膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后严重代谢性酸中毒的外科治疗

目的探讨膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植长期存活受者代谢性酸中毒的治疗方法。方法1例女性45岁糖尿病肾病、尿毒症患者膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后3年并发严重代谢性酸中毒，二次手术改为同肠引流。绕移植胰腺十二指肠膀胱吻合口切除已游离的带膀胱擘吻合口，于距同盲部40cm处回肠与移植胰腺十二指肠段行侧侧吻合，吻合口长约5cm，距吻合口15cm处冉行回肠襻侧侧吻合。结果患者术后恢复好。服用常规免疫抑制剂，住院30d。随访4年，患者血气分析正常。肾功能、血糖波动在正常范围。结论膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后严重代谢性酸中毒患者改用回肠引流是一种有效、安全的治疗方法。     

胰肾联合移植长期存活受者并发胰瘘二例的诊治体会

回顾2例长期存活的胰肾联合移植受者并发胰瘘的临床诊治过程,归纳整理其治疗前后的实验室检查数据、影像学资料、治疗方式及预后转归,结合相关文献学习,研究分析后发现,移植肾功能丧失是采用经膀胱回流的胰腺外分泌引流方式的胰肾联合移植受者并发胰瘘的主要原因,同时,长期的贫血、低蛋白血症及膀胱残余尿的存在也和胰瘘的发生密切相关。早发现、早诊断、早治疗对于胰肾联合移植术后并发胰瘘的临床转归尤为重要。     

胰液膀胱引流式胰、肾联合移植二例报告

目的 总结膀胱引流术式胰、肾联合移植经验和教训。方法 对2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿素症患者施行膀胱引流式胰、肾联合移植,术后早期采用皮质激素、霉酚酸酯（MMF）、环孢素A（CsA）／他克莫司（FK506）和抗淋巴细胞球蛋白（ALG）进行免疫抑制治疗,8－10d后改为FK506、MMFT和泼尼松维持。结果 移植后,2例均立即停用胰岛素,肾功能逐渐恢复正常, 仅例2术后并发轻微切口感染,经引流、局部处理后愈合,无基它外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活6个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 膀胱引流式胰、肾联合移植术后治疗胰岛素依赖糖尿病并发毒症的有效方法。     

胰肾联合移植术后死亡原因分析

目的分析肠道引流式胰肾联合移植术后死亡原因。方法回顾分析我院2001年5月至2006年10月开展的10例胰肾联合移植治疗终末期糖尿病并发尿毒症患者的临床资料，分析胰肾联合移植术后死亡的原因。结果3例胰肾联合移植术后死亡，其中2例死于肺部感染，1例死于缺血坏死性胰腺炎。结论胰肾联合移植术风险较大，肺部感染、缺血坏死性胰腺炎是术后死亡的主要原因。     

胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植并发症的处理

目的 探讨胰肾一期联合移植术后并发症的处理经验。方法 回顾性分析５例胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植术后发生并发症的原因及治疗。结果 ５例术后分别存活５年１个月、４年、２２ｄ、７０ｄ和５个月,前２例目前仍健在,生活质量佳。５例均发生了近期或远期的非技术性并发症,其中包括胰瘘、胰周感染及脓肿、十二指肠残端瘘、膀胱炎、血尿、排斥反应、巨细胞病毒感染、代谢性酸中毒、尿潴留与尿道狭窄等。结论 胰、肾一期联合移     

胰、肾联合移植术治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症三例

目的 总结胰、肾联合移植术治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的临床体会。方法 对3例糖尿病合并尿毒症，周围神经病变及视网膜病变患者施行不同术式的胰，肾联合移植术，其中1例为胰液膀胱引流术式。另2例为胰液空肠引流术式，3例免疫抑制治疗均采用环孢素A，霉酚酸酯及泼尼松，其中2例术后早期应用单克隆抗体。结果 3例患者术后均停用胰岛素，血糖，C-肽以及尿素氮，肌酐均恢复正常；2例下肢神经传导速度及视力在术后3个月后有不同程度的改善，现已存活16个月，10个月，另1例因肝功能衰竭，于术后2个月死亡。结论 胰、肾联合移植术是治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的有效手段。并能改善糖尿病的其它合并症。     

胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植的远期疗效分析

目的：探讨胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植的远期效果及其影响因素。方法：2001年9月～2006年1月共为14例患者行同种异体胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植术。胰腺移植于右髂窝，门静脉与髂外静脉做端侧吻合，包括腹腔动脉干和肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉片与髂外动脉做端侧吻合，肾脏同常规肾移植于左侧髂窝。十二指肠与膀胱侧侧吻合。胰液采用膀胱外引流。术后应用他克莫司加霉酚酸酯加泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案。结果：9例患者术后胰肾功能恢复良好，早期无排斥反应发生。随访18～70个月，平均34个月。存活5年以上者4例，4年以上者5例，3年以上者6例，1年以上者9例，胰肾功能良好，血糖正常，均未使用降糖药。1例因超急性排斥反应术后第2天切除移植胰腺，随访至今2年肾功能良好。4例死亡，其中3例死于心血管事件、多器官衰竭，1例因十二指肠瘘死亡。结论：仔细完善的围手术期管理、预防和及时处理并发症、合理应用免疫抑制剂是影响胰肾联合移植患者和移植物长期存活的重要因素。     

胰肾联合移植的围手术期处理体会

目的 总结肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植围手术期处理经验。方法 对2例糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的患者行肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植术。术后采用他克莫司(FK506)、霉酚酸酯(MMF)及强的松龙(Pred)三联用药进行免疫抑制治疗；肝素和低分子右旋糖酐抗凝；阿昔洛韦、可耐抗病毒。结果 移植后，2例患者均立即停用胰岛素，血糖正常，肾功能正常。例1术后1周出现吻合口出血，术后2个月出现巨细胞病毒性肺炎并发ARDS；例2术后45d出现移植肾急性排斥反应。2例均治愈，目前已分别存活12个月、9个月，移植胰、肾功能正常，一般情况良好。结论 胰肾联合移植是治疗糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的理想方法，围手术期处理是手术成功的重要环节。     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的开展和进一步总结胰肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法回顾性总结４年来共实行胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术５例的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果本组５例于术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能，术后第１～１０天均停用胰岛素，空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症常见，计本组出现的并发症为胰周感染或脓肿３例，十二指肠残端瘘１例，化学性或细菌性膀胱炎４例，移植胰巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染１例，代谢性酸中毒２例，肺部感染２例和急性排斥反应１例。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。本组中有２例已分别存活４年６个月和３年５个月，１例术后３周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官功能衰竭。结论胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效，较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素     

胰十二指肠及肾一期联合移植5例报告

目的 进一步总结胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植术的经验。方法 回顾性总结4年来共实行的5例胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植术的方法、疗效及并发症的预防和治疗。结果 5例术后移植胰腺和移植肾均发挥了正常功能,术后第1－10d均停用胰岛素,空腹血糖在正常范围。术后并发症的发生仍很常见,部分病人出现了诸如胰周感染,脓肿,十二指肠残瘘,化学性或细菌性膀胱炎,移植胰CMV感染,代谢性酸中毒,肺部感染和急性排斥反应等1个或多个并发症。并发症经处理后大多都能得到控制。5例中有两例已分别存活4年6个月和3年5个月,1例术后3周死于移植肾急性排斥反应多器官衰竭,另2例术后至今已10－11个月仍存活较好。结论 胰十二指肠肾脏一期联合移植对治疗1型糖尿病并发晚期尿毒症具有肯定的临床疗效,较其它移植有许多优点。术后并发症的预防和正确治疗是影响病人长期存活的重要因素。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.