额部烧伤后瘢痕扩张鼻再造术

目的 探讨全面部烧伤鼻缺损选择修复的额部皮瓣鼻再造,修复后鼻外形、颜色和质地与烧伤面部匹配的状况.方法 选择全面部烧伤、额部遗留平整萎缩性瘢痕或接受过皮肤移植手术但额肌仍完整保留的患者,应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣再造全鼻.手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部瘢痕瓣扩张术;Ⅱ期行扩张额部组织瓣转移全鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣蒂修整术.结果 切取的扩张额部瘢痕皮瓣宽为7.0～7.8 cm,蒂长9.0～11.0 cm.其中2例患者再造鼻的单侧鼻翼和1例患者的鼻小柱皮肤部分坏死,经换药后痊愈.术后随访3～36个月,再造鼻颜色、质地、形态与烧伤面部相配,所有患者均对再造鼻外形效果满意.结论 应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻缺损,其皮肤颜色、质地与烧伤面部外形匹配,并在无支架埋置的状况下.鼻外形维持效果良好.     

扩张后额部带蒂皮瓣带游离肋软骨支架一次完成全鼻再造术

目的探讨扩张后额部带蒂皮瓣带自体肋软骨支架一次完成全鼻再造术的方法，方法自1994年以来，应用扩张后额部蒂皮瓣带自体肋软骨支架一次完成全鼻再造术，临床治疗6例，对修复缺损内衬和皮肤的准确设计，皮肤扩张器应用的方法，肋软骨支架的雕刻固定，皮瓣的设计，手术方法和术后鼻塞的应用作了详细的报告和讨论。结果，本组6例患者，肋软骨支架和皮瓣全部成活。结论，应用扩张后额部带蒂皮瓣带自体肋软骨支架行全鼻再造术成为首选治疗方案。     

预制扩张皮片作为鼻衬里的临床应用

目的探索全鼻再造过程中鼻衬里的处理方法。方法1999年1月~2005年3月,对6例全鼻缺损患者采用预制扩张皮片作衬里的额部扩张皮瓣再造全鼻,其中男2例,女4例;年龄6~53岁。鼠咬伤2例,车祸伤2例,电扇绞伤1例,鼻背黑色素瘤术后1例。鼻背黑色素瘤患者术中除保留双侧鼻翼脚、部分鼻中柱外,自鼻根将以下组织均予切除;其余5例双侧鼻翼均缺损,其中4例鼻翼脚尚存,1例鼻翼脚缺失,鼻中柱均大部分缺损,上唇不同程度畸形,鼻根以下组织缺损,鼻孔通气好。结果本组6例预制扩张的皮片成活良好,符合再造全鼻对鼻衬里的要求。术后获随访6个月~3年,再造鼻外观满意,双侧鼻孔通气良好。结论利用预制扩张皮片解决鼻再造的鼻衬里,是较为可靠且值得推广的一种方法。     

同期假体置入额部扩张皮瓣鼻再造术

目的：探讨同期假体置入使用额部扩张皮瓣行鼻再造的效果。方法：8例鼻缺损的患者,使用额部扩张皮瓣行鼻再造术,同期置入肋软骨或PTFE假体。结果：鼻再造术后随访1～5年,再造鼻均获成功,鼻的外形及通气功能良好,患者满意。结论：同期假体置入使用额部扩张皮瓣行鼻再造可以获得良好的效果。     

从美学角度对额部扩张皮瓣行外鼻重建术的改进

目的 探讨从美学角度重建外鼻的手术方法及优点.方法 对12例鼻下端缺损行额部扩张皮瓣修复,在额部帽状腱膜下方斜向置入皮肤软组织扩张器,采用常规扩张法注液,以鼻背皮肤及鼻端残余瘢痕和黏膜作为衬里,测量患者鼻翼或内眦间距,在扩张的皮肤上以此为基准按美学标准设计三叶肌皮瓣,向下翻转再造外鼻,按美容亚单位分区修剪皮瓣至不同层面并塑形.结果 12例鼻缺损患者术后无一例皮瓣坏死,随访6个月至1年,鼻形态自然、美观.结论 从美学角度按个体化标准化设计的三叶肌皮瓣再造全鼻安全、理想.术中皮瓣的塑形、血运良好的鼻衬里、鼻支架的Ⅰ期置入也是鼻形态良好的关键.     

额部扩张皮瓣半鼻再造术

目的：介绍应用额部扩张皮瓣进行半鼻再造的体会。方法：总结9例采用扩张后的额部皮瓣转移后作为再造鼻的皮肤覆盖,局部翻转皮瓣作为鼻腔衬里,移植肋软骨或耳甲软骨重建鼻支持组织的手术方法。结果：9例中8例获得满意效果,再造半鼻与健侧基本对称。1例额部扩张皮瓣远端淤血坏死。结论：应用额部扩张皮瓣进行半鼻再造是可行的。     

超薄扩张皮瓣自体肋软骨支架耳廓再造术

目的:探讨超薄扩张皮瓣自体肋软骨支架耳廓再造术的临床效果。方法:采用乳突区皮肤扩张,自体肋软骨支架耳廓再造。结果:1例皮肤扩张器外露,其余11例患者手术成功。再造耳廓大小、外形与健侧相似,医患双方满意。结论:耳后乳突区皮肤扩张后皮瓣薄,自体肋软骨作为耳支架耳廓再造,术后耳廓外形逼真、立体感强,是目前最可靠和最可取的方法。     

扩张皮肤覆盖肋软骨立体耳郭支架耳郭再造术

目的 完善和探讨以扩张皮肤覆盖肋软骨立体耳郭支架行耳郭再造的方法和疗效.方法 自1991年10月至2010年5月,对300例耳缺损患者行全耳再造术.于耳前至乳突发际缘行皮肤软组织扩张术,根据健侧耳的大小和形态,以及患者自身情况制作耳郭热塑模型;将热塑模型置入扩张皮肤的剥离腔隙,使扩张的皮肤完全覆盖模型,定位再造耳郭.取出模型作为参照制作肋软骨立体耳郭支架;将耳郭支架植入覆盖模型的扩张皮肤后,行贯穿纱布丁缝合固定;最后于再造耳郭的表面行石膏外固定,以对抗术后早期耳郭皮肤的收缩.结果 术后随访234例患者l~24个月,其中耳甲腔皮肤过薄造成皮肤破裂者5例,经换药处理后痊愈;支架倒塌后造成耳郭与颅面帖合者8例,扩张皮肤不允足造成耳郭位置或角度不当者23例,经二次修复术后获得改善;其余患者均获得良好的再造效果.结论 采用扩张皮肤、自体肋软骨立体耳郭支架,辅以耳郭热塑模型及石膏外固定,能取得良好的耳郭再造效果:     

耳后扩张皮瓣联合肋软骨移植修复外伤性耳缺损

目的 探讨扩张皮瓣法联合自体肋软骨支架修复外伤性耳缺损的临床效果.方法 2008年8月至2010年8月,采用扩张皮瓣法联合自体肋软骨支架移植治疗外伤性外耳缺损患者10例,手术分2期,一期在局麻下行耳后50 ml扩张器植入术,术后1周开始注水,平均注水60 ml.二期行耳后扩张器取出、自体肋软骨支架移植、扩张皮瓣转移、中厚植皮、耳廓成形术.结果 10例患者术后伤口均愈合良好,无并发症发生;均获6个月至2年随访,术后患者再造耳廓形态良好,外耳解剖结构清晰,位置、大小、形态与健侧基本一致.结论扩张皮瓣法联合肋软骨支架移植是修复外伤性耳缺损的一种可靠有效的方法.     

先天性小耳畸形行自体肋软骨雕刻植入术的围术期护理

对12例先天性小耳畸形患者应用自体肋软骨做耳支架及乳突区皮肤覆盖分二期行全耳廓再造。术后随访6～18个月,再造耳廓皮瓣色泽红润,移植软骨支架无软化、吸收、变形,再造耳廓位置、形态、大小和对侧相似;拥有良好的颅耳角,患者对再造耳满意。提出术前做好患者及家属的心理护理,术后加强生命体征和皮瓣的观察,对保障术耳外形满意有重要作用。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.