腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣的局部解剖与临床应用

目的：介绍腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣的局部血管解剖研究与临床应用经验。方法解剖3个成人小腿灌注标本,观察腓肠神经-小隐静脉血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的吻合关系,根据观察结果设计以腓动脉肌间隔穿支供血的逆行岛状腓肠肌皮瓣修复4例足踝部创面,皮瓣面积10～16 cm ×6～9 cm。结果在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前,腓肠神经-小隐静脉血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后,与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界（约为小腿中点）的近侧2～4 cm 内,有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此设计的肌皮瓣完全成活。结论腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣血供可靠、转移方便,较传统的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可切取面积更大,是修复足踝部组织缺损的好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面18例。其中,足后跟软组织缺损伴骨感染4例,跟腱部缺损3例,内踝部缺损3例,外踝缺损伴死腔8例,皮肤缺损范围9 cm×4 cm～16 cm×9cm。皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～18 cm×10 cm,携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积4cm×3 cm～9cm ×6cm。供区直接拉拢缝合7例,游离植皮11例。 结果 术后18例肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访5～14个月,无并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳。 结论 腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

小腿血管穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道应用胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣及腓动脉终末穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段及足部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法以胫后动脉穿支或腓动脉终末穿支发出点为血管蒂，沿隐神经或腓肠神经轴线切取皮瓣，逆行修复小腿下段及足部皮肤缺损。其中，胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣13例，面积5cm×4cm-15cm×8cm，腓动脉终末穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣16例，面积16cm×8cm～30cm×10cm。结果临床应用29例，术后皮瓣全部成活，随访12—28个月，皮瓣质地良好，外观及功能恢复满意。结论应用小腿血管穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣，修复小腿下段及足部皮肤缺损，可获得较好的临床效果。     

骨感染

医用硫酸钙人工骨在脊柱结核手术中的应用;一期病灶清除同种异体骨移植治疗胸腰椎结核;不典型脊柱结构的临床特点与诊疗体会;手术治疗脊柱结核伴截瘫的疗效分析;抗感染活性骨治疗开放性骨损伤;腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经岛状筋膜肌皮瓣修复足踝骨髓炎创面;[编者按]     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道应用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复填充小腿下段及足踝部创伤性软组织缺损、骨髓炎创腔的临床效果。方法以远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部因创伤致组织缺损、骨髓炎22例,皮瓣面积最大17 cm×15 cm,最小10 cm×8 cm,肌瓣最大为10．0 cm×7．0 cm×2．0 cm,最小为6．0 cm×5．0 cm×1．0 cm。结果修复小腿下段16例皆获成功,伤口Ⅰ期愈合。修复足踝部6例,皮瓣边缘坏死3例,换药治愈。肌皮瓣坏死1/4,行植皮者1例。肌皮瓣坏死1/3行邻近筋膜皮瓣治愈1例。结论应用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部创伤性软组织缺损、骨髓炎创腔是有效可行的,但对携带的肌瓣究竟切取多大面积是安全的以及肌瓣的血运机制等问题仍有待进一步研究。     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经肌皮瓣的临床应用

自1992年Masquelet等[1]报道远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜皮瓣修复小腿下1/3和足踝创面的成功经验以来,该皮瓣已获得了广泛的应用[2-3].我院自2010年5月至2011年6月,应用腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣转位修复小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损伴有骨髓炎、骨不连创面27例,取得良好的效果.     

应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部远端软组织缺损

目的报道腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部远端软组织缺损效果。方法皮瓣设计以外踝上6cm附近腓动脉穿支处为旋转点，上界可达腓骨小头下2cm，依创面大小将皮瓣设计成倒水滴状。应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复创面远端达趾蹼平面附近的足部软组织缺损14例，皮瓣大小为24cm×10cm～23cm×7cm。结果14例中13例皮瓣术后成活良好，1例远端少许表皮坏死，经换药后愈合。结论应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可以修复趾蹼平面附近以内的任何足、踝部创面并可获得良好的临床效果。     

带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道应用带皮神经腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床效果.方法 临床设计切取以带皮神经的腓动脉穿支血管为蒂的逆行皮瓣修复软组织缺损和骨髓炎感染的小腿下段1/3及足踝部创面8例.行腓肠外侧皮神经与受区神经端端吻合,皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～20 cm×12 cm.结果 8例带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣全部成活,外形与功能良好.随访6个月～1.5年,皮瓣色泽、质地、感觉恢复良好,骨髓炎愈合好.结论 带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复小腿及足踝部缺损,其血供可靠、转移方便、操作安全、成活率高,是修复小腿下段1/3和足踝部创面的好方法.     

带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道应用带皮神经腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床效果.方法 临床设计切取以带皮神经的腓动脉穿支血管为蒂的逆行皮瓣修复软组织缺损和骨髓炎感染的小腿下段1/3及足踝部创面8例.行腓肠外侧皮神经与受区神经端端吻合,皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～20 cm×12 cm.结果 8例带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣全部成活,外形与功能良好.随访6个月～1.5年,皮瓣色泽、质地、感觉恢复良好,骨髓炎愈合好.结论 带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复小腿及足踝部缺损,其血供可靠、转移方便、操作安全、成活率高,是修复小腿下段1/3和足踝部创面的好方法.     

带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道应用带皮神经腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床效果.方法 临床设计切取以带皮神经的腓动脉穿支血管为蒂的逆行皮瓣修复软组织缺损和骨髓炎感染的小腿下段1/3及足踝部创面8例.行腓肠外侧皮神经与受区神经端端吻合,皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～20 cm×12 cm.结果 8例带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣全部成活,外形与功能良好.随访6个月～1.5年,皮瓣色泽、质地、感觉恢复良好,骨髓炎愈合好.结论 带皮神经的腓动脉穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复小腿及足踝部缺损,其血供可靠、转移方便、操作安全、成活率高,是修复小腿下段1/3和足踝部创面的好方法.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.