颈性眩晕的病因及其治疗

目的：探讨颈性眩晕的病因及其治疗。方法：80例颈性眩晕患者中，椎动脉型颈椎病25例，其中5例行颈前路钩椎关节切除 横突孔减压术，12例颈前路椎间盘及骨赘切除 椎间植骨融合术；下颈椎失稳27例，下颈椎骨折脱位2例，5例行颈前路植骨融合术；颈间盘突出症11例，8例行颈前路间盘切除 椎间植骨融合术；8例OPLL均行颈前路骨化韧带切除 椎间植骨融合；环枢椎旋转半脱位2例，行手法复位，环枢椎前脱位4例，行牵引复位，后路植骨融合术；1例颈部巨大脂肪瘤侵犯双侧椎动脉（VA）。36例行保守治疗，结果：疗效优60例，良17例，差3例。结论：颈椎病和颈椎失稳是颈性眩晕的主要病因（65%）。交感神经受刺激是主要的发病机制。治疗应以稳定颈椎和VA减压为主要目的。     

枕颈融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢不稳

目的 探讨陈旧性寰枢不稳的原因和枕颈融合术的疗效。方法 自1985—1988年共施行枕颈融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢不稳10例，其中行寰椎后弓全部切除8例，一侧寰椎后弓切除2例。结果 术后随访13～42个月，参照贾连顺等疗效评定标准，优4例，良3例，可1例，差2例，优良率达70％。结论 ①陈旧性寰枢不稳主要原因是齿突骨折不愈合和寰枢椎旋转脱位与固定；②枕颈融合术是治疗陈旧性寰枢椎不稳的有效方法。     

寰枢关节错缝所致颈性眩晕的诊断及手法治疗

颈性眩晕主要由上颈段颈椎错位引起,尤其是由寰枢关节的紊乱引起的颈性眩晕更多见.临床上对其诊断尚缺乏必要的病史、体格检查和影像学的系统证据.本文通过查阅国内外关于寰枢关节错缝所致颈性眩晕的诊断,以及推拿手法对其干预研究情况的文献资料,对寰枢关节错缝所致颈性眩晕的诊断和治疗方法进行总结,以期有助于提高寰枢关节错缝所致颈性眩晕的诊治效果.     

上颈段伤患再次手术原因分析与对策

目的 分析13例上颈段伤患再次手术的原因,探讨其防治对策。方法 回顾性研究近年来所进行的13例上颈段再次手术病例,对其再次手术的原因进行分析,探讨减少上颈段伤患手术并发症和不良后果,避免再次手术的措施。结果 导致再次手术的原因有：术后寰枢椎不稳或再次脱位9例次,残留脊髓压迫10例次,齿状突螺钉置入位置错误1例次,手术邻近节段退变1例次,枕颈植骨融合失败1例次,术中脊髓损伤1例次,后方植骨块滑入椎管1例次,症状加重病人要求取出内固定1例次。结论 引起上颈段伤患再次手术的常见原因为术后寰枢椎不稳或再次脱位和残留脊髓压迫;减少手术操作失误,经口前路齿状突切除减压术时加行后路融合术,对陈旧性寰枢椎脱位采用坚强内固定,对寰枢椎脱位较明显或较固定的病人行前后路联合减压术等是减少上颈段伤患再次手术率的有效措施。     

齿状突骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨齿状突骨折手术治疗的方法和临床效果。方法手术治疗齿状突骨折40例,行前路空心螺钉固定4例,环枢关节融合26例,枕颈融合10例。结果40例经2~60个月随访。齿状突骨折空心螺钉固定4例,3个月达骨性愈合,颈部屈伸旋转功能恢复正常;环枢关节融合的26例,3~5个月达到骨性融合;枕颈融合10例,融合时间3~10个月,颈部旋转功能明显受限。结论前路空心螺钉是治疗新鲜的Ⅱ型和浅Ⅲ型横形骨折的最佳方法。环枢椎椎弓根钉是目前治疗环枢关节不稳较好方法,CUF椎弓根钉系统具有放置方便、提拉复位与价廉的优点。伴环枢关节脱位又不能复位的患者行枕颈融合是必要的。     

经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和寰椎椎板钩内固定的力学稳定性

目的评价双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和寰椎椎板钩内固定的力学稳定性。方法将6具新鲜尸体颈椎标本（包括枕骨基底部和C1-C4颈椎节段）置于1．5Nm载荷下，测量C1，2节段的三维运动范围（range of motion，ROM）。标本依Gallie内固定、双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和Gallie内固定、双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉内固定、双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和寰椎椎板钩内固定、双侧寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的顺序实施固定，每次固定后测量三维运动范围。结果包含经寰枢关节间隙螺钉的内固定组在旋转和侧屈方向上具有最小的ROM，其中双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和寰椎椎板钩内固定组在屈伸运动方向上也具有最小的ROM。寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定组在旋转方向上ROM大于单纯经寰枢关节间隙螺钉内固定组，但在侧屈和屈伸方向上接近经寰枢关节间隙螺钉，差异无统计学意义；其在侧屈和旋转方向上ROM均小于Gallie内固定组，差异有统计学意义。结论双侧经寰枢关节间隙螺钉和寰椎椎板钩“三点”内固定具有最强的生物力学稳定性。虽然双侧寰椎侧块螺钉和枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定在生物力学稳定性上不及“三点”内固定，但明显优于Gallie内固定。     

自发性环枢椎脱位58例病因和疗效分析

自发性环枢椎脱位多见于儿童和少年。本文在除外颈椎结核，肿瘤及严重外伤者，根据：１．颈痛、突发或缓发性斜颈及颈部活动障碍。２．Ｘ线拍片均具备有：（１）环齿前距＞３ｍｍ；（２）环枢棘突角＞１０°；（３）环枢关节间隙不等；（４）齿突与侧块间距差＞３ｍｍ~（［１］）作为本病的诊断标准。自１９７５年～１９９４年我院收治５８例，对其病因及治疗问题进行分析。临床资料１．一般资料：５８例中男３０例，女２８例；年龄最小１岁，最大４４岁，平均１１．９岁；其中１４岁以下５１例，占８８．０％。伴神经伤３例，脊髓伤２例。…     

不同螺纹C2椎弓根拉力螺钉系统固定治疗枢椎环骨折的有限元分析

目的：比较半螺纹、双螺纹、全螺纹C2椎弓根拉力螺钉系统固定治疗枢椎环骨折的生物力学特性，为临床选择椎弓根螺钉提供参考。方法：获取1名28岁健康成年男性志愿者的C0～C3节段薄层CT扫描数据，建立正常颈椎C0～C3节段三维六面体网格有限元原始模型。参照既往枢椎环骨折C2椎弓根骨折分型，通过弱化网格单元强度的方法在原始模型上建立A、B、C三种枢椎环骨折模型：A型骨折模型，双侧椎弓根对称性骨折；B型骨折模型，单侧上关节突及椎体后壁骨折，伴对侧椎弓根骨折；C型骨折模型，双侧上关节突骨折，伴椎体后壁骨折。分别用单螺纹、双螺纹及全螺纹椎弓根拉力螺钉系统模拟固定C2-3节段，在模型枕骨髁部施加50N垂直向下压力模拟头颅重力，同时施加1.5N·m力矩使模型加载前屈、后伸、侧屈及旋转四种生理载荷，比较各固定模型在各工况下节点路径上的位移及应力分布情况。结果：固定A型骨折模型后，单螺纹螺钉在各工况下节点路径上的最大位移均小于双螺纹螺钉和全螺纹螺钉；固定B型骨折模型后，单螺纹及双螺纹螺钉各工况下节点路径上的最大位移小于全螺纹螺钉，单螺纹螺钉在前屈、后伸工况下节点路径上的最大位移小于双螺纹螺钉，在侧屈及旋转工...     

颈动脉硬化性狭窄的诊断

颅外颈动脉狭窄性病变引起脑供血不足的重要性逐渐被重视。颈动脉硬化性狭窄在解剖上常常局限于三个部位：（1）颈总动脉起始部；（2）颈总动脉与颈内动脉和颈外动脉分叉部；（3）颈内动脉颅内段的虹吸部。颈总动脉分叉部位是动脉硬化性狭窄最常见的部位。临床表现颈动脉粥样硬     

环枢关节错缝的X线表现

通过对正常组和病例组环枢关节Ｘ线片的观察和分析，认为两侧齿突侧块间距的差值和齿突环椎轴线的偏离值大于１ｍｍ，旋转开口位显示环枢运动异常，并伴有颈椎病的症状和体征者，可考虑为环枢关节错缝。     

臭氧联合颈椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛的临床疗效观察

目的 评估臭氧联合颈椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛的临床疗效.方法 对2009-09-2011-09我院疼痛门诊178例颈源性头痛患者进行了臭氧联合颈椎旁神经阻滞,将患者分为对照组(n=88)和治疗组(n=90),治疗组采用臭氧联合颈椎旁神经阻滞,对照组仅使用颈椎旁神经阻滞,通过对患者进行视觉疼痛评分比例尺(VAS)和临床表现进行临床疗效观察.结果 两组患者治疗后VAS评分均有明显的降低,治疗组评分的下降更为明显,两组之间差异具有显著性(P＜0.05);治疗组的痊愈率和好转率较高,两组之间差异具有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 臭氧联合颈椎旁神经阻滞是临床上比较确切的治疗方法,疗效优于单纯颈椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛.     

Short- and medium-term effects of manual therapy on the upper cervical spine combined with exercise vs isolated exercise in patients with cervicogenic headache. A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCervicogenic headache is defined as a unilateral headache associated with a lack of range of motion. The effect of manual therapy applied to the upper cervical spine combined with cervical exercises in this patient population is currently unknown.ObjectiveTo determine if adding manual therapy to an exercise and home-exercise program is more effective by reducing symptoms and improving function in the short- and mid-term than just applying exercises in patients with cervicogenic headache.MethodsRandomized controlled trial. 40 participants with cervicogenic headache were recruited (20 = Manual Therapy + Exercise and 20 = Exercise). Each group received four 20-min sessions weekly and a home exercise regime. Upper cervical flexion and flexion-rotation test, HIT-6, headache intensity, craniocervical flexion test, pain pressure thresholds, GROC-scale, and adherence to self-treatment were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention, and again at 3-(short-term) and 6-month (mid-term) follow-ups.ResultsThe Manual Therapy + Exercise group showed a statistically significant improvement in all short- and mid-term variables (p < .05) compared to the exercise group except for the variable pain pressure thresholds first metacarpal joint right and left short-term and adherence to self-treatment short-term.ConclusionFour 20-min sessions of manual therapy and an exercise protocol along with a home exercise regime is more effective in the short and mid-term than an exercise protocol and a home exercise regime for patients with cervicogenic headache.     

A specific exercise program and modification of postural alignment for treatment of cervicogenic headache: a case report

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: To describe an intervention approach consisting of a specific active-exercise program and modification of postural alignment for an individual with cervicogenic headache. BACKGROUND: The patient was a 46-year-old male with a 7-year history of cervicogenic headache. He reported constant symptoms with an average intensity of 5/10 on a visual analogue scale where 0 indicated no pain and 10 the worst pain imaginable. Average pain intensity in the week prior to the initial evaluation was 3/10 secondary to trigger point injections. The patient's headache symptoms worsened with activities that involved use of his arms and prolonged sitting. METHODS AND MEASURES: The patient was treated 7 times over a 3-month period. Impairments of alignment, muscle function, and movement of the cervical, scapulothoracic, and lumbar regions were identified. Outcome measurements included headache frequency, intensity, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI) questionnaire. Intervention included modification of alignment and movement during active cervical and upper extremity movements. The patient also received functional instructions focused on diminishing the effect of the weight of the upper extremities on the cervical spine. RESULTS: The patient reported a decrease in headache frequency and intensity (1 headache in 3 weeks, intensity 1/10) and a decrease in his NDI score from 31 (severe disability) to 11 (mild disability). The patient also demonstrated improvement in upper cervical joint mobility, cervical range of motion, scapular alignment, and scapulothoracic muscle strength. CONCLUSION: Interventions that included modification of alignment in the cervical, scapulothoracic, and lumbar region, along with instruction in a specific active-exercise program to address movement impairments in these 3 regions, appeared to have been successful in relieving headaches and improving function in this patient.     

Cervicogenic dizziness: a review of diagnosis and treatment

The diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness is characterized by dizziness and dysequilibrium that is associated with neck pain in patients with cervical pathology. The diagnosis and treatment of an individual presenting with cervical spine dysfunction and associated dizziness complaints can be a challenging experience to orthopaedic and vestibular rehabilitation specialists. The purpose of this article is to review the incidence and prevalence, historical background, and proposed pathophysiology underlying cervicogenic dizziness. In addition, we have outlined the diagnostic criteria, evaluation, and treatment of dizziness attributed to disorders of the cervical spine. The diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness is dependent upon correlating symptoms of imbalance and dizziness with neck pain and excluding other vestibular disorders based on history, examination, and vestibular function tests. When diagnosed correctly, cervicogenic dizziness can be successfully treated using a combination of manual therapy and vestibular rehabilitation. We present 2 cases, of patients diagnosed with cervicogenic dizziness, as an illustration of the clinical decision-making process in regard to this diagnosis.     

颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病合并颈源性头痛的临床疗效

目的 探讨颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病（MCSM）合并颈源性头痛的临床疗效。方法 2018年1月—2021年6月，采用颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗MCSM合并颈源性头痛患者31例，术前及术后1、3、12个月采用日本骨科学会（JOA）评分评价临床疗效，采用颈椎功能障碍指数（NDI）“头痛问题”Q5评分评价头痛程度。结果 所有手术顺利完成，所有患者随访>12个月。患者术后各随访时间点JOA评分较术前显著改善，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。除1例轻度头痛患者术后头痛无缓解，其余患者头痛均不同程度缓解。结论 颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术能缓解MCSM合并颈源性头痛患者的临床症状。     

Cervicogenic headaches: a critical review.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The notion that headaches may originate from disorders of the cervical spine and can be relieved by treatments directed at the neck is gaining recognition among headache clinicians but is often neglected in the spine literature. PURPOSE: To review and summarize the literature on cervicogenic headaches in the following areas: historical perspective, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A systematic literature review of cervicogenic headache was performed. METHODS: Three computerized medical databases (Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Mantis) were searched for the terms "cervicogenic" and "headache." After cross-referencing, we retrieved 164 unique citations; 48 citations were added from other sources, for a total of 212 citations, although all were not used. RESULTS: Hilton described the concept of headaches originating from the cervical spine in 1860. In 1983 Sjaastad introduced the term "cervicogenic headache" (CGH). Diagnostic criteria have been established by several expert groups, with agreement that these headaches start in the neck or occipital region and are associated with tenderness of cervical paraspinal tissues. Prevalence estimates range from 0.4% to 2.5% of the general population to 15% to 20% of patients with chronic headaches. CGH affects patients with a mean age of 42.9 years, has a 4:1 female disposition, and tends to be chronic. Almost any pathology affecting the cervical spine has been implicated in the genesis of CGH as a result of convergence of sensory input from the cervical structures within the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The main differential diagnoses are tension type headache and migraine headache, with considerable overlap in symptoms and findings between these conditions. No specific pathology has been noted on imaging or diagnostic studies which correlates with CGH. CGH seems unresponsive to common headache medication. Small, noncontrolled case series have reported moderate success with surgery and injections. A few randomized controlled trials and a number of case series support the use of cervical manipulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and botulinum toxin injection. CONCLUSIONS: There remains considerable controversy and confusion on all matters pertaining to the topic of CGH. However, the amount of interest in the topic is growing, and it is anticipated that further research will help to clarify the theory, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with CGH. Until then, it is essential that clinicians maintain an open, cautious, and critical approach to the literature on cervicogenic headaches.     

Articular and muscular impairments in cervicogenic headache: a case report

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: To describe the use of manual therapy and muscle re-education for an individual with suspected cervicogenic headache. Background: This patient was a 27-year-old woman with complaint of headache. She was functionally limited with prolonged postures and lifting. She also demonstrated impairments in cervical mobility and muscular performance. METHODS AND MEASURES: This patient was treated 8 times over an 8-week period. Intervention included manual upper cervical spine mobilization techniques, muscle re-education for the deep neck flexor muscles, and scapular stabilization exercises. RESULTS: Following treatment, the patient demonstrated an increase in cervical mobility, improved muscular performance, a decrease in headaches, and complete resolution of functional limitations. CONCLUSION: The combination of manual therapy and muscle re-education was successful in relieving headaches and improving function in this patient.     

星状神经节阻滞联合改良颈部椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛

目的 探讨星状神经节阻滞联合改良颈部椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛的临床疗效.方法 136例颈源性头痛患者随机分为星状神经节阻滞联合改良颈部椎旁神经阻滞(A组)和星状神经节阻滞联合外周神经阻滞(B组),每组68例.两组均以每2天治疗一次,4次为一疗程.治疗前后采用简化McGill疼痛问卷表评估疼痛程度,并结合颈椎活动度(ROM)评分来评定临床疗效.结果 与治疗前比较,两组治疗后疼痛评估指数(PRI)、疼痛强度指数(PPI)、VAS、ROM评分均降低(P<0.05).治疗后,A组PRI、PPI、VAS、ROM评分均较B组为低.治愈率较B组为高(P<0.05)结论星状神经节阻滞联合改良颈部椎旁神经阻滞治疗颈源性头痛的临床疗效优于联合外周神经阻滞.     

颈源性头痛的临床表现及影像学分析

目的:探讨颈源性头痛的临床特征及机制。方法:选取2013年5月至2017年12月就诊并有完整影像学资料的颈源性头痛患者57例,男18例,女39例;年龄20～63(43.26±10.39)岁;病程4个月～35年,平均(11.74±9.47)年。分析患者的疼痛情况、影像学、Tinel征情况。结果:颈源性头痛患者疼痛多为双侧出现,区域主要集中在颞部,多伴发枕部、头顶、眼眶疼痛;VAS评分有随病程增加而下降趋势;影像学有椎间盘突出(91.30%)、椎体不稳(73.91%)、寰枢椎移位(56.52%)、颈椎曲度变化(54.35%)等改变;Tinel征诱发点数量为3～24(13.58±5.8)个/人,存在健侧与患侧的个数及程度差异,患侧个数及程度显著大于健侧(P0.05);颈源性头痛患者多在C2,3关节突关节(92.98%)、乳突后(89.47%)、枕大凹(89.47%)、C3,4关节突关节(84.21%)、第3枕神经(80.70%)等区域有Tinel征阳性诱发点。结论:颈源性头痛患者多伴有双侧而非单侧疼痛,并存在影像学改变和Tinel征阳性诱发点,Tinel征试验是否可作为临床诊断的客观指标尚需进一步研究。     

选择性颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫治疗胸段食管鳞癌

目的 研究胸段食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移规律，探讨合适的淋巴结清扫范围。方法 87例接受食管次全切除术的胸段食管鳞癌患者，根据术前食管腔内超声和颈部超声检查结果，选择性进行胸腹二野或颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫。结果 超声发现颈部淋巴结肿大并行三野清扫35例（40．2％，三野清扫组），其中原发肿瘤位于胸上段食管者的比例（16／24例，66．7％）显著高于中、下段肿瘤者（19／63例，30．2％）（P=0．002）。三野清扫术扫除淋巴结13．7组／例，显著多于二野清扫组（52例，59．8％）的10．5组／例（P〈0．001）。术后病理检测三野清扫组转移淋巴结1．5组／例，也显著多于二野清扫组的0．8组／例（P〈0．01）。颈淋巴结转移（pM1-LN）17例（占全组19．5％，占三野清扫组48．6％），有区域淋巴结转移者的颈淋巴结转移比例（15／48例，31．3％）显著高于无区域淋巴结转移者（2／39例，5．1％）（P〈0．01）。上、中、下纵隔及上腹部的淋巴结转移率分别为25．3％、23．O％、5．7％和24．1％，颈淋巴结转移与上纵隔（P〈0．01）及中纵隔（P〈0．01）淋巴结转移显著相关，但与下纵隔及上腹部淋巴结转移无关。三野清扫组术后并发症发生率（60．0％）显著高于二野清扫组（34．6％，P=0．020）。喉返神经损伤发生率两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；但喉返神经损伤者吻合口瘘发生率（7／13例，53．8％）显著高于无喉返神经损伤者（10／74例，13．5％，P=0．001）。术后死亡率两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 应对肿瘤位于胸上段食管、或上纵隔及中纵隔淋巴结已发生转移的食管癌患者在超声指导下进行选择性颈胸腹三野淋巴结清扫术，以降低手术风险、提高手术根治效果。