治疗需求,通过术前缓慢牵引可逐步矫正重度脊柱畸形,是一种简便、安全、有效的辅助治疗手段。     

Complications of halo-pelvic distraction for scoliosis.

A survey has been undertaken of the various complications of halo-pelvic distraction in 118 patients with scoliosis prior to spinal fusion. In the first sixty-two patients the standard solid distraction rods were employed. The neurological complications included ten cases of cranial nerve lesions and two cases of paraplegia, one of them permanent. Springs were then incorporated in the distraction rods so as to allow direct readings of the distraction forces, and a total force of 18 kilograms was not exceeded in the last fifty-six patients. No further serious neurological complications occurred, but the amount of correction achieved in the adolescent and juvenile idiopathic types of scoliosis was reduced.     

颅盆牵引加弹性生长棒内固定治疗发育期间的脊柱侧凸

[目的]介绍200例颅盆牵引加弹性生长棒矫治发育期间脊柱侧凸的手术方法和临床治疗经验,与椎弓根螺钉系统坚固内同定的治疗方法相比较.[方法]采用Harrington钩棒法的原理,下端用1只钩挂腰椎全椎板,上端用2只钩挂胸椎下关节突,1棒和2棒之间用捧间接头相连接,在1棒的末端与棒间接头之间套有弹簧,以便跟随着脊柱的生长,自动弹开延长.对发育期较长的儿童,还可在钩与棒的锁口之间作小切口分次撑开,扶持脊柱纵向成长直至骨骼发育成熟.[结果]200例患者通过2～15年的随访结果证实平均脊柱侧凸的矫正率为70.32%;术后身高增加为5～22 cm;远期随访时保留下来的脊柱活动度均优于椎弓根螺钉系统的坚强内固定.脱钩的发生率为2%;断棒的发生率为3%;脱钩断棒的原因与早期开展这项工作时内固定器械的安装固定方法不当有关,改革后,脱钩断棒的发生率明显下降.[结论]颅盆牵引配合弹性生长棒内固定治疗发育期间的脊柱侧凸,是一种符合生物学原理的治疗方法,不影响脊柱的纵向成长,能克服坚强的椎弓根螺钉内固定系统带来的并发症--曲轴现象的产生.     

Temporary internal distraction as an aid to correction of severe scoliosis

BACKGROUND: Halo traction is a well-recognized adjunct for correcting severe complex rigid scoliotic curves, but it is associated with complications and is contraindicated in the presence of fixed cervical instability, kyphosis, or stenosis. In addition, halo traction often requires prolonged hospital stays and is not welcomed by all families. These limitations led to consideration of temporary internal distraction as an alternative. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children in whom severe scoliosis had been treated with temporary internal distraction. Our goals were to (1) assess whether the use of temporary internal distraction can aid in the correction of severe scoliosis and (2) identify complications associated with temporary internal distraction and compare them with those associated with halo traction. The mean preoperative curve was 104 degrees . All patients underwent initial posterior release of the rigid portion of the spine (with six also having anterior release) and placement of spinal instrumentation under distraction during spinal cord monitoring. Of the ten patients, four had one distraction procedure (i.e., the initial surgery [or first distraction] followed by definitive fusion and the remaining six had two distraction procedures (i.e., the initial surgery [or first distraction] followed by the second distraction) followed by definitive fusion. After distraction, all patients underwent posterior spinal fusion with definitive dual-rod fixation. The amount of correction was determined by measuring the curve on plain radiographs made preoperatively, after each internal distraction procedure, after definitive fusion, and at the time of final follow-up. RESULTS: Curve correction after use of internal distraction, and before definitive fusion, averaged 53% (from 104 degrees to 49 degrees ) (range, 39% [from 70 degrees to 43 degrees ] to 79% [from 70 degrees to 15 degrees ]). This method facilitated safe, gradual deformity correction in all ten patients. The mean time between the initial procedure and the definitive fusion was 2.4 weeks. The mean final curve correction was 80% (from 104 degrees to 20 degrees ) (range, 73% [from 131 degrees to 35 degrees ] to 91% [from 110 degrees to 10 degrees ]). No neurologic deficits or infections resulted. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary internal distraction is a viable alternative approach to maximizing curve correction in patients undergoing spinal fusion for severe scoliosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV.     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗胸腰段陈旧骨折继发后凸畸形

目的总结全脊柱截骨矫正胸腰段陈旧性骨折继发后凸畸形的治疗经验。方法陈旧性骨折继发脊柱后凸畸形17例,采用全脊柱截骨、椎弓根钉内固定系统固定并牵引闭合截骨间隙,植骨融合。结果术后全组病例均未发生脊髓损伤,临床症状得到不同程度的改善。17例平均随访18个月（8个月～6年）,术后所有病例截骨间隙均达到骨性融合,无一例发生假关节、内固定松动。结论经全脊柱截骨视野开阔,操作安全方便,截骨和内固定同时完成,是治疗脊柱后凸畸形的较好方法。     

Evaluation of deformity and hand function in cerebral palsy patients

Background

A retrospective study of staged surgery for severe rigid scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the result of staged surgery in treatment of severe rigid scoliosis and to discuss the indications.

Methods

From 1998 to 2006, 21 cases of severe rigid scoliosis with coronal Cobb angle more than 80° were treated by staged surgeries including anterior release and halo-pelvic traction as first stage surgery and posterior instrumentation and spinal fusion as second stage. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy(PSO) was added in second stage according to spine rigidity. Among the 21 patients, 8 were male and 13 female with an average age of 15.3 years (rang from 4 to 23 years). The mean pre-operative Cobb angle was 110.5° (80°-145°) with a mean spine flexibility of 13%. Radiological parameters at different operative time points were analyzed (mean time of follow-up: 51 months).

Results

External appearance of all patients improved significantly. The average correction rate was 65.2% (ranging from 39.8% to 79.5%) with mean correction loss of 2.23° at the end of follow-up. No decompensation of trunk has been found. Mean distance between the midline of C7 and midsacral line was 1.19 cm ± 0.51. Two patients had neurological complications: one patient had motor deficit and recovered incompletely.

Conclusion

Staged operation and halo-pelvic traction offer a safe and effective way in treatment of severe rigid scoliosis. Patients whose Cobb angle was more than 80° and the flexibility of the spine was less than 20% should be treated in this way, and those whose flexibility of the spine was less than 10% and the Cobb angle remained more than 70° after 1st stage anterior release and halo-pelvic traction should undergo pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in the second surgery.     

体感诱发电位监测在脊柱畸形Ponte截骨矫形手术中的应用

[目的]探讨体感诱发电位(SEP)监测在脊柱畸形Ponte截骨矫形手术中的应用价值.[方法]对36例因脊柱畸形行Ponte截骨矫形手术的患者进行术中SEP监测,其中男10例,女26例;年龄6.5～45.2岁,平均18.8岁.成人脊柱侧凸8例,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸14例,先天性脊柱侧凸4例.手术均采用后路Ponte截骨矫形.SEPP40波幅下降＞50％和(或)潜伏期延长超过10％或波形消失为异常标准.[结果]截骨、减压和矫形过程中8例患者出现SEPP40波异常,立即停止手术操作,寻找原因,并作相应处理.其中2例因术中出血导致血压下降,1例为胸腰段截骨,1例为中胸段截骨:另4例考虑与手术操作因素有关.2例为中胸段,2例为胸腰段.2例同时有波幅下降＞50％和潜伏期延长超过10％患者.1例成人脊柱侧凸患者术后出现短期的神经功能障碍,1例成人脊柱侧凸患者术后神经功能正常.[结论]术中体感诱发电位监测可作为指示Ponte截骨矫形术中脊髓功能的重要手段,敏感性较高,对其变化应积极应对并正确处理,以避免脊髓损伤.