边缘性病灶切除术治疗重度脊柱结核

目的 探讨前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效.方法 对2000年5月～2005年6月收治32例伴有后凸畸形与截瘫的重度胸腰椎结核,采用前路结核病灶边缘性切除术,同时用钛网和钢板重建脊柱稳定性,观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况.结果 植骨平均融合时间为6个月,融合率100%.在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、25°及19°,随访时矫正度丢失＜10°.伴截瘫者11例,Frankel神经功能达到E级.本组脊柱结核均治愈.结论 前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核,可彻底清除病灶,畸形矫正效果好,骨性融合时间短,减压彻底,结核病灶无复发.     

陈旧性胸腰椎结核后凸畸形继发截瘫的危险因素分析

目的 总结陈旧结核性胸腰椎后凸畸形患者的病例特点,分析其继发截瘫的危险因素.方法 以自1995年3月至2006年12月确诊陈旧结核性胸腰椎后凸畸形并住院手术治疗者为研究对象,回顾性总结其病例资料,对比分析截瘫与未截瘫组的性别、胸腰椎结核发病年龄、病程、病变导致塌陷并融合的椎体数、后凸顶点所在节段、后凸角度、既往病灶清除手术史等因素的差异.结果 22例均于胸腰椎结核发病后半年至2年出现胸腰椎后凸畸形,后凸畸形缓慢进行性加重,后凸角度(Cobb法)平均90.7°(48°～130°),15例继发不全截瘫,7例无脊髓功能异常.15例不全截瘫者中,男9例,女6例,确诊胸腰椎结核年龄平均8.4岁(1～33岁),病程平均24.4年(4～52年),术前后凸角度平均86.8°(48°～120°),7例曾行病灶清除术.7例未截瘫者中,男3例,女4例,确诊胸腰椎结核年龄平均6.4岁(1～22岁),病程平均13.4年(7～26年),术前后凸角度平均97.6°(73°～130°),4例曾行病灶清除术.按其后凸顶点所在节段分组,上胸椎(T1-4)后凸者100%继发截瘫(5/5例),中胸椎(T5-8)后凸者80%继发截瘫(4/5例),胸腰段(T1-L1)后凸者50%继发截瘫(6/12例).统计学分析结果显示两组的结核病程、后凸顶点所在节段、塌陷椎体数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组的后凸角度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于45°以上的重度陈旧结核性胸腰椎后凸畸形,尤其是青少和中、上胸椎后凸者,建议尽早手术治疗;对于重度陈旧结核性胸腰椎后凸畸形而言,其后凸顶点所在节段越靠近头端,塌陷椎体数越少,继发截瘫的危险性越高.     

经胸前路病灶清除减压治疗胸椎结核并后凸畸形

目的:总结经胸前路病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法:22例胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形患者,男12例,女10例,临床表现均有胸背痛、截瘫及脊柱后凸畸形,脊柱后凸角Cobb角为20～40°,平均25°。结核病损部位:T3～51例,T3～43例,T4～54例,T4～61例,T6～72例,T7～83例,T8～93例,T9～102例,T10～113例。ASIA分级:B级3例,C级11例,D级8例。MRI示椎管内均有压迫。9例行肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术,13例常规经胸病灶清除矫形植骨内固定术。术后继续抗痨治疗9～12个月。结果:22例患者切口均一期愈合,无肺部感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症。术后随访2～4年,14例在术后4周内瘫痪完全恢复,8例3个月内完全恢复。所有患者胸背痛消失,植骨融合,平均融合时间4个月,无1例结核复发,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无丢失。结论:经胸前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎结核截瘫并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、后凸畸形矫正和脊柱稳定性重建,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

边缘性病灶切除术治疗重度脊柱结核

目的：探讨前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：收集2000年5月-2005年6月间32例伴有后凸畸形与截瘫的重度胸腰椎结核病人，采用前路结核病灶边缘性切除术，同时用钛网和钢板重建脊柱稳定性，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访3．5年，30例患者获访，平均融合时间为6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、25°及19°，随访时矫正度丢失〈10°：伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能达到E级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核，可彻底清除病灶，畸形矫正效果好，骨性融合时间短，减压彻底，结核病灶无复发。     

侧前方病灶清除人工椎体置换术治疗胸椎结核后凸畸形

目的:探讨脊柱侧前方病灶清除椎间轴套式钛合金人工椎体置换治疗胸椎结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法:胸椎结核并后凸畸形患者19例,后凸Cobb角15°～30°,平均25°,7例患者合并脊髓压迫,Frankel分级C级3例,D级4例。手术方法为一期侧前方病灶清除椎间轴套式钛合金人工椎体置换,置换的人工椎体内置入松质骨。术后抗结核药物治疗9个月。结果:随访2～3年,平均2年4个月。切口均一期愈合,椎体无滑脱,胸椎结核全部治愈,脊髓功能损害者术后1年内完全恢复。术后后凸Cobb角平均8°,平均矫正17°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论:胸椎结核侧前方病灶清除人工椎体置换术治疗胸椎结核并后凸畸形效果较好,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、脊柱稳定性重建和后凸畸形矫正。     

脊柱结核病灶治愈型截瘫39例报告

目的:探讨脊柱结核病灶治愈型截瘫的诊断标准、治疗和预防。方法:回顾性分析39例经本院确诊为脊柱结核病灶治愈型截瘫患者的临床资料及治疗结果。结果:39例中有34例行手术治疗,其中19例完全恢复,10例部分恢复,4例无变化,1例加重;未手术5例均无明显改善。结论:脊柱结核病灶治愈型截瘫是结核治愈后的晚期并发症,有其本身的特性,手术治疗可取得较好效果。     

肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫

目的:探讨肩胛下经胸前路一期病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形患者的临床疗效。方法:自1999年1月~2003年1月共收治9例上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形患者,术前常规使用抗结核药联合化疗2~3周,并纠正贫血及低蛋白血症。采用肩胛下经胸前路病灶清除、椎管减压、一期椎间植骨融合和内固定术,5例使用切下的肋骨或自体髂骨植骨,4例使用充填松质骨颗粒的钛网植骨。应用“K”形钢板内固定4例,中华长城单棒系统4例,Ventrofixx系统1例。术后继续抗痨治疗9~12个月。结果:手术时间平均4h,手术失血量平均1200ml。9例患者切口均一期愈合,无肺部感染、呼吸衰竭等并发症。术后随访18~36个月,平均24个月。所有患者胸背痛消失,植骨骨性融合,融合时间3~6个月,平均4个月,6例患者在术后4周内瘫痪完全恢复,3例3个月内完全恢复。未见结核复发,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正了16°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论:肩胛下经胸前路一期病灶清除减压植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫和后凸畸形可缩短治疗时间,提高脊柱结核治愈率。     

病变治愈型脊柱结核脊柱后凸畸形及脊髓压迫的外科治疗

[目的]探讨胸腰段病变治愈型脊柱结核合并脊柱后凸畸形及脊髓压迫的外科治疗方法。[方法]对17例胸腰段病变治愈型脊柱结核分别采用单纯后路植骨融合3例，后路椎弓根螺丝钉固定及后路植骨融合术8例，椎体侧前方椎管减压6例，其中行单纯椎体侧方植骨融合术3例，辅以椎体侧方钢板内固定3例。[结果]术后随访时间9个月～7a6个月，平均4．2a。后路植骨平均骨融合时间为2．8个月，椎体侧方植骨平均骨性融合时间为3．3个月，椎管侧前方减压6例中1例神经根刺激症状完全消失，3例大部分改善，2例症状加重并伴单侧下肢肌力1～2级减退。[结论]胸腰段病变治愈型脊柱结核合并脊柱后凸畸形临床上有时并不合并严重的脊髓压迫症状，外科治疗目的在于防止脊柱后凸畸形进一步加重及避免继发性截瘫，而过分强调椎管完全减压及脊柱后凸畸形矫正会导致严重的脊髓功能受损。     

侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定治疗胸椎结核后凸畸形

目的观察侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法胸椎结核并后凸畸形患者17例,男11例,女6例;年龄23～56岁,平均36.4岁。结核病损位于下胸椎,累及两或三个椎体。后凸成角15°～34°,平均25°。5例患者合并脊髓损伤,Frankel分级为C级2例、D级3例。手术方法为一期侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定,抗结核药物治疗9个月。结果术后随访2~4年,切口一期愈合,椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱结核全部治愈,脊髓功能损害患者术后1年内完全恢复。术后后凸成角平均为7°,平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、脊柱稳定性重建和后凸畸形矫正。坚强的内固定可促进病椎植骨融合,有助于缩短术后药物治疗时间和提高脊柱结核治愈率。     

前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫

目的：探讨前路植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：1996年～2002年4月采用前路病灶清除，植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫62例，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访2年2个月，56例患者获访，平均融合时间为3．6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、15°及9°，随访时无矫正度丢失；伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能平均恢复2级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定，融合时间短，畸形矫正效果好，减压彻底，有利于截瘫恢复。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.