胆内瘘:附32例漏诊分析

目的:探讨胆内瘘术前漏诊的原因及减少漏诊的方法。方法:回顾性分析32例胆内瘘漏诊患者的临床资料,平均年龄52.1(25~72)岁,患者分别行B超,T管造影,消化道钡餐,胃镜,胆道镜,ERCP,PTC检查,所有患者均行手术治疗。结果:32例均为术前漏诊者,占同期收治的44例胆内瘘的72.73%。32例均术中确诊。结论:胆内瘘术前漏诊率高,应提高对该病的警惕性;注意寻找该病的特征性表现;尤其当B超发现有胆道积气时,应行进一步检查 如内镜和造影检查,这是提高术前诊断的重要方法。     

核因子-κappaB与肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨核因子-κappaB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)与肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)mRNA在肝细胞癌中表达的意义。 方法：采用化学发光凝胶电泳迁移率(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)的方法检测正常肝组织、肝血管瘤、肝癌癌灶及癌旁肝组织NF-κB的活性表达,用逆转录－聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果：正常肝组织、肝血管瘤TNF-α mRNA分别为0.24±0.12和0.21±0.10,显著低于癌旁肝组织和肝癌癌灶的0.36±0.16和0.68±0.21(P<0.05);正常肝组织、肝血管瘤NF-κB未被检测到明显的活性，而癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶NF-κB表达与正常肝组织及肝血管瘤组织比较差异具有显著性 (P<0.05)。癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶TNF-α mRNA表达与NF-κB的活性呈显著正相关(r=0.773,P<0.05; r=0.838,P<0.05)。 结论：NF-κB信号传导途径异常激活及TNF-α与肝细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。     

Poland 综合征合并乳癌1例

患者女,50岁。1个月前无意中发现左乳有一肿物,约花生米大小,自觉局部有时轻度刺痛,疼痛无规律及周期性,可自行好转,无乳头溢液,当时未在意,未予诊治。1个月来肿物有所增大入院,体查:双乳对称,乳头无畸形,皮肤色泽正常。左乳腺外下象限可扪及一1.5cm×1.0cm肿物,质韧,边界不清,移动度良好,无明显触痛,腋窝未触及肿大的淋巴结。诊断:左乳肿物。行手术治疗,术中冷冻切片报告:乳腺浸润性导管癌,行乳癌根治手术,术中游离乳腺时见腺体下方为肋骨及肋间肌,未见胸大、小肌,锁骨下及腋静脉浅面直接被皮肤及皮下脂肪覆盖。切除全部左侧乳腺和锁骨下及…     

23 COX-2和 HER-2在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

为研究COX 2和HER 2在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义以及两者的相互关系，笔者采用免疫组化法检测123例结直肠腺癌及其中的25例淋巴结转移灶组织、12例远癌肠黏膜组织、15例结直肠腺瘤性息肉组织COX 2和HER 2的表达情况。结果示，COX 2在远癌组织、腺瘤性息肉、腺癌中的高表达率分别为0%，33.3％，81.3％，三者差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;腺癌中COX 2的高表达与Dukes分期、淋巴结转移和浸润层次有关;HER 2的高表达在腺癌（67.5％）与腺瘤性息肉（80.0%）之间差异无统计学意义，但均高于远癌肠黏膜（33.3%）（P<0.05）;HER 2的胞膜高表达与浸润层次有关;在淋巴结转移灶中COX 2和HER 2具有相关性(χ2=3.949，P<0.05，c=0.3693）。提示 COX 2在正常组织、腺瘤性息肉及腺癌中的表达逐步上调;COX 2可能是结直肠癌发生的早期事件;COX 2的高表达及HER 2胞膜的高表达均与肿瘤侵袭性增高有关。     

部分门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏血管铸型变化的影响

目的：探讨用部分门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏微血管和组织学的影响。方法：建立大鼠部分门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的实验模型，观察该模型大鼠肝脏微血管和组织学的变化。结果：行门静脉动脉化手术后1个月动物肝脏组织未见明显异常。血管铸型标本显示肝窦略变粗，较正常充盈，肝窦无明显变形，仍呈放射状分布于中央静脉的周围。墨汁灌注标本显示肝窦内墨汁灌注规整，略显增宽，颜色均匀并加深。结论：部分门静脉动脉化后在近期内不影响肝脏的微血管及组织学结构。     

急性重症胆管炎168例临床分析

目的:探讨急性重症胆管炎（ACST）的早期诊断指标和手术时机的选择。方法:回顾性分析168例ACST临床资料。结果:所有患者均有胆道病史，有典型Charcot三联征者93例，有精神症状者37例，收缩压<90 mmHg或脉搏>120次/min者89例，体温>39 ℃者76例，上腹部腹膜炎体征114例。白细胞>20×109/L84例。手术治疗157例中痊愈135例，带T管出院16例，手术组死亡6例，死因为肝肾综合征1例，肝昏迷1例，ARDS 1例，多器官功能衰竭（MOF） 3例。非手术治疗11例全部死亡。结论:ACST的早期诊断，把握好手术时机，采用适当的手术方法早期手术，是降低病死率的有效方法。     

能稳定表达外源抑癌基因PTEN的胆管癌细胞系QBC939的建立

目的：为研究抑癌基因PTEN对胆管癌细胞生物学行为的影响，建立能稳定表达外源PTEN的胆管癌细胞系。方法：将野生型、突变型PTEN质粒和空载体质粒分别转化细菌，提取纯化后，脂质体介导法转染体外培养的胆管癌细胞系QBC939;嘌呤霉素筛选抗性克隆;Western blot 检测标签蛋白HA的表达;RT-PCR， Western blot和免疫细胞化学法分析目的基因PTEN的表达。结果：野生型、突变型PTEN和空载体转染细胞株均获得嘌呤霉素抗性;野生型和突变型PTEN转染细胞株均检测到ＨＡ的表达，而空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株均未检测到ＨＡ的表达;野生型及突变型PTEN转染细胞株中目的基因PTEN在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平上均较空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株增强。结论：成功构建了分别能稳定表达外源野生型PTEN，突变型PTEN或空载体pBP的胆管癌细胞系。     

纤维胆道镜保胆取石术

纤维胆道镜保胆取石术能弥补胆囊造瘘取石术和经皮胆镜碎石清除术的缺点。笔者仅就保胆的依据、保胆取石术的优势及其适应证和禁忌证、手术方法以及当前存在的争议等问题作一综述。     

胸腹联合伤48例诊治体会

回顾性分析1992年1月—2006年8月收治的48例胸腹联合伤患者的临床资料，其中车祸伤16例，刀刺伤10例，击打伤8例，坠落伤6例，挤压伤5例，枪击伤3例。形成创伤性膈疝16例。合并有血、气胸者38例，休克20例，创伤性湿肺11例。术前确诊41例，误诊7例，误诊率14.6％。45例行手术治疗，其中经左胸切口24例，经右胸切口7例，经腹、胸分别切口５例，经胸腹联合切口2例，经腹部切口４例，经双侧胸切口3例。治愈43例，死亡5例，病死率为10.4％。失血性休克是死亡的主要原因。胸腹联合伤病情复杂严重，易误诊，病死率高，临床应根据病史、体检、Ｘ线检查及穿刺引流等做出综合判断，对确诊及高度可疑病例应积极行手术治疗。     

严重肝外伤的手术处理：附28例报告

笔者回顾分析近5年来收治的28例严重肝外伤患者的临床资料。 严重肝外伤28例中治愈24例，死亡3例，放弃治疗1例。快速有效复苏、及时诊断、正确选择手术方法，是提高严重肝外伤救治成功的关键。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.