颈前咽后入路病灶清除联合后路枕颈融合固定术治疗上颈椎结核

目的:探讨颈前咽后入路病灶清除联合后路枕颈融合固定术治疗上颈椎结核的临床效果。方法:2002年1月~2012年6月在我院接受手术治疗的上颈椎结核患者共21例,均伴有寰枢关节、寰枕关节严重破坏且寰椎侧块破坏无法置钉的11例,男7例,女4例,年龄40.4±9.5岁(26~54岁),寰椎结核4例,寰椎并枢椎结核7例,均行颈前咽后路病灶清除并一期后路枕颈融合内固定术。根据枢椎椎弓根破坏情况,2例采用双侧枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,3例采用双侧椎板螺钉固定,6例采用一侧椎板螺钉和一侧椎弓根螺钉混合固定。术后应用抗结核药物治疗18个月,并随访其神经功能(JOA评分)、枕颈部VAS评分、植骨融合情况、复位程度及并发症。结果:11例患者平均随访39.5±13.1个月。术后9例获解剖复位,2例达部分复位;术后4个月10例达到骨性融合,1例出现部分植骨吸收,经对症治疗,于术后6个月获骨性融合。术后18个月结核病变均达到临床治愈。JOA评分由术前的8.4±1.3分上升到末次随访时的15.0±1.3分(P0.05),枕颈部疼痛症状也由术前的6.7±0.6分下降到末次随访时的0.64±0.6分(P0.05),围手术期及术后随访未发现严重的并发症。结论:采用经咽后入路病灶清除联合后路固定融合术治疗上颈椎结核临床疗效可靠,病灶清除彻底,内固定牢靠,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳27例临床分析

目的 探讨应用寰枢侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根钉内固定及枕颈融合术治疗上颈椎不稳的疗效.方法 对寰枢椎不稳27例患者采用寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉及枕颈融合治疗.结果 27例患者均经寰枢椎螺钉或枕颈融合内固定术,其中一例颅底凹陷患者一期行经口齿状突切除术,二期行枕颈融合术,27例患者无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤.所有患者均获得随访,随访3 ～17个月,平均9个月.术后3个月JOA评分13.5 ～16.9分,平均15.2分,改善率为88.4％.植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂、松动.结论 后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定及枕颈融合术具有稳定的三维固定效果,可用于治疗上颈椎不稳.     

枢椎椎弓根钉板结合对侧椎板钉棒固定在寰枢椎及枕颈固定中的应用

目的探讨后路单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统在寰枢关节及枕颈固定中的临床疗效。方法后路单侧椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统寰枢椎固定及枕颈固定11例,新鲜Ⅱ型齿突骨折5例,陈旧性齿突骨折3例,寰椎枕骨化畸形2例,寰枢椎不稳1例。单侧椎弓根发育狭小者6例,单侧椎动脉优势型2例,一侧椎动脉高跨2例,寰椎枕骨化畸形寰枢关节脱位行钉板系统固定失效后再次手术1例。寰枢椎固定9例,枕颈固定2例,1例难复型寰枢关节脱位行经口咽前路松解+后路复位内固定融合术,术后内固定失效行翻修手术。全部患者行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术。比较术前、术后JOA评分变化,术后随访X线片及CT,观察寰枢椎复位及融合情况。结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均16个月。全组患者无一例发生脊髓或椎动脉损伤,寰枢椎得到解剖复位,临床症状得到不同程度改善。术后JOA评分13~16分,平均14.9分,术前、术后JOA评分改善率为76%~92%,平均83%,术后半年复查CT显示均获得骨性融合,未见寰枢椎失稳或复位丢失征象,固定螺钉位置良好。结论单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统行寰枢关节及枕颈固定临床疗效可靠,但缺少临床对比研究。     

难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术治疗

目的探讨难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术治疗方法。方法54例难复性寰枢关节脱位患者,男32例,女22例;年龄7～63岁,平均32岁。其中齿突不连18例,寰椎枕骨化畸形22例,齿突骨折畸形愈合5例,寰椎横韧带松弛9例。40例有脊髓病或脊髓损伤的症状、体征。先行经口咽入路的寰枢关节松解复位术,术中横断挛缩的椎前肌、前纵韧带和侧块关节囊,借助于牵引和器械撬拨的力量使寰枢关节复位;同期行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术,后路固定方法包括经寰枢侧块关节螺钉固定5例、寰枢侧块钉板固定12例和借助于枢椎椎弓根螺钉与枕颈固定板的枕颈固定37例。术后不用外固定。结果41例获得解剖复位;13例部分复位,其中2例行部分齿突切除,另11例术前颈髓角平均104.1°,术后120.2°。48例随访4～40个月,平均15.7个月,全部病例均获骨性融合。术前有脊髓症状的38例术后功能评价(Odom标准)为优15例,良14例,可8例,差1例。术中出现硬膜破裂1例,椎弓根钉切割1例;术后出现呼吸衰竭1例,发音不正常3例,吞咽不利1例,术后2周发生败血症脊髓炎致瘫痪1例,术后2个月内固定松动1例。结论经口咽入路寰枢关节松解复位结合后路坚强内固定及植骨融合,对难复性寰枢关节脱位有良好的治疗效果。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗陈旧性难复性寰枢椎前脱位

目的 探讨陈旧性难复性寰枢椎前脱位后路椎弓根植骨融合内固定的手术方法和疗效.方法 对2004年8月～2007年7月收治的16例因陈旧性齿状突骨折导致的难复性寰枢椎前脱位患者,采用寰枢椎经椎弓根螺钉固定术行后路植骨融合.观察术后寰枢椎复位及植骨融合效果.结果 所有患者均得到随访,随访时间11个月～3.8年,平均2.2年,寰枢椎脱位复位程度均达90%以上,所有患者椎间植骨均融合,无内固定断裂、移位.结论 后路寰枢椎经椎弓根螺钉固定术是治疗陈旧性难复性寰枢椎脱位的有效方法.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的手术方法、疗效。方法采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统,固定、融合治疗32例寰枢椎失稳患者,术中在C型臂X线机辅助下行C1、C2置钉,复位固定,取自体髂骨行椎板间植骨。术后颈托固定3个月。结果 32例128枚螺钉成功置入,复位满意,术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。患者全部获327个月定期随访,螺钉位置良好,钉棒无松动、断裂,术后36个月均获植骨融合。术前JOA评分（8.6±2.8）分;术后3个月JOA评分（14.9±1.8）分,恢复率76%92%,平均83%。结论经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合技术具有直视下置钉、短节段固定、固定牢靠、植骨融合率高等特点,有利于稳定寰枢关节及脊髓功能的恢复,是一种较为理想的治疗寰枢椎失稳的内固定术式。     

椎弓根螺钉技术治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的疗效分析

[目的]评估椎弓根螺钉技术治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术可操作性和疗效,并选择一种有效的内固定方法治疗寰枢椎脱位。[方法]2003年6月-2009年2月,行一期经口咽入路寰枢关节前路松解,后路采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎脱位并高位脊髓压迫症14例。术前均行X线片、CT、MRI等影像学检查;术中在直视下行C1、2置钉,复位固定,椎板后弓植骨。术后除枕颈融合需颈托固定3个月外,其它无需外固定。[结果]所有螺钉均成功置入,复位固定满意。14例病人均获得了平均18个月的随访,均达到了骨性愈合。没有神经、血管损伤,未发现螺钉松动、断钉和寰枢椎再移位病例。12例患者脊髓功能明显改善,2例好转。[结论]经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术具有直视下置钉、短节段固定、术中复位满意、融合率高等特点,为寰枢椎脱位患者治疗提供了一种较好的内固定术式。     

寰枢椎脱位后路植骨材料的选择与融合效果评价

目的评价寰枢椎脱位后路钉棒固定手术不同植骨材料的植骨融合效果。方法 2002年11月至2012年7月广州军区广州总医院在气管插管全麻下对468例可复性寰枢椎脱位患者施行寰枢椎后路钉棒固定技术,寰椎采用椎弓根螺钉、部分经椎弓根螺钉或侧块螺钉固定,枢椎行椎弓根螺钉、椎板螺钉、峡部螺钉或侧块螺钉固定,采用自体髂骨松质骨、异体松质骨或异体松质骨混合自体骨髓植骨,术后定期复查X线片、CT以了解植骨融合情况。结果所有患者顺利完成寰枢椎后路钉棒固定,术中未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤,术后切口浅表感染2例,经清创换药后治愈,影像学检查示所有患者寰枢椎脱位复位满意。术后447例(自体骨405例、单纯异体骨27例、异体骨加自体骨髓15例)患者获得随访,随访时间3~72个月,平均随访时间39个月。临床症状均得到不同程度的改善,无螺钉、固定棒断裂。5例患者植骨未获融合(自体骨植骨2例、异体骨植骨3例),且伴有螺钉松动,其中1例患者未出现寰枢椎失稳,佩戴颈围继续随访;余4例行后路翻修大量自体髂骨松质骨植骨,最终获得融合。结论寰枢椎脱位首次手术和翻修手术应尽量采用自体骨植骨,不得已使用异体骨时最好加入自体骨髓以提高融合率。     

前后联合入路治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并侧块关节绞锁

 目的探讨经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并侧块关节绞锁的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2013年6月,采用经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗8例陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并单侧侧块关节绞锁患者资料,男4例,女4例;年龄11~57岁,平均31岁;病程29~180 d,平均70.6 d;右侧侧块关节绞锁5例,左侧侧块关节绞锁患者3例。8例患者行颅骨或枕颌带牵引2~4周均未见复位征象,改行经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术。结果8例患者中,除1例因全身情况无法耐受前后路联合手术而Ⅰ期行经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位,14 d后Ⅱ期行经后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术外,余均Ⅰ期行前后路联合手术。手术时间160~260 min,平均205 min;术中出血量100~300 ml,平均210 ml。术后除1例青少年患者取髂骨处发生疼痛,经对症治疗1周好转外,余均未发生手术相关并发症。8例患者均获得随访,随访时间5~37个月,平均14.8个月。术后植骨均融合,融合时间为2~4个月,平均3.1个月。末次随访时,无一例发生寰枢椎旋转脱位复发、植骨不融合、断钉、断棒。结论经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位伴侧块关节绞锁效果良好,手术创伤小,操作相对简单安全,手术并发症发生率低。     

使用枢椎椎弓根螺钉和枕颈固定板的枕颈融合术

目的观察一种借助于枢椎椎弓根螺钉的枕颈固定装置治疗寰枢关节不稳定的效果。方法从2001年6月至2003年3月用自行设计的一套由椎弓根螺钉和枕颈固定板组成的枕颈固定器,治疗了38例寰枢关节不稳定的患者,其中24例有寰椎枕骨化。沿枢椎椎弓峡部的纵轴安置椎弓根螺钉,将枕颈固定板预弯后固定于枕骨,用螺母锁定固定板与椎弓根钉的过程中,利用固定板的曲度,使寰枢关节充分复位。植骨于枕骨与枢椎后弓间。结果36例获得了随访,平均18个月,均获得了骨性融合。没有神经、血管损伤和断钉、断板的病例。结论使用枢椎椎弓根螺钉和枕颈固定板的枕颈固定器不仅有可靠的、短节段固定作用,而且便于寰枢关节复位。     

Long-term results of various therapy concepts in severe pilon fractures

Introduction Intra-articular fractures of the tibia plafond are among the most challenging of orthopaedic problems. This is a retrospective case-control study of surgically treated pilon fractures which was undertaken to compare the internal fixation with the two external fixation methods. Methods This is a case-control study of 55 patients with 55 pilon fractures. There were 36 type C and 19 type B. Of these fractures, 24 were open and 31 closed. Three surgical protocols were used. In 20 patients, Group A, a half pin external fixator with ankle spanning was performed. The mean age of patients was 42.0 years (22.0–74.0), SD 14.1 and the mean follow-up was 77.7 months (38.0–132.0), SD 25.4. In 22 patients, Group B, a single ankle sparring ring hybrid external fixator under a small arthrotomy was performed. The mean age of patients was 48.4 years (28.0–76.0), SD 12.4 and mean follow-up was 67.9 months (36.0–132.0), SD 27.8. In 13 patients, Group C, a two-staged internal fixation was performed. The mean age was 45.6 years (30.0–66.0), SD 9.7 and the mean follow-up was 78.6 months (55.0–132.0), SD 25.4. We addressed the dissimilarity of the type of fracture in each group performing supplementary stratified analyses within each fracture type group. Results Group A had union in 6.9 months, group B in 5.6 months and group C in 5.1 months; P = 0.009. Six patients (Group A), two (Group B), and one (Group C) had limitation of ankle motion; P = 0.47. One patient from group C developed infection and the plate was removed. Four patients (Group A), one (Group B), and one (Group C) have developed posttraumatic arthritis (loss of joint space and pain); P = 0.25. Seven patients from Group A have reduced their activities; P = 0.004. In stratified statistical analysis by type of fracture, the associations noted for both fracture groups combined were also noted separately within each fracture group. Conclusion In this long term follow-up study, the two-staged internal fixation and the hybrid fixation with small arthrotomy were equally efficacious in achieving bone union. Patients in external fixation with the ankle spanning had a significantly higher rate of delayed union. Also more patients in this group have reduced their activities. Meeting at which the paper was presented: International Annual Meeting Of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2003, Greece.     

骨外固定加压治疗胫骨干骨不连

目的 :通过观察半环槽式外固定器治疗胫骨骨不连的治疗效果 ,评价加压外固定对骨损伤修复的作用。方法 :采用半环槽式外固定器骨外加压固定治疗胫骨干骨不连 49例 (男 37例 ,女 12例 ) ,骨不连时间为 7～ 132个月。其中 7例感染性骨不连偏侧性骨缺损者 ,行病灶清除开放性植骨 ;5例感染性骨不连行病灶清除、内固定物取出、小腿皮瓣转位 ;10例骨不连、骨缺损伴伤肢短缩者 ,行胫骨干骺端截骨或骨骺牵伸延长。结果 :植骨全部成活 ,创面植皮获Ⅰ期愈合 ,肢体延长幅度 4.5～ 13 .5cm ,平均 7.5cm ,达到预期目标 ,49例患者均于术后 2 .5～ 10个月 ,获得骨愈合 ,平均 5 .4个月。结论 :骨外固定加压治疗胫骨干骨不连不仅具有确实的效果 ,而且有以下优点 :(1)方法简便、创伤小、局部血运干扰少 ;(2 )在局部感染的条件下仍可使用 ;(3)骨端始终保持有均匀的压应力和肢体功能锻炼时产生的生理应力刺激 ,有利于促进骨愈合 ;(4)可配合肢体延长联合使用 ,既治愈了骨不连 ,又均衡了双下肢长度 ,有利于肢体功能恢复。     

Mechanical Testing of Seven Fixation Methods for Generation of Compression Across a Midtarsal Osteotomy: A Comparison of Internal and External Fixation Devices

The purpose of this study was to assess 7 methods of fixation for a midtarsal osteotomy. Polyurethane foam models (N = 6) and cadaver specimens (N = 4-7) were used to examine the force generated by the different constructs of fixation. A midtarsal osteotomy was performed on each specimen in the test groups. The osteotomies were fixated either with 2 parallel 0.062-in Kirschner wires and 40-mm-long, 4-mm partially threaded, cancellous, cannulated titanium screws, an external ring fixator (frame), a frame with wires tensioned (tension), a frame with wires tensioned and compressed toward the osteotomy (tension and compression), a frame with tension, compression, and parallel Kirschner wires, or a frame with tension, compression, and two 4.0 cannulated parallel screws, respectively. Each model was fixated, and the force generated by the construct across the osteotomy was recorded via the use of pressure-sensitive film. Statistical analysis of the data in the polyurethane foam group determined that the use of frame with tension, compression, and two 4.0 parallel cannulated screws was statistically superior to 1) frame, 2) frame with tension, 3) 2 parallel Kirschner wires, 4) two 4.0 cannulated parallel screws, and 5) frame with tension and compression. A cadaver study determined that the frame with tension, compression, and 2 parallel Kirschner wires was statistically superior to 1) frame and 2) two parallel Kirschner wires. These findings suggest that there is a difference in the force generated by the type of fixation construct across a midtarsal osteotomy.     

Bone healing after metal plate fixation and external fixation of the osteotomized rabbit tibia

Controversy still exists as to the best method of treatment of long bone fractures. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects on the healing bone of external fixation and metal plate fixation. In an experimental model on the rabbit tibia the stiffness of the fixation corresponded intentionally to that of the same methods in human fracture treatment.

A transverse, midshaft osteotomy was made on one tibia, and fixed with a steel plate (45 × 5 × 1 mm) or external mini-fixation. The animals were killed after 4, 6 or 12 weeks. The bone healing was evaluated by radiography, histology and biomechanical testing in three-point bending. There were no significant differences between plate fixation and external fixation in the pattern of bone healing, as it occurred by periosteal, in-tramedullary and intercortical callus after both methods. The stiffness increased more rapidly than the strength, and reached normal values after about 6 weeks. No significant differences in stiffness between the two methods were found. The strength was significantly greater after plate fixation than after external fixation at 6 weeks, while no significant differences were found at either 4 or 12 weeks.

It is concluded that the speed of bone healing was more rapid after plate fixation. However, in the later stages of healing the plated bones were secondarily weakened because of the stress-protecting effect of the plate.     

Ensuring precision in lower limb deformity correction through a combination of temporary external fixation followed by internal fixation: Results of a retrospective study

Background:

It is important to plan preoperatively when contemplating internal fixation following deformity correction. Surgeons often find it difficult to retain the achieved correction till the end of internal fixation. To maintain precise correction we used hybrid technique which uses both external and internal fixation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this hybrid technique in achieving and retaining desired correction.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective study, we evaluated the magnitude of deformity with radiological parameters. We compared correction which was planned and correction which was achieved. The technique was used during surgery for corrective osteotomies. Before carrying out the osteotomy, rail fixator with two swivel clamps was applied. After osteotomy swivel clamps were loosened. Desired correction was achieved. While fixator held the fragments in corrected position, definitive internal fixation was carried out. External fixator was removed after completion of internal fixation. Position of mechanical axis ratio, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle were measured before and 12 weeks after surgery. Student t-test was used to analyze the difference between correction which was planned and correction which was achieved.

Results:

There was no statistical difference between the desired correction and the correction achieved.

Conclusions:

Temporary use of external fixator while correcting angular deformities of lower limb allows to achieve accurate correction.     

夹板固定内翻位锻炼治疗踝部旋前外旋型Ⅲ度骨折

目的 探讨内翻位锻炼对距骨、内踝关节间隙的影响。方法 手法整复后,在小夹板的轻度内翻内旋微跖屈位固定下,每日将足放在内翻位进行稍用力的内翻活动10余次,每次10－15分钟,持续内翻锻炼4周。结果 25例患者的距骨、内踝的关节间隙均正常,腓骨、内踝均对位良好或佳,1例好转,全部有效。结论 及早进行内翻的功能锻炼,可使外翻分离的内踝骨折逐步复位,使踝关节功能早日恢复。     

LISS钢板治疗股骨远端骨折疗效分析

目的总结LISS钢板内固定治疗股骨远端闭合性骨折的疗效。方法34例股骨远端骨折患者,按AO分型：A型19例,B型5例,C型10例。股骨髁间骨折12例,股骨髁上骨折22例,均行LISS钢板内固定。结果本组术后发生深部感染1例,经切开引流、抗感染及再次钢板固定治愈;并发膝外翻1例,于术后4个月进行翻修治愈。本组均获随访,平均15（10～34）个月,骨折平均愈合时间为4．5（3～10）个月。疗效评价按HSS膝关节评分：优26例,良4例,可2例,差2例;优良率为88．2％。结论LISS钢板内固定治疗股骨远端骨折可以获得令人满意的疗效。     

腓骨内固定结合外固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的:评价腓骨内固定结合外固定治疗Pilon骨折的效果。方法:对23例采用腓骨内固定结合外固定治疗的Pilon骨折患者进行随访分析。结果:21例随访19～50个月,平均27.5个月,骨折均愈合。根据Baird-Jackson标准:优8例,良10例,可3例,优良率85.7％。结论:腓骨内固定结合外固定在Pilon骨折治疗中具有独特的价值和良好的结果。     

Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的治疗策略

目的探讨治疗Ruedi—AllgowerⅡ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的治疗方法。方法采取切开复位内固定或有限切开内固定结合外固定的两种治疗方法治疗Pilon骨折42例。结果优20例，其中Ⅱ型12例，Ⅲ型8例；良16例，其中Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型12例；可5例，差1例，优良率85．7％。结论腓骨长度的恢复和解剖复位，胫骨远端关节面骨折的解剖复位，干骺端骨缺损松质骨植骨及尽可能的坚强固定，踝关节的早期活动是治疗Pilon骨折的关键。影响Pilon骨折疗效的因素，不仅是骨折的整复固定，更重要的是如何避免局部软组织的有关并发症。     

内外固定治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折18例报告

18例不稳定性骨盆骨折采用切开复位内固定或骨盆外固定器治疗,其中旋转不稳型10例,垂直不稳型8例.平均随访17个月,疗效满意.认为旋转不稳型骨盆骨折宜首选外固定器治疗,垂直不稳型骨盆骨折应争取解剖复位,为此必须采用切开复位内固定治疗.