全膝关节置换术应用间隙平衡截骨的疗效评价

目的探讨间隙平衡截骨法结合测量截骨法在全膝关节置换(TKA)术中应用价值和疗效评价。 方法笔者自2012年1月至2015年6月在濮阳市中医院接受人工全膝关节置换术78例(82膝)骨关节炎的患者,纳入标准：初次全膝关节置换术;膝屈曲挛缩畸形角度≤ 15°;膝内翻畸形角度≤ 20°;Kellgren-Lawrence分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ级。排除标准：膝炎性关节疾病施行人工全膝关节置换术的患者;患者伴发严重的内科疾病;资料不完整、未使用同一厂家生产的后稳定型固定平台假体的患者。其中平衡组38例(40膝),测量组40例(42膝)。比较分析2组患者的手术情况、影像学、膝关节功能恢复情况及患者满意度。采用成组设计资料t检验进行统计学分析。 结果78例患者均获随访,随访时间平均(7.6±2.4)个月。2组患者的年龄、性别、体重指数、术前下肢机械力线及KSS评分等指标的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。测量组与平衡组单膝手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术中2组胫骨外侧及股骨远端外侧截骨量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2组股骨外后髁截骨量比较有显著性差异(t＝4.36, P<0.05)。平衡组选择9 mm垫片者(29例)显著多于测量组(13例)(Z＝－5.28,P<0.05)。术中两钉孔连线B线与AP垂直线A线的夹角<2°,测量组外旋角度(1.1±0.5)°,平衡组内旋角度(1.2±0.5)°,术后患膝伸直应力位X线片示内外侧股胫关节角2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但屈膝90°应力下X线片示内外侧股胫关节角2组间差异有统计学意义(内t＝6.76,外t＝7.18, P<0.05)。术后下肢力线与小腿解剖轴线夹角两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月膝关节KSS评分2组间差异有统计学意义(t＝4.86, P<0.05),术后患者满意度调查表示平衡组优良率87.5%(35/40例),测量组优良率71.4%(30/42例)。 结论间隙平衡截骨法结合测量截骨法能取得良好的下肢力线和屈伸间隙平衡,还能避免屈曲失稳的并发症。术中易导致股骨假体内旋,要注意调整两钉孔连线B线与AP垂直线A线的夹角。     

股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬的治疗及影响因素分析

目的探讨股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬的手术疗效,并分析其影响因素。方法对自2006年5月~2011年12月采用关节镜联合小切口粘连松解术治疗的17例股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬进行回顾性研究,采用Judet疗效评定标准评价膝关节功能,并对股骨远端骨折术后发生膝关节僵硬的诸多因素及影响粘连松解术后疗效的相关因素进行分析。结果本组获随访6～73个月,平均31个月。末次随访时膝关节功能根据Judet疗效评定标准:优9例,良7例,可1例。术中及末次随访时膝关节活动度与术前膝关节活动度比较明显改善(P<0.05),粘连松解术的疗效与术前膝关节的活动度、松解术的手术时期、术中松解程度有关。结论应用关节镜联合小切口粘连松解术,辅以早期功能锻炼是治疗股骨远端骨折术后伸直性膝关节僵硬较有效的方法,其手术创伤小、术后功能康复良好、并发症少。     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝治疗肘内翻

目的探讨应用肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形的可行性与临床疗效。 方法选取自贡市第一人民医院2015年1月至2019年1月共37例肘内翻畸形患者,男21例,女16例;平均年龄(12.9±2.1)岁;有10例合并内旋畸形。采用肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝进行治疗。采用配对设计资料t检验比较患侧肘关节术前及术后的内翻角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度;采用成组设计资料t检验比较患侧及健侧肘关节的提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度。 结果所有患者均得到随访,平均(2.0±0.8)年;截骨均全部愈合,完全愈合时间平均(74±10)d。术后患侧肘关节内翻畸形均明显矫正(t＝19.749,P<0.05);患侧肘关节屈曲活动、伸直活动度与术前比较改善(t＝3.279、-10.573,均为P<0.05);术后患侧肘关节提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度与健侧比较无差异(均为P>0.05)。所有患者术后切口均一期愈合,无感染、神经损伤发生,无内固定松动、脱落及断裂等并发症发生。 结论肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形,具有术中操作简便,内翻畸形矫正明显,内固定强度可靠,可早期功能锻炼,术后肘关节功能恢复好等优点。     

保留髂骨外形与传统髂骨取骨术的病例对照研究

目的:观察传统髂骨取骨和保留髂骨髂嵴两种取骨方式在自体植骨手术中的应用并探讨其有效性和安全性。方法：自2016年1月至2018年12月50例需行自体植骨患者分别采用传统髂骨取骨方式和保留髂骨髂嵴取骨方式进行髂骨取骨,每组25例,其中传统髂骨取骨组,男18例,女7例,年龄（42.0±7.9）岁,住院时间（20.0±5.5） d,随访时间（13.68±1.60）个月;保留髂骨髂嵴取骨组,男16例,女9例,年龄（44.0±8.2）岁,住院时间（21.0±6.5） d,随访时间（14.04±1.54）个月,比较两组患者取骨手术时间,术中出血量,术后疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）,观察骨折愈合情况以及并发症。结果：传统髂骨取骨组手术时间为（16.20±2.51） min,术中出血量（63.20±17.73） ml,术后第1天VAS评分为4.72±1.21,骨折愈合时间（4.84±0.90）个月。保留髂骨髂嵴取骨组手术时间为（16.24±3.00） min,术中出血量（62.80±18.14） ml,术后第1天VAS评分为4.80±1.29,骨折愈合时间（4.68±0.80）个月。两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后第1天VAS评分、骨折愈合时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与传统髂骨取骨手术相比,保留髂骨外形的取骨方式,简单方便,在保证取骨量的同时,尽可能的保留了髂骨的髂嵴外形,减少术后局部不适症状,值得推广。     

小切口带锁髓内钉治疗Ⅰ型浮膝伤

目的探讨应用膝前小切口治疗同侧股骨胫骨骨折的手术方法。方法从2006年1月至2009年12月对15例平均年龄35岁的同侧股骨及胫腓骨骨折患者采用经膝前小切口（4 cm）显露股骨髁间窝及胫骨平台前方斜坡,C型臂X线机透视下闭合复位,先股骨逆行交锁髓内钉、后胫骨顺行交锁髓内钉固定骨折。结果本组12例获得随访,随访时间10~20个月,平均17个月,所有骨折均获骨性愈合,无骨不连病例,1例女性患者因惧怕疼痛拒绝配合进行功能锻炼,骨折愈合后膝关节仅能屈曲60°,另3例屈曲至90°,其余均恢复正常。结论膝前小切口治疗同侧股骨胫腓骨骨折创伤小,对骨折端血运破坏小,骨折端无需植骨、操作方便、骨折固定可靠,可早期进行膝关节功能锻炼,功能恢复快。     

髂嵴人字式取骨术的临床应用

目的改进髂嵴大量取骨术式,减少术中术后出血。方法 2007—2012年作者采用髂嵴取骨术,行四肢陈旧骨折植骨107例,其中髂嵴人字式取骨组61例,男性41例,女性20例;年龄18~65岁,平均32岁。传统髂嵴前部取骨组(即骨膜下电刀剥离后凿取骨板,术毕分层关闭伤口)共46例,男性30例,女性16例;年龄17~59岁,平均31岁。记录术中出血量、手术时间及术后并发症。结果所有患者随访12~36个月,平均18个月。传统方法组:4例血肿形成,2例腹内容物疝出,1例表浅感染,3例髂骨供骨区慢性疼痛,并发症发生率为21.74%。人字式取骨组:术后1例供骨区血肿形成,2例供骨区疼痛,并发症发生率为4.91%。统计学(χ2检验)分析结果表明:髂嵴人字式取骨术组并发症发生率明显降低(α=5.115,P0.05)。结论改进术式组保留了髂嵴顶部解剖完整性,侵入性损伤小,出血量少,术后并发症发生率低,是取髂骨较为理想的方法。     

微创植骨结合髓内钉动力化治疗骨延迟愈合、骨不连

[目的]探讨微创取骨、精准植骨结合髓内钉动力化治疗交锁髓内钉固定后骨延迟愈合、骨不连的临床疗效。[方法] 2009年1月～2017年10月,采用微创自体髂骨取骨、精准植骨结合髓内钉动力化治疗交锁髓内钉固定后股骨干骨折骨延迟愈合、不愈合患者21例,观察切口长度、切口愈合情况、术后并发症及随访观察骨折愈合及膝关节功能情况。[结果]切口长1～2 cm,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。20例获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均(16.83±4.24)个月。其中18例最终获得影像学上的骨性愈合,愈合率为90.00%(18例/20例),无明显并发症发生。所有患者均获得良好的膝关节功能(屈曲均100°,伸直0°)。[结论]微创自体髂骨取骨、精准植骨结合髓内钉动力化是治疗骨延迟愈合、骨不连的有效方法,具有创伤小、并发症少,经济实用等优点。     

股骨侧假体与胫骨平台角度对膝关节活动度的影响

目的探讨股骨假体屈曲角、胫骨平台后倾角对人工全膝关节置换术后关节活动度的影响。 方法选择2014年1月至2016年12月在广西壮族自治区龙潭医院接受人工全膝关节置换的387例患者病历资料进行回顾性分析,记录患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、置换关节数、手术时间、术前关节活动度、术前最大屈膝度、术前美国特种医院(HSS)评分、术前疼痛评分、伴随疾病、个人史、康复介入时间、术后1 d疼痛评分、胫骨平台后倾角、股骨假体屈曲角。计量资料组内比较采用配对样本t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,以术后1年患者关节活动度为因变量,其他参数为自变量行秩相关分析和多元回归分析,观察上述指标与术后1年膝关节活动度≥90°的相关性。 结果术前HSS评分为(47±10)分,术后1年HSS评分为(87±6)分,差异有统计学意义(t＝15.820,P<0.01);术前关节活动度为(86±7)°,术后关节活动度为(106±9)°,差异有统计学意义(t＝6.058,P<0.01)。性别、术前关节活动度、术前最大屈膝度、术前HSS评分、胫骨平台后倾截骨角度与膝关节活动度呈正相关(P<0.05);年龄、身体质量指数、置换关节数、术中出血量、术前疼痛评分、高血压、糖尿病、康复介入时间、术后1 d疼痛评分、股骨假体屈曲度与关节活动度呈负相关(P<0.05);手术时间、吸烟、饮酒与术后膝关节活动度无显著相关性(P>0.05)。多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,胫骨平台后倾截骨角度、股骨假体屈曲角、术前疼痛评分、术前关节活动度是影响膝关节置换术后1年关节活动度的独立因素(P <0.05)。 结论股骨假体屈曲角与全膝关节置换术后关节活动度呈负相关,胫骨平台后倾截骨角度与全膝关节置换术后关节活动度呈正相关。     

内外侧钢板联合植骨治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连

目的探讨内外侧钢板联合植骨治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连的疗效。方法2008年8月至2012年7月,采用外侧锁定钢板联台内侧支撑钢板治疗12例股骨远端骨折术后骨不连,对股骨远端骨缺损区均进行植骨。结果术后随访9～32个月,平均15个月,所有骨不连均愈合良好,按HSS膝关节功能评分,优良率达100％。结论内外侧钢板联合植骨能够有效的治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连。     

内外侧钢板联合植骨治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连

目的探讨内外侧钢板联合植骨治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连的疗效。方法2008年8月至2012年7月,采用外侧锁定钢板联合内侧支撑钢板治疗12例股骨远端骨折术后骨不连,对股骨远端骨缺损区均进行植骨。结果术后随访9-32个月,平均15个月,所有骨不连均愈合良好。按HSS膝关节功能评分,优良率达100％。结论内外侧钢板联合植骨能够有效的治疗股骨远端骨折术后骨不连。     

小切口治疗后交叉韧带撕脱性骨折

目的 观察改良小切口治疗后交叉韧带(PCL)撕脱性骨折的效果。方法 选择10例PCL撕脱性骨折，膝关节后方横入路，暴露骨折部位，使用扩阴器牵拉切口，钢丝固定。结果 所有患者随访6个月，术后1个月膝关节屈伸功能正常，术后2个月放射学检查骨折愈合良好。结论 小切口治疗PCL撕脱性骨折具有创伤小，显露充分的优点。     

Extensor Mechanism Disruption After Contralateral Middle Third Patellar Tendon Harvest for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Revision Reconstruction

The contralateral central third patellar tendon autograft is a reliable graft choice for revision, and recently, for primary reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). We report 2 complications including a lateral third tibial tuberosity fracture and a distal patellar tendon avulsion with contralateral patellar tendon autograft with disruption of the extensor mechanism of the donor knee. A patient sustained a lateral tibial tuberosity fracture of the donor knee and underwent open reduction and internal fixation. At 1-year follow-up, she had no extensor lag and full range of motion. Another patient sustained a distal patellar tendon avulsion of the donor knee and underwent primary repair. Three years postoperatively, she had a full range of motion and no extensor lag. Although contralateral middle third patellar tendon autograft for primary and revision ACL reconstruction is established in the literature, extensor mechanism complications can occur. Technical considerations are important to avoid weakening the remaining patellar tendon insertion. Postoperative nerve blocks or local anesthetics may alter pain feedback for regulation of weight bearing and contribute to overload of the donor knee.     

S1 screw bending moment with posterior spinal instrumentation across the lumbosacral junction after unilateral iliac crest harvest

STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical study comparing fixation across the lumbosacral junction. OBJECTIVES: To determine which long posterior construct across the lumbosacral junction produces the least bending moment on the S1 screw when only one ilium is available for fixation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated the benefit of anterior support and fixation into the ilium when instrumenting a long posterior construct across the lumbosacral junction. METHODS: Four L2-sacrum constructs were tested on six synthetic models of the lumbar spine and pelvis simulating that the right ilium had been harvested. Construct 1: L2-S1 bilateral screws. Construct 2: L2-S1 + left iliac bolt. Construct 3: L2-S1 + left iliac bolt + right S2 screw. Construct 4: L2-S1 + bilateral S2 screws. The four constructs were then retested with an anterior L5-S1 strut. A flexion-extension moment was applied across each construct, and the moment at the left and right S1 pedicle screw was measured with internal strain gauges. RESULTS: Iliac bolt fixation was found to significantly decrease the flexion-extension moment on the ipsilateral S1 screw by 70% and the contralateral screw by 26%. An anterior L5-S1 strut significantly decreased the S1 screw flexion-extension moment by 33%. Anterior support at L5-S1 provided no statistical decrease in the flexion-extension moment when bilateral posterior fixation beyond S1 was present with either a unilateral iliac bolt and contralateral S2 screw, or bilateral S2 screws. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant decrease in the flexion-extension moment on the S1 screw when extending long posterior constructs to either the ilium or S2 sacral screw. There is no biomechanical advantage of the iliac bolt over the S2 screw in decreasing the moment on the S1 screw in flexion and extension. Adding anterior support to long posterior constructs significantly decreases the moment on the S1 screw. Adding distal posterior fixation to either the ilium or S2 decreases the moment on S1 screws more than adding anterior support. Further, adding anterior support when bilateral distal fixation past S1 is already present does not significantly decrease the moment on the S1 screws in flexion and extension.     

Traumatic unilateral avulsion of the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines with anterior dislocation of the hip: a case report

A sixteen-year-old boy involved in a high-speed motor vehicle accident sustained an anterior hip dislocation and avulsion of the anterior ilium extending from the anterior superior iliac spine to the anterior inferior iliac spine. The hip was emergently reduced, and further imaging was obtained to evaluate the bony injury. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a large displaced bony fragment representing avulsion of the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines and a smaller fragment from the reflected head of the rectus femoris. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the ilium two days after the initial injury. Postoperatively, he was allowed to bear weight as tolerated with crutches but to avoid active hip flexion. He went on to an uneventful recovery, and at last report (approximately six months after injury), he had returned to full activity. An extensive review of the literature failed to show a similar injury of ipsilateral avulsion of the anterior superior and inferior iliac spines and reflected head of the rectus femoris.     

Analysis of a modified active knee extension test

When this study was conducted, the authors were pursuing Master of Science degrees in physical therapy, orthopaedic and sports medicine, at the MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA. Hamstring injuries occur and reoccur at high rates in the athletic population. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of contralateral hip flexion on pelvic rotation in the sagittal plane and ipsilateral active knee extension during a modified active knee extension test. Twenty-seven normal subjects were tested, yielding 54 sets of data. Active knee extension was performed in five positions of contralateral hip flexion and was videotaped. Measurements of pelvic and knee joint angles were obtained from the film. The results indicated the least amount of pelvic rotation was 5.5 degrees , which occurred at maximum contralateral hip flexion. Analysis of variance revealed a difference between test positions that was statistically significant for pelvic rotation and knee extension (p < .05). Pelvic rotation can be effectively controlled during an active knee extension test by maximally flexing the contralateral hip. The active knee extension test can be used as an accurate assessment tool to evaluate hamstring muscle length. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992;15(3):141-146.     

Mallet Finger Fracture through Enchondroma of the Distal Phalanx

A 46-year-old man injured his ring finger and developed a mallet deformity. Radiographs showed a mallet finger fracture through an osteolytic lesion of the distal phalanx. Magnetic resonance imaging showed low intensity on T1-weighted imaging and high intensity on T2-weighted imaging, which suggested the clinical diagnosis of enchondroma. The bone tumor was excised, and osteosynthesis was performed using Ishiguro''s extension block pinning, and a flexion block pin was added to prevent flexor tendon avulsion fracture through the enchondroma, followed by an autologous iliac cancellous bone graft. One year after surgery, the patient had no pain or extension lag of the affected ring finger, and his quickDASH score was 0 points. Radiographs showed no recurrence and minimal arthritic change of the distal interphalangeal joint. One-stage treatment of a mallet finger fracture through an enchondroma using Ishiguro''s method was effective.     

晚期类风湿关节炎患者的假体选择疗效对比

目的探讨晚期膝关节类风湿关节炎(RA)伴重度内翻屈曲畸形和严重骨质疏松患者行全膝关节置换术(TKA)假体选择及临床效果。 方法对2010年1月至2015年12月采用全膝关节置换治疗的晚期RA伴重度内翻屈曲畸形患者21例(27膝)进行回顾性分析。13例17膝采用后稳定型假体,8例10膝采用限制型假体。纳入标准：类风湿性关节炎合并膝关节重度内翻畸形;类风湿性关节炎合并膝关节患者骨密度T-Score<－2.8;无严重心肺疾病。排除标准：合并关节原发性或继发性活动期感染;合并关节外畸形通过单纯截骨无法矫正的患者。采用SPSS 16. 0统计软件分析,术前、术后屈曲挛缩度数、关节活动度及胫骨角均值比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果本组21例27膝均获得随访,病例随访时间2.0～5.3年,平均(3.8±1.1)年。后稳定组膝关节屈曲挛缩由术前(55. 5±12. 5)°(65.0°～85.0°)减少到末次随访时(5. 5±3. 5)°(0°～10.0°)(t ＝28.868,P < 0.01),关节活动度由(32. 5±6. 5)°(0°～40.0°)提高到末次随访时(105. 5±10. 5)°(85.0°～130.0°)(t ＝94.83,P < 0.01);股胫角由术前(31.0±3.5)°(23.0°～45.0°)修正为末次随访时(8.5±2.5)°(0°～12.0°)(t ＝116.913,P <0.01)。限制型假体组膝关节屈曲挛缩由术前(56.5±15.5)°(65.5°～80.0°)减少到末次随访时(6.0±5.0)°(5.0°～15.0°)(t＝25.486,P < 0.01),关节活动度由(32. 0±8.0)° ( 0°～40.0°)提高到末次随访时(100.0±5.5)°(85.0°～120.0°)(t ＝141.335,P < 0.01);股胫角由术前(31.5±5.5)°(22.0°～45.0°)修正为末次随访时(8.0±4.5)°(0°～12.0°)(t＝122.11,P < 0.01),均较术前明显改善,手术前后差异有统计学意义。两组之间术前及末次随访比较各指标得知,限制型假体组显著低于后稳定组关节活动度(t ＝5.716,P <0.01),差异具有统计学意义。 结论对晚期RA伴膝关节重度内翻屈曲畸形和严重骨质疏松患者在假体选择方面,后稳定型假体活动度更好,但在纠正内翻屈曲畸形和股胫角疗效比较方面,未见显著差异,所有患者近期疗效满意。     

屈髋屈膝位膝关节后内侧横行小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的:评价应用屈髋屈膝位膝关节后内侧横行小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨撕脱骨折的方法及疗效。方法:对2010年3月至2013年3月应用屈髋屈膝位膝关节后内侧横行小切口切开复位、空心螺钉固定治疗的21例后交叉韧带胫骨撕脱骨折患者进行回顾性分析,男13例,女8例;年龄20~56岁,平均35.1岁;交通事故伤11例,坠落伤3例,运动伤4例,重物砸伤3例;伤后至手术时间3 h~9 d,平均3.5 d;后抽屉试验均为阳性。采用膝关节Lysholm评分评价膝关节功能。结果:手术过程均顺利,无腘窝血管神经损伤。切口长度5~6 cm,平均5.8 cm。术后检查抽屉试验阴性,复查X线均证实骨折复位。21例均获随访,时间7~23个月,平均12.7个月。骨折均骨性愈合,膝关节Lysholm评分由术前的40.76±9.55提高至末次随访时的95.86±2.33(t=30.07,P=0.000)。结论:屈髋屈膝位膝关节后内侧横行小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折是是简便、安全的手术方法,可有效显露骨折区域,手术创伤小,愈合后瘢痕小,疗效满意。     

Anterior inferior iliac spine apophyseal avulsion fracture

A case of anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) apophyseal avulsion fracture caused while playing football is reported. A 16-year-old amateur football player felt severe pain in his left groin while kicking the ball during training. There was point tenderness over the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS). Avulsion fracture of AIIS was considered clinically. Radiographs confirmed the diagnosis. He was treated with a conservative rehabilitation program. He is still an active football player. Avulsion fractures follow violent or explosive muscular contractions against a fixed resistance, sudden deceleration, or stretching of the involved muscle or as a result of a direct trauma. This injury usually occurs with an extension moment to the hip joint, with the knee flexed, and it is commonly seen in sports that involve kicking. AIIS avulsion fractures should be a diagnostic consideration in patients with pain in the groin who are involved in activities requiring high-level forces of flexion of the hip.     

Second metatarsophalangeal joint: biomechanics and reconstruction potential

A damaged distal radioulnar joint results in instability, pain, and loss of motion. This amounts to function loss. Of the many proposed reconstructive procedures, only a vascularized joint transfer offers growth potential in children and durability. The well-studied vascular anatomy and minimal donor morbidity of the second metatarsophalangeal joint makes it a potentially useful source. The authors evaluated various biomechanical aspects of the second metatarsophalangeal joint, which included the mediolateral arc of movement of the second metatarsophalangeal joint in hyperextension when subjected to lateral stress loading; the different patterns of disruption at peak load; and the flexion and extension range of movement. Twenty-six cadaveric specimens were tested with a customized jig. The results showed that the mediolateral arc of movement of 114 degrees approximates that of the flexion and extension range of movement of 114.2 degrees. However, it differed in that it was equal in both directions, compared with an extension arc that was greater than a flexion arc. The peak load was approximately 100 N, and this resulted in fracture, avulsion, and ligament tear. These biomechanical results may be useful to reconstructive surgeons.