舒芬太尼和芬太尼对男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置反应的作用

目的 观察舒芬太尼和芬太尼对全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适反应的作用.方法 择期手术男性患者200例,年龄20～65岁,随机均分为舒芬太尼组(S组)、芬太尼组(F组)两组:S、F两组分别静注舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg或芬太尼5 μg/kg、咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg实施麻醉诱导.术中瑞芬太尼0.3 μg·kg-1·min-1、丙泊酚4～6 mg·kg-1·min-1泵入维持麻醉,阿曲库铵间断推注.两组均在全麻诱导后留置导尿管,手术结束前10 min停用丙泊酚,S组追加舒芬太尼5 μg,F组追加芬太尼50 μg.苏醒期观察患者的BP、HR,对导尿管留置不适的影响程度进行评估.结果 S组术后血流动力学更平稳,中度以上导尿管不适发生率明显低于F组(P＜0.01).结论 舒芬太尼比芬太尼更能减轻患者全麻苏醒期导尿管不适反应.     

常用剂量芬太尼与舒芬太尼对术前压力反射敏感性的影响

目的研究临床常用剂量的芬太尼和舒芬太尼对患者术前压力反射敏感性(BRS)的影响。方法择期全麻剖胸手术患者60例,年龄18~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为芬太尼组(F组)和舒芬太尼组(S组),组内按照不同用药剂量再分为三个亚组:F1组、F2组、F3组分别输注芬太尼2、4、6μg/kg,S1组、S2组、S3组分别输注舒芬太尼0.2、0.4、0.6μg/kg。记录入室后和给药后BRS。结果给药后F3、S2、S3组BRS均显著降低,分别下降(34.1±11.0)%、(33.5±13.0)%、(45.0±15.0)%(P<0.05)。结论临床常用剂量芬太尼和舒芬太尼均能降低BRS,尤以芬太尼>6μg/kg、舒芬太尼>0.4μg/kg最明显。等效剂量舒芬太尼较芬太尼对压力反射的抑制作用更显著。     

舒芬太尼在术后皮下镇痛中的应用

目的 比较舒芬太尼与芬太尼术后皮下给药的镇痛效果.方法 90例17～75岁患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组.每组45例.分别用舒芬太尼100 μg+利多卡因200 mg+地塞米松10 mg和芬太尼1 mg+利多卡因200 mg+地塞米松10 ng行皮下自控镇痛.观察术后4、8、24及48 h镇痛效果,记录药物追加按压次数.结果 术后8～48 h S组VAS评分明显低于F组(P<0.05或P<0.01).自控按压次数舒芬太尼和芬太尼组差异无统计学意义.结论 舒芬太尼术后皮下镇痛效果优于芬太尼.     

萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼在上肢手术术后静脉镇痛中的应用

【摘要】〓目的〓观察萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼在上肢手术术后自控静脉镇痛中(PCIA)的效果。方法〓选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行锁骨和上肢手术的患者90例,均采用臂丛神经阻滞,麻醉效果满意,术后行PCIA,随机分为三组:芬太尼组(F组)、舒芬太尼组(SF组)、萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼组(SF+N组),每组30例。3组PCIA配方分别是:①F组:芬太尼20 μg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL;②SF组:舒芬太尼2.0 μg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL;③SF+N组:舒芬太尼1.5 μg/kg+萘普生钠10 mg/kg+盐酸昂丹司琼0.15 mg/kg,加生理盐水稀释至100 mL。观察3组患者术后2、6、12、24、48 h视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静程度评分(Ramesy)、48 h内患者自控镇痛(PCA)按压次数及不良反应的情况。结果〓3组配方均能为患者提供良好的术后镇痛,3组患者总的PCA按压次数差异无统计学意义。SF+N组患者的VAS评分、Ramesy镇静评分与另二组无显著差异(P>0.05),但患者术后的不良反应SF+N组显著少于F组和SF组(P<0.05),总体满意度高。结论〓萘普生钠联合舒芬太尼用于上肢手术术后静脉镇痛,镇痛效果确切、副作用低和满意度高。     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环(CPB)先天性心脏病手术患儿的应激反应.方法 择期拟在体外循环下行先天性心脏病手术患儿24例,年龄2～6岁,随机分为2组(n=12):舒芬太尼复合麻醉组(S组)和芬太尼复合麻醉组(F组).静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),气管插管后机械通气,切皮前两组静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨前静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼10 μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨后静脉输注异丙酚6～9 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),按需间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg维持麻醉.转流前体外循环机内加入眯达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,S组静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5 μg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼10 μg/kg.于入室(T_1)、麻醉诱导前即刻(T_2)、气管插管后1 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)、10 min(T_5)、切皮后1 min(T_6)、劈胸骨后1 min(T_7)时记录MAP、HR.于T_1、T_3、T_7、复温即刻(T_8)、停CPB后10 min(T_9)、术后24 h(T_10)时抽取桡动脉血样5 ml,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素、乳酸、血糖浓度.结果 两组MAP和HR均在正常范围内.与F组比较,S组血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素和乳酸浓度降低(P<0.05或0.01),血糖浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与T_1时比较,两组T_(7,9,10)时血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、胰高血糖素和血糖浓度升高,T_(7,9,10)时皮质醇浓度升高,T_(8～10)时乳酸浓度升高(P<0.05).结论 与芬太尼复合麻醉相比,舒芬太尼复合麻醉可更有效地抑制体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应.     

等效镇痛剂量瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼和芬太尼的镇静效应和不良反应的比较

目的 比较等效镇痛剂量瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼和芬太尼的镇静效应和不良反应.方法 拟行腹腔镜手术的女性患者80例,年龄18～39岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m2,身高155～175 cm,ASA分级Ⅰ级.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为4组(n=20):对照组(C组)、瑞芬太尼组(R组)、舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组).R组、S组和F组分别经2 min静脉注射瑞芬太尼2 μg/kg、舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg,C组给予等容量生理盐水10 ml.分别于给药前(基础状态)、给药后2、4、6、8、10 min时记录警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S评分)、小波指数(WLI)和呼吸频率(RR).计算给药后各时间点OAA/S评分、WLI、RR与基础值的差值,分别用dOAA/S评分、dWLI、dRR表示,采用梯形法计算给药后10 min内dOAA/S评分、dWLI和dRR的曲线下面积(AUC).记录给药后10 min内呼吸暂停、肌肉强直、恶心呕吐、瘙痒、头晕、心动过缓、大汗和皮疹等的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,R组、S组和F组给药后OAA/S评分、WLI和RR的最低值降低,dOAA/SAPC、dWLIAPC,和dRRAPC均升高(P＜0.05);R组、S组和F组dOAA/SAPC的比值为1.05∶1.99∶1,dWLIAPC的比值为1.34∶3.31∶1,dRRAPC的比值为1.95∶1.37∶1.与C组比较,R组呼吸暂停、恶心呕吐、瘙痒和头晕的发生率升高,S组瘙痒和头晕的发生率升高,F组头晕发生率升高(P＜0.05).结论 上述3种药物等效镇痛剂量用于清醒镇静时,舒芬太尼的镇静作用最强,瑞芬太尼的呼吸抑制作用最明显.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼在肝炎产妇剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛中的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼在肝炎产妇剖宫产术后静脉自控镇痛(FCIA)中的效果与安全性.方法 120例择期行剖宫产术肝炎产妇,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组),术后采用PCIA.S组舒芬太尼2μg/kg+阿扎司琼10mg+生理盐水至100 ml;F组芬太尼20 μg/kg+阿扎司琼10 mg+生理盐水至100 ml.记录术后4、8、12、24、48h的VAS镇痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分、BCS舒适度评分;术前及术后第3天的肝功能指标;术后48h内恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率.结果 术后4、8、12、24hS组VAS评分明显低于F组(P＜0.05).术后4、8、12hS组Ramsay评分、BCS评分显著高于F组(P＜0.05).术后48h内S组恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于F组(P＜0.05);两组患者术后第3天的肝功能与术前差异无统计学意义.结论 舒芬太尼镇痛作用优于芬太尼,不良反应轻,对肝炎产妇的肝功能影响不大,可以安全地应用于肝炎产妇剖宫产术后的PCIA.     

舒芬太尼复合氟比洛芬酯预防胸腔镜手术全麻苏醒期躁动的临床观察

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合氟比洛芬醋预防胸腔镜手术全麻苏醒期躁动的效果与安全性.方法 择期行胸腔镜手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,分别于术毕前20 min静脉注射舒芬太尼0.15 μg/kg(S组),舒芬太尼0.08 μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯50 mg(F组),2 ml生理盐水(C组).观察术后躁动程度,并记录恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生率.结果 S组与F组躁动发生率明显低于C组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼复合氟比洛芬酯可以明显减少胸腔镜手术全麻苏醒期躁动的发生,并减少舒芬太尼和曲马多用量.     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于冠状动脉搭桥术麻醉时血液动力学变化的观察

目的比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)麻醉时的血液动力学变化。方法79例择期在全麻低温心肺转流(CPB)下行CABG病人,随机分为芬太尼组(F组,n=38)和舒芬太尼组(S组,n=41)。F组以芬太尼10~20μg/kg、S组以舒芬太尼1~2μg/kg,分别配伍咪唑安定、依托咪酯缓慢诱导。F组间断静注芬太尼5~10μg/kg、S组间断静注舒芬太尼0·5~1·0μg/kg,持续吸入异氟醚维持麻醉。连续监测HR、BP、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、肺动脉压(PAP)、CVP、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、肺血管阻力(PVR)、周身血管阻力(SVR)、混合静脉血氧饱和度(SV-O2)。结果与芬太尼相比,舒芬太尼合理伍用咪唑安定、依托咪酯,可使麻醉诱导更平稳;舒芬太尼复合异氟醚麻醉血液动力学更稳定;舒芬太尼可获得较芬太尼高的CO和CI、较低的SVR和PCWP。结论舒芬太尼用于CABG麻醉更容易维持血液动力学稳定,麻醉效果更佳、安全性更高。     

等效剂量芬太尼、舒芬太尼和雷米芬太尼诱发咳嗽的比较

目的比较等效剂量芬太尼、舒芬太尼和雷米芬太尼诱发咳嗽的发生率和严重程度。方法 315例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级患者随机均分为三组,分别在5s内注入芬太尼2μg/kg(芬太尼组)、舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg(舒芬太尼组)、雷米芬太尼2μg/kg(雷米芬太尼组)。观察注药后2min内咳嗽的发生率及严重程度、SpO2及咳嗽患者的SBP和HR变化。结果雷米芬太尼组咳嗽的发生率为54.3%,明显高于芬太尼组的33.3%和舒芬太尼组的30.5%(P0.01);雷米芬太尼组咳嗽的程度比芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组严重(P0.01)。咳嗽患者的SBP从基础值(128±12)mmHg升高至(139±16)mmHg(P0.01),HR从基础值(74±10)次/分增快至(87±16)次/分(P0.01)。给药2min内,59%的雷米芬太尼组患者因低氧血症(SpO290%)需面罩辅助通气,而芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组患者未发生低氧血症。结论与等效剂量的芬太尼或舒芬太尼相比,雷米芬太尼诱发咳嗽的发生率更高,程度更严重。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.