肾上腺皮质癌9例报告

目的：探讨肾上腺皮质癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析9例肾上腺皮质癌患者的临床资料,其中男7例,女2例。年龄5个月～63岁,平均39岁。术前全部行B超及CT检查,有内分泌异常者2例,分别为Cushing syndrome及原发性醛固酮增多症。无内分泌异常者7例。结果：手术完整切除9例。术后病理检查：I期1例;Ⅱ期4例;Ⅲ期3例;Ⅳ期1例。随访4～60个月,平均生存30个月,1例因肺部转移而术后26个月死亡,1例失去随访,其余7例均存活至今。结论：肾上腺皮质癌恶性程度较高,预后较差,根治性切除是治疗肾上腺皮质癌最有效的方法。化疗及放疗可作为术后辅助治疗。早期诊断和早期治疗可提高患者生存率。     

成人肾上腺皮质癌的诊断和治疗(附16例报告)

目的：探讨成人肾上腺皮质癌的临床特点和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析16例成人肾上腺皮质癌患者的临床资料，全部患者术前行B超、CT等影像学检查，10例接受内分泌激素检测，均首先行手术治疗，完整切除肿瘤13例，未能完整切除者3例。结果：术前13例明确诊断，3例末确诊。术后病理检查I期肿瘤3例，Ⅱ期9例，Ⅲ期4例。随访N一62个月，平均生存48个月；有5例至今生存，其中3例因术后转移而进展为Ⅳ期，行联合化疗(PDD加ADM加VN16)3—5周期，均末达到肿瘤缓解，术后平均生存17个月。3例末完全切除者术后放疗均末控，均因肿瘤扩散死亡，术后平均生存期为11个月。结论：成人肾上腺皮质癌恶性程度高，影像学检查是确诊的关键；早期发现并行根治性切除手术是目前提高其生存率的唯一有效方法。     

肾上腺皮质癌19例报告

目的探讨肾上腺皮质癌临床特点和治疗方法,提高肾上腺皮质癌的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析经病理确诊的19例肾上腺皮质癌的临床资料。肿瘤直径1～20cm,平均9.3cm,1～5cm4例,5～10cm6例,>10cm9例。Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期6例,Ⅲ期5例,Ⅳ期6例。结果手术完整切除13例,姑息性切除4例,仅作活检2例。术后平均生存28个月。其中5例行腹腔镜手术,4例至今生存,1例2年后死于肺转移。结论早期诊断、早期手术是治疗关键,腹腔镜手术也是治疗肾上腺皮质癌有效的方法。     

肾上腺皮质腺癌(附12例报告)

目的 总结肾上腺皮质腺癌的诊治经验。方法 分析12例肾上腺皮质腺癌的临床特点、病理学特征及治疗预后情况。男6例，女6例。平均年龄37岁。肿瘤均为单发，右侧10例，左侧2例；直径3～30cm。sullivan分期：Ⅰ期3例，Ⅱ期3例，Ⅲ期2例，Ⅳ期4例。功能性肿瘤4例，无功能性肿瘤8例。结果 ll例患者完整切除肿瘤，1例有骨转移者因肿瘤巨大，周围浸润，仅行活检。标本雌激素受体(ER)测定7例，阳性5例。5例分别于术后6～18个月死亡；7例仍健康存活，其中5例服用三苯氧胺。结论 肾上腺皮质腺癌可能属性激素依赖性肿瘤，三苯氧胺是较有效的辅助治疗药物，肿瘤分期、肿瘤大小与预后密切相关。     

结肠癌并发穿孔术式选择的体会

结肠癌并发穿孔是结肠癌第二危险并发症，近期死亡率高，治疗术式选择困难。我们收治15例，现就术式选择谈谈体会。临床资料一般资料：本组男9例，女6例；年龄50～72岁，平均64．5岁。癌肿及穿孔部位：盲肠部癌3例，升结肠癌2例，模结肠肝曲癌1例，降结肠癌5例，乙状结肠癌4例。13例于癌肿部位穿孔，l例乙状结肠癌升结肠穿孔，l例降结肠癌升结肠2处穿孔，其中2例穿孔形成局部脓肿。病理及分期：腺癌7例，粘液腺癌3例，未分化癌5例；Dukes分期：B期4例，C期8例，D期3例。手术术式：！期切除癌肿肠吻合7例（不同程度的根治）；全结肠切除，…     

儿童肾上腺皮质癌九例报告

目的　提高儿童肾上腺皮质癌的诊断和治疗效果。　方法　回顾性分析 9例肾上腺皮质癌患儿资料。均为女性 ,左侧 5例 ,右侧 4例。　结果　行手术治疗 6例 ,其中姑息性切除 2例 ,肿瘤完整切除 4例 ;放弃治疗 1例 ,2例未及手术死于呼吸衰竭。手术 6例随访 3个月～ 5年 2个月 ,平均 2年 3个月。术后 2年无瘤生存 4例。　结论　早期发现、早期手术及完整切除肿瘤是提高儿童肾上腺皮质癌生存率的关键。     

肾上腺恶性肿瘤(附50例报告)

目的 提高肾上腺恶性肿瘤的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析50例肾上腺恶性肿瘤的临床资料。其中有功能肾上腺皮质癌7例，均有相关临床表现和内分泌异常；恶性嗜铬细胞瘤23例，表现高血压19例，24h尿儿茶酚胺增高18例；无功能肾上腺皮质癌15例；肾上腺转移癌5例。患者术前均行内分泌和影像学检查。结果 27例肾上腺皮质癌和转移癌中25例由病理确诊，2例于随访中得以确诊。23例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤中ll例根据影像学和手术探查发现广泛浸润或转移灶确诊，12例于随访期间发现转移灶确诊。14例肾上腺皮质癌获肿瘤切除，8例存活1-5年；12例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤获肿瘤切除，生存1-14年。结论 绝大多数肾上腺皮质癌可根据病理或有远处转移的影像学检查定性。嗜铬细胞瘤复发，尤其是肾上腺外嗜铬细胞瘤复发恶性可能性极大，但恶性嗜铬细胞瘤必需要有影像学或病理证实肿瘤浸润或扩散到无副神经节的组织中才能确诊。晚期肾上腺皮质癌预后差，晚期恶性嗜铬细胞瘤用苯苄胺及131I-MIBG治疗可明显延长生存期。     

膀胱混合癌的诊断与治疗(附13例报告)

目的：提高膀胱混合癌的诊断和治疗水平。方法：结合文献对收治的13例膀胱混合癌的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行分析。结果：13例膀胱混合癌中,移行细胞癌加腺癌5例,移行细胞癌加鳞癌4例,癌肉瘤3例,移行细胞癌加低分化腺癌加小细胞神经内分泌癌1例,其中T_2期3例,T_3期10例；G_2 2例,G_311例。作TURBt 1例,膀胱部分切除术5例,膀胱全切术7例,其中回肠膀胱2例,输尿管皮肤造口术1例。结论：膀胱混合癌是一种恶性程度很高的肿瘤,预后差,早期诊断困难。手术切除是主要治疗方法。     

原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤24例分析

目的探讨原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后。方法对1992年1月～1999年12月经手术及病理证实的24例原发性输尿管癌进行回顾性分析。结果24例病理均为移行细胞癌，组织学分级：移行细胞癌Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级9例，Ⅲ级5例；临床分期：T1期10例，T2期9例，T3～T4期5例。后腹膜淋巴结清扫5例中3例发现有淋巴结癌转移。24例中有22例得到随诊，随诊时间2个月～7年，平均4年2个月。生存3年以上18例(75％)，有8例术后2个月～3年膀胱内出现移行细胞癌，其中输尿管移行细胞癌Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级3例，6例为输尿管下段肿瘤。1例7年中共复发5次。复发性肿瘤行TUR—BT或激光治疗，膀胱内多发性复发性肿瘤行全膀胱切除2例。T3～T4期5例，有3例获随诊，3年内死于远处肝、肺转移。结论静脉肾盂造影和逆行造影、膀胱镜、输尿管镜检查及尿脱落细胞学检查是诊断本病的重要手段，输尿管镜检查加活检是输尿管肿瘤诊断的最可靠依据。输尿管肿瘤预后、肿瘤的膀胱内复发、全身转移与肿瘤的分级分期及肿瘤部位有关。     

肾上腺恶性肿瘤6例分析

目的：探讨提高肾上腺恶性肿瘤诊治水平的方法。方法：回顾性分析6例肾上腺恶性肿瘤患者临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果：6例患者中，肾上腺皮质癌4例，转移癌1例，神经母细胞瘤1例。5例患者经手术治疗，其中3例患者获得较长时间的生存。结论：对肾上腺恶性肿瘤要早期诊断和治疗，综合治疗有助于延长患者生命。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.