基于膜解剖的开放前入路腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术

目的通过对腹股沟区膜解剖的了解，辨认开放腹膜前入路手术的正确层面，减少术后复发率和并发症。 方法对2006年1月至2018年3月东莞茶山医院450例原发性腹股沟疝患者进行术中观察、组织学分析和术后长期随访。 结果腹股沟管有两个内环（中间环和内环）。进入Bogros间隙的"门户"是腹膜和腹膜前筋膜深层之间，而进入Retzius间隙的层面则是腹横筋膜和腹膜前筋膜浅层之间，这两个不连续的膜层面通过切开腹壁下血管处间隙韧带而贯通为一体的腹膜前间隙。术后随访平均53个月，慢性疼痛发生率和复发率均低于1%。 结论熟悉腹股沟区膜结构的解剖有助于提高开放腹膜前疝修补术的安全性和可靠性，减少手术并发症和复发率。     

精确膜解剖在开放前入路腹膜前无张力腹股沟疝修补术的临床应用：附视频

目的通过对腹股沟管内、外环和腹膜前间隙膜的精确解剖,辨认开放前入路腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术的正确入路层面,减少术后复发率和并发症。方法对600例(628侧)原发性腹股沟疝患者进行术中解剖观察和术后长期随访。切开腹股沟管第一外环显露腹股沟管,切开第二内环进入Bogros间隙,在此分离还纳疝囊并精索壁化,然后切开腹壁下血管内下侧的腹横筋膜进入Retzius间隙。最后切断间隙韧带,将两个不同解剖层面的间隙贯通为一体的腹膜前间隙,放置补片修补耻骨肌孔。结果本组600例平均手术时间(50±10)min,平均住院时间(7±2.1)d。术中腹膜损伤23例(3.8%),均立即缝合。术后血肿16例(2.6%),血清肿11例(1.8%),5例慢性疼痛患者中有1例行腹股沟神经封闭理疗。随访12～100个月,平均53个月(随访率83.3%),复发4例。结论腹股沟管内、外环及其膜结构和腹膜前间隙膜的精确辨认和解剖,有助于提高开放前入路腹膜前疝修补术的安全性和可靠性,减少手术并发症和复发率。     

人工弓状线切开技术在弓状线变异腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术中的应用：附视频

目的探讨人工弓状线切开技术在变异弓状线病例腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术（TEP）应用的可靠性、安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析2016年7月至2019年8月广东医科大学茶山医院施行TEP的60例弓状线变异患者资料，在脐与耻骨联合连线中点人为切开腹直肌后鞘及其后面的腹横筋膜创建一条人工弓状线，并对其后面的腹膜前间隙进分离。影像记录弓状线的形态和手术步骤。 结果低位弓状线50例（83.3%），位于脐下8~12 cm，表现为不完整的腹直肌后鞘，向下呈逐渐变薄、变少的散在纤维。无弓状线10例（16.7%），有完整的腹直肌后鞘并一直延伸至耻骨。以人工弓状线为界分为两个层面，前面的是腹直肌后间隙，后面是腹膜前间隙，位于腹横筋膜（含有后鞘）与腹膜前筋膜浅层之间，是TEP理想的分离层面，沿此间隙向下分离与Retzius间隙相连，然后向外分离Bogros间隙。本组平均手术时间（130±15）min，术中腹膜损伤率8.3%（5/60）。术后发生血肿3例，血清肿2例，皮下气肿3例，无慢性疼痛病例。术后平均随访25个月，无复发病例。 结论人工弓状线切开技术在低位和无弓状线患者的TEP手术中安全有效、简单可靠，值得推广。     

基于膜解剖的腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术

正【内容简介】腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal, TEP)是目前较为理想的疝修补术,但面临腹膜前间隙结构解剖复杂、空间狭小、手术难度大、学习曲线长等问题。该手术视频案例直观细致地剖析了腹股沟区的膜结构与弓状线、腹壁下血管、Retzius和Bogros间隙关系等,旨在通过充分熟悉腹股沟区膜结构的解剖情况从而提高手术的安全性和有效性,减少手术并发症和复发率。     

后腹腔镜下肾筋膜应用解剖分型

目的:观察后腹腔镜下肾筋膜的应用解剖分型,为泌尿外科后腹腔镜手术的深入开展提供活体形态学基础.方法:2000年2月～2009年2月,对453例行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术.术中采用自制气囊扩张腹膜后间隙,建立人工气腹后,常规清理腹膜外脂肪组织,观察肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的后腹腔镜下解剖特点,并用照片和(或)视频的方式记录解剖学特征.421例镜下肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的解剖资料记录完整.结果:肾筋膜外侧延伸和附着的镜下解剖形态分为三型.Ⅰ型:肾前、后筋膜在肾外侧融合成单一的侧锥筋膜;Ⅱ型:肾后筋膜的外侧份分为前、后两层.前层于肾外侧续于肾前筋膜,后层向外侧续为侧锥筋膜,肾前筋膜和侧锥筋膜亦相延续;Ⅲ型:肾前、后筋膜分别经肾前和肾后行向外侧,观察不到侧锥筋膜结构.421例手术观察肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型,其中Ⅰ型93例(22%),Ⅱ型最常见,273例(65%),Ⅲ型55例(13%).本组结果与文献报道的小样本尸体研究结果存在差异.结论:肾后筋膜外侧延伸和附着方式的后腹腔镜下分型研究有利于正确定位肾旁前间隙(肾前筋膜和后腹膜之间的间隙).根据不同的肾筋膜结构类型,选择合适的分离层面准确地解剖该间隙,可减少腹膜间位器官损伤,降低手术风险.     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的初期应用体会

目的:探讨初期开展腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的注意事项,术中、术后常见并发症及其处理措施。方法:回顾分析2012年10月至2013年5月为21例患者行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床资料,其中19例行全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP),2例行经腹腹膜前疝修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)。结果:1例TEP患者中转行TAPP。手术时间TEP平均(92±41.38)min,TAPP平均(122±26.38)min,术中腹壁下血管损伤1例,腹膜撕裂5例,均无血清肿、内脏损伤、尿潴留及输精管损伤,未见切口及深部创面感染,术后未使用止痛剂。患者均于术后第1天恢复正常饮食并下床活动。患者术后第1、3、6个月获得电话随访,无腹股沟区慢性疼痛及复发。结论:熟悉、掌握腹腔镜下腹膜前间隙及其重要结构、选择合适的手术方式是避免腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术中、术后并发症发生的关键。     

腹腔镜下腹膜前修补术治疗双侧腹股沟疝17例

目的探讨双侧腹股沟疝腹腔镜下腹膜前修补术的效果。方法 2011年7月~2012年6月我院行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前双侧腹股沟疝修补术17例,全麻后建立气腹,回纳疝内容物,切开腹膜并分离腹膜前间隙,游离疝囊和腹膜返折,分离耻骨后间隙(Retzius间隙)和腹股沟后间隙(Bogrus间隙),将补片完整覆盖双侧的耻骨肌孔,补片的内缘在耻骨联合处重叠,并使用钉枪固定确切,随后关闭腹膜裂口,关闭气腹完成手术。结果 17例均成功完成腹腔镜双侧腹股沟疝修补。手术时间73~115 min,平均95 min。术中出血量9~53 ml,平均24 ml。术后疝囊内血清肿1例,皮下穿刺抽吸后包块消失;术后下腹壁疼痛1例,未特殊处理,术后1个月疼痛消失。无补片排异反应,无肠梗阻,肠粘连等发生。16例随访19~26个月,平均22个月,无复发。结论腹腔镜下经腹腹膜前双侧腹股沟疝修补术安全有效,在修复复发疝和巨大疝有独到优势,值得临床推广。     

解剖定位标志在腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中的临床应用

目的探讨腹膜前间隙中解剖定位标志的解剖特点,为腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术提供手术解剖依据。方法对2009年1月~2015年12月620例腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中腹膜前间隙的解剖定位标志进行观察,并对部分手术视频进行回顾性分析。结果 620例术中均能清楚地暴露腹白线、耻骨结节、腹壁下动脉、Cooper韧带、精索、输精管等解剖标志,将它们作为腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术中重要的解剖定位标志。11例术后疝囊残端血肿和积液,4例保守治疗无效二次手术切除远端残留疝囊,7例经无菌下抽吸或热敷保守治愈。620例术后随访6~36个月,平均28个月,术后复发12例,复发时间为术后3~24个月,其中8例在腰-硬联合麻醉下行开放平片腹股沟疝修补术,其余4例在全麻下行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前腹股沟疝修补术,二次手术后随访6~24个月,未再出现并发症和复发。结论熟悉腹膜前间隙中区域解剖定位标志,对腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术的操作具有重要的临床指导意义。     

腹膜前间隙的解剖和手术的发展史

腹股沟疝和股疝的腹膜前修补的历史可以分为两个部分:腹膜前间隙的解剖历史和腹膜外疝修补术的手术历史.外科手术又可分为两种手术入路:经腹膜入路(后入路)和经腹股沟入路(前入路).由于腹膜前间隙解剖认识上的日益完善,经腹股沟手术入路取得很大进步.反之,外科手术也进一步加强解剖上的认识.上述两方面的知识导致了腹股沟手术自经腹入路到经前后入路到腹膜前间隙的手术方法.腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补也是腹膜前修补方法之一.     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术1034例临床分析

目的分析总结腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床经验。方法回顾分析武汉大学中南医院2012年1月至2017年4月1 034例腹股沟疝病人行腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床资料。结果所有腹股沟疝病人均顺利行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)或全腹膜外修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP)。手术时间为25~180 min(平均40 min),术中出血5~30ml(平均12 ml),住院时间为3~9 d(平均4 d)。随访1~48个月,有5例病人出现腹膜前间隙血肿,腹股沟区血清肿37例,阴囊水肿7例,术后局部疼痛不适16例,术后复发1例,术后感染1例。结论腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术恢复快,复发率低,并发症少;手术应由经验丰富的疝专科医生完成。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.