拔T管后致胆汁性腹膜炎35例诊治体会（附4例典型病例分析）

目的 探讨拔除“T”管后致胆汁性腹膜炎的原因及防治策略。方法 回顾性总结1992年6月～2003年5月收治的35例拔除T管后发生胆漏病例，通过对4例典型胆汁性腹膜炎的分析，阐明了胆漏发生的原因、诊治方法及预防。结果 35例胆漏致胆汁性腹膜炎病人中，经非手术治疗治愈24例，占68。6％，手术治疗11例，占31．4％，无1例死亡。结论 拔T管后发生胆汁性腹膜炎主要与腹腔内窦道粘连形成不良及医源性因素有关。胆漏发生后应根据胆漏量的大小，病情轻重选择手术治疗或非手术治疗。再次手术时因肝门处广泛粘连，炎性水肿，有时很难找到原T管漏口，无法重置T管，而单纯腹腔引流效果欠佳，本组2例病人在腹腔引流后行经内镜作鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)，其效果满意，值得推广。预防应从术前、术中、术后、拔T管时4个环节着手。     

拔T管后腹腔内胆漏致胆汁性腹膜炎20例临床分析

目的探讨拔除T管后发生腹腔内胆漏致胆汁性腹膜炎的原因及其防治方法。方法对我院2001年4月-2008年4月行胆道探查＋T管引流术后T拔管除时发生腹腔内胆漏致胆汁性腹膜炎20例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果经保守治疗治愈18例，其中，经窦道置入尿管引流16例，经逆行胰胆管鼻胆管引流治愈2例；经再次手术治愈2例。结论胆漏的发生与医源性因素、使用的材料及病人的自身因素有关；大多数胆漏能通过非手术方法治愈；应严格掌握手术的适应证。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术后胆漏的原因及对策

目的分析腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术后胆漏的原因，探讨预防方法及处理措施。方法回顾性分析1992年6月～2007年10月776例腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术后36例胆漏患者的临床资料，、结果胆管切口胆汁渗漏34例，其中经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流治愈29例、再次开腹置T管及腹腔引流管引流治愈1例、再次经腹腔镜下置多根腹腔引流管引流治愈1例、再次经腹腔镜下经胆囊管残端置输尿管导管及腹腔引流管引流治愈l例、行内镜鼻胆管引流治愈2例经胆囊管残端放置的输尿管导管脱落而导致胆汁性腹膜炎2例．再次腹腔镜下经胆囊管残端放置输尿管导管及腹腔引流管1例和放置T管及腹腔引流管1例而治愈.结论腹腔镜胆总管探查即时缝合术后胆管切口胆汁渗漏和输尿管导管脱落是胆漏的主要原因．保持或建立通畅的腹腔引流或胆管引流是治疗胆漏的主要处理措施．     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术后一期缝合与置T管引流的比较

传统的胆总管探查术(common bile duct exploration,CBDE)强调放置T管引流,防止术后出现胆漏及胆总管狭窄,已成为胆道外科治疗常规之一.但腹腔镜胆总管探查术后放置胆管引流管增加了住院时间和拔除T管后并发症的发生率,并且增加了患者长期带T管的痛苦,严重影响了生活质量.而胆管一期缝合却因术后胆漏等原因未能得到推广.胆管一期缝合术后引起胆漏的常见原因有:粗针大线缝合,在针眼处渗漏胆汁;胆管内结石未取干净,引起胆管梗阻,胆道内压力升高,缝合口处渗漏胆汁;胆道探查和取石的过程中造成医源性胆管内壁损伤,术后胆管黏膜水肿,胆道内压力升高而出现胆漏.     

27例胆道手术后胆漏的原因及治疗

目的 探讨胆道术后发生胆漏的原因及其预防措施与治疗方法。方法 对1991-2000年间3786例胆道术后发生胆漏的27例临床资料作回顾性分析,结果 27例术后发生胆漏的原因为肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤8例,胆总管癌切开探查后胆漏1例,胆囊管或胆囊颈部残端漏7例,T管早期滑脱或拔T管后胆漏10例,T管引流术后护理不当1例,本组保守治疗21例（78%）,再手术治疗6例（22%）;除1例胆管癌晚期自动出院外,其余均痊愈出院。结论 胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术及拔T管后,主要原因为与肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤,局部炎症和操作不当等有关,胆漏发生后应根据腹膜炎的轻重,胆道有无梗阻以及腹腔引流是否通畅等选择保守治疗与再手术治疗。     

����������©��ԭ����������ƣ���28�����棩

目的　探讨胆道手术后发生胆漏的原因及其预防与治疗方法。方法　对浙江省平湖市中医院 1994~2003年间胆道术后发生胆漏的 28例临床资料作回顾性分析。结果　术后发生胆漏的原因为肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤 15例,胆总管癌切开探查后胆漏 1例,胆囊管残端漏 1例,T管早期滑脱或拔T管后胆漏 10例,T管引流术后护理不当 1例。保守治疗 21例(75% ),再手术 7例 (25% ),除 1例胆管癌晚期自动出院外其余均痊愈出院。结论　胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术、胆道手术及拔T管后,主要原因与肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤、局部炎症和操作不当等有关。胆漏发生后应根据腹膜炎的轻重,有无胆道梗阻以及腹腔引流是否通畅等选择保守治疗或再手术治疗。     

胆道手术后并发胆漏的诊断和治疗

目的探讨胆道手术后并发胆漏的诊治方法和预防措施。方法 2011-01—2016-01共收治12例胆道手术后并发胆漏的患者。对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 5例LC术后胆漏及3例胆总管切开取石T引流术后胆漏患者,经保持腹腔引流管通畅、营养支持及预防感染等治疗,2~3周治愈;1例胆总管切开取石T管引流患者因非计划拔管和3例LC胆总管侧壁损伤患者,因并发胆汁性腹膜炎,再次给予开腹探查放置T管引流,术后3周拔除T管愈合。结论对于胆道手术后并发胆漏的患者尽早确诊,并采用合理的治疗方法,能有效提高术后胆漏的治疗效果。扎实的解剖学基础,熟练的手术技能、规范进行手术操作和通畅的引流是预防发生胆漏的关键。     

同期两镜或三镜下留置输尿管导管胆管引流207例

目的总结运用同期两镜或三镜术中留置输尿管导管胆管引流的治疗经验。方法从1992年10月-2014年8月,我们运用同期两镜或三镜术中留置输尿管导管胆管引流的手术方式,即腹腔镜术中经胆囊管残端输尿管导管胆管引流术（LUD）,对207例患者进行治疗。结果 181例胆管引流获得成功（87.4%）。输尿管导管插管失败12例（5.8%）,其中中转为鼻胆管引流7例,T管引流2例,放弃胆管引流3例。输尿管导管打折或堵塞导致无任何液体流出2例（1.0%）。输尿管导管早期滑脱导致胆汁性腹膜炎2例（1.0%）,再次腹腔镜下放置输尿管导管及腹腔引流管1例和放置T管及腹腔引流管1例而治愈。术后胆漏4例（1.9%）,经腹腔引流管引流自愈。乳头切开术后发生轻症胰腺炎3例（1.4%）。术后经输尿管导管胆管造影无残石,胆管切口一期缝合术后有轻度狭窄影像2例未处理,乳头区狭窄影像1例未处理。无其他严重并发症,无死亡。结论只要选择合适的病例,同期两镜或三镜术中留置输尿管导管胆管引流是可行、有效和安全的。     

鼻胆管替代T管在老年胆道外科中的应用

目的 研究鼻胆管代替T管在胆总管切开后一期缝合中的作用。方法 ERCP后置入鼻胆管引流，手术中行胆总管切开取石后一期缝合胆总管，共26例。结果（1）患者术后住院天数明显减少（P＜0．01）。胆总管切开放置T管的患者，术后至少2周以上才能拔除T管，有时为了防止胆漏的发生，T管放置时间月余。（2）由于鼻胆管放置时间较短，胆汁的丢失明显减少，可防止大量的消化液，电触质及消化酶的损失（P＜0．01）不会引起电解质紊乱，消化不良，食欲减退(3)鼻胆管术后3－7d就可拔除，免除长期带T管给患者带来的痛苦。（4）减少术后并发症，特别是拔T管后的胆汗性腹膜炎。（5）节省住院费用，结论 胆总管切开取石后鼻胆管可以代替T管的作用，减少了T管引起的并发症。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后迟发性迷走胆管漏的预防及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后迟发性迷走胆管漏的诊断、治疗及经验教训。方法对1997年2月～2009年8月13例LC后迟发性迷走胆管漏,分别采用开腹胆总管切开、T管引流（1例）,超声定位下腹腔置管引流术（2例）及超声定位下腹腔置管联合ERCP、ENBD（10例）3种方法进行治疗。结果 13例经腹部B超及腹腔穿刺后确诊为迟发性迷走胆管漏,1例因休克急诊行开腹胆总管切开、T管引流术,2例行腹部B超定位下腹腔置管引流术,10例行腹部B超定位下腹腔置管引流、ENBD。2例选择胆囊窝积液区穿刺腹腔置管及ENBD后腹部症状及体征未完全消失,复查腹部B超仍提示腹腔积液,在超声定位下取右下腹麦氏点穿刺置管引流后胆漏停止、腹部症状及体征完全消失。1例迷走胆管漏并发休克,纠正休克后急诊行腹腔探查、胆管切开引流术,术中出现呼吸、心跳骤停,心肺复苏成功,术中经胆总管注水发现胆囊床有直径约0.2mm胆管漏胆,放置T管缝合管壁后,T管缝线针眼渗胆,术后再次出现胆漏,经充分引流等治疗32 d后痊愈。腹部B超定位下腹腔置管引流术,治愈时间12、15 d,平均13.5 d。腹部B超定位下腹腔置管引流、ENBD,治愈时间2～5 d,平均2.8 d。12例随访12～24个月,平均15个月,无胆道狭窄、肠梗阻、胆管结石及其他并发症出现。结论 采用腹部B超定位下腹腔穿刺置管引流联合ENBD胆管减压治疗LC后迷走胆管漏,能达到开腹手术引流胆汁、胆道减压的效果,且具有创伤小,痛苦少,恢复快及住院时间短等优点,值得推广应用。     

胆道梗阻经内镜引流术的体会

目的探讨经内镜胆道引流治疗胆道梗阻的可行性和疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2003年3月~2004年10月对96例胆道梗阻病例进行103例次内镜下胆道引流的诊治经过,分析其黄疸改善情况、支架通畅率及生存期。结果操作成功率为93.6%。良性胆道梗阻者总有效率为86.7%,恶性梗阻者为88.0%。ERBD组3、6、12月生存率分别为45.8%、33.3%、0;EMBE组分别为100%、76.9%、30.7%。EMBE支架通畅率与平均引流时间均优于ERBD者(P<0.01)。结论经内镜胆道引流治疗老年人良、恶性胆道梗阻疗效确切,可达到减黄、减压、延长生存期的目的。     

肝外胆道变异与医源性胆管损伤

医源性胆道损伤(iatrogenic bile duct injury)是每一位胆道外科医生职业生涯中难以回避的困扰,发生率约0.5%.究其原因与肝外胆道的解剖变异较为复杂密切相关,胆囊和肝外胆道的解剖变异发生率可高达50%.本文就肝外胆道变异与胆管损伤的关系加以探讨.     

恶性胆道梗阻的经皮胆道介入治疗

目的　探讨如何改进恶性胆道梗阻的介入治疗。方法　对 35例确诊为恶性胆道梗阻的患者 ,先经皮肝穿刺胆道造影确定梗阻部位 ,再选择合适的胆管穿刺 ,置入导丝至十二指肠 ,经导丝放置引流管行胆道内外引流。其中 6例立即放置可膨式金属支架 ,8例 2周后放置。结果　 3例术后1个月后死亡 ,其余术后血胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶较术前下降明显。随访 32例 ,6个月生存率占 5 6 %。结论　对于恶性梗阻性黄疸 ,经皮胆道介入治疗能延长生存时间 ,减轻痛苦 ,改善生活质量     

Multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts in children with biliary atresia

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical course, and outcome of multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts in patients with biliary atresia. Methods: From 1992 to 2000, 154 patients with biliary atresia were examined for intrahepatic cysts. They were followed and examined routinely using abdominal ultrasonography. Results: Twenty-three patients had single intrahepatic cysts, and 16 patients had multiple cysts. The incidence of intrahepatic cysts in these patients were 25.3% (39 of 154) for all kinds of cysts and 10.4% (16 of 154) for multiple intrahepatic cysts. Of the 16 patients with multiple cysts, 13 (81.3%) had jaundice, and 15 (93.8%) had a history of cholangitis before cysts were detected. Image studies showed multiple discrete ovoid or round intrahepatic biliary cysts with various sizes along the biliary trees. The cysts decreased in size or number in 7 patients after antibiotic treatment and disappeared in only one patient. The mortality rate was higher in patients with multiple cysts than in those with single cysts (P = .037). Conclusions: Multiple intrahepatic biliary cysts are a common complication in patients with biliary atresia and suggests a poor prognosis. Prolonged parenteral antibiotics treatment should be administered when signs of biliary infection appear. J Pediatr Surg 37:1183-1187.     

Adjuvant therapies using biliary stenting for malignant biliary obstruction

The aim of this study was to analyze the patency of expandable metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction and to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant therapy accompanied by biliary stenting. We analyzed 29 patients in whom bile duct stenting was performed for malignant biliary obstruction. Their types of disease were: hilar ductal carcinoma (n = 8), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 11), and pancreatic carcinoma (n = 10). Initially, 46 expandable metallic stents were placed in 29 patients. In 23 of the 29 patients, adjuvant therapy was administered. Seventeen patients underwent radiotherapy, and 16 patients received various systemic chemotherapies. In principle, hyperthermia was performed twice a week, simultaneously with radiotherapy. Patient survival and the probability of stent patency were calculated using actuarial life table analysis. There was no significant difference in stent patency among the patients according to type of disease. Hyperthermia did not influence the stent patency rate. The median stent patency time was significantly greater in the chemo-radiation group than in the no-adjuvant therapy group: 182 days versus 68 days, respectively (P = 0.017). Moreover, a significant increase was seen in the median survival time in the chemo-radiation group: 261 days versus 109 days (P = 0.0337). Complications occurred in 9 patients (31.0%). Stent occlusion occurred in 6 patients (20.7%), with all of these patients managed successfully using a transhepatically placed new expandable metallic stent, employing the stent-in-stent method. Stent migration occurred in 2 patients after radiotherapy. Adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, in combination with stent insertion, resulted in an increase in the patency period of expandable metallic stents and in increased patient survival time. Received: August 18, 2000 / Accepted: December 1, 2000     

Preoperative biliary drainage for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

We posed six clinical questions (CQ) on preoperative biliary drainage and organized all pertinent evidence regarding these questions. CQ 1. Is preoperative biliary drainage necessary for patients with jaundice? The indications for preoperative drainage for jaundiced patients are changing greatly. Many reports state that, excluding conditions such as cholangitis and liver dysfunction, biliary drainage is not necessary before pancreatoduodenectomy or less invasive surgery. However, the morbidity and mortality of extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer is still high, and the most common cause of death is hepatic failure; therefore, preoperative biliary drainage is desirable in patients who are to undergo extended hepatectomy. CQ 2. What procedures are appropriate for preoperative biliary drainage? There are three methods of biliary drainage: percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD), endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) or endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD), and surgical drainage. ERBD is an internal drainage method, and PTBD and ENBD are external methods. However, there are no reports of comparisons of preoperative biliary drainage methods using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Thus, at this point, a method should be used that can be safely performed with the equipment and techniques available at each facility. CQ 3. Which is better, unilateral or bilateral biliary drainage, in malignant hilar obstruction? Unilateral biliary drainage of the future remnant hepatic lobe is usually enough even when intrahepatic bile ducts are separated into multiple units due to hilar malignancy. Bilateral biliary drainage should be considered in the following cases: those in which the operative procedure is difficult to determine before biliary drainage; those in which cholangitis has developed after unilateral drainage; and those in which the decrease in serum bilirubin after unilateral drainage is very slow. CQ 4. What is the best treatment for post-drainage fever? The most likely cause of high fever in patients with biliary drainage is cholangitis due to problems with the existing drainage catheter or segmental cholangitis if an undrained segment is left. In the latter case, urgent drainage is required. CQ 5. Is bile culture necessary in patients with biliary drainage who are to undergo surgery? Monitoring of bile cultures is necessary for patients with biliary drainage to determine the appropriate use of antibiotics during the perioperative period. CQ 6. Is bile replacement useful for patients with external biliary drainage? Maintenance of the enterohepatic bile circulation is vitally important. Thus, preoperative bile replacement in patients with external biliary drainage is very likely to be effective when highly invasive surgery (e.g., extended hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma) is planned.