体感诱发电位监测在脊柱畸形Ponte截骨矫形手术中的应用

[目的]探讨体感诱发电位(SEP)监测在脊柱畸形Ponte截骨矫形手术中的应用价值.[方法]对36例因脊柱畸形行Ponte截骨矫形手术的患者进行术中SEP监测,其中男10例,女26例;年龄6.5～45.2岁,平均18.8岁.成人脊柱侧凸8例,青少年特发性脊柱侧凸14例,先天性脊柱侧凸4例.手术均采用后路Ponte截骨矫形.SEPP40波幅下降＞50％和(或)潜伏期延长超过10％或波形消失为异常标准.[结果]截骨、减压和矫形过程中8例患者出现SEPP40波异常,立即停止手术操作,寻找原因,并作相应处理.其中2例因术中出血导致血压下降,1例为胸腰段截骨,1例为中胸段截骨:另4例考虑与手术操作因素有关.2例为中胸段,2例为胸腰段.2例同时有波幅下降＞50％和潜伏期延长超过10％患者.1例成人脊柱侧凸患者术后出现短期的神经功能障碍,1例成人脊柱侧凸患者术后神经功能正常.[结论]术中体感诱发电位监测可作为指示Ponte截骨矫形术中脊髓功能的重要手段,敏感性较高,对其变化应积极应对并正确处理,以避免脊髓损伤.     

脊柱侧凸伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞的手术治疗

目的探讨伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸的临床特征和治疗策略,并分析手术疗效。方法52例伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸患者的治疗方案分三类:(1)单纯脊柱侧凸矫形手术(18例):对脊柱侧凸有手术矫形指征、伴发无明显神经损害的ChiariⅠ型畸形和(或)脊髓空洞者,行脊柱侧凸矫形手术;(2)单纯颈枕部手术(12例):对脊柱侧凸尚无手术矫形指征者,无论Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞是否存在神经损害,均行后路枕大孔扩大、C1后弓切除、硬脊膜成形术和脊髓空洞分流术;(3)颈枕部手术加脊柱侧凸矫形手术(22例):对脊柱侧凸有矫形手术指征、伴发的Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞有神经损害者,先行枕大孔扩大、C1后弓切除、硬脊膜成形术和脊髓空洞分流术,术后6个月再行脊柱侧凸矫形术。结果34例颈枕部手术患者中24例术前存在明显的神经损害,术后6个月内仅6例有轻度的神经功能改善。40例脊柱侧凸矫形手术患者中,Cobb角<90°者额状面平均矫正率为63%、矢状面后凸平均矫正率为80%;Cobb角>90°者额状面平均矫正率为49%、矢状面后凸平均矫正率为74%。随访6个月～5年,平均19个月,矫正率平均丢失6%。结论脊柱侧凸在伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞时不仅具有外科矫治性,而且可以获得与特发性脊柱侧凸类似的矫形效果。     

同时应用皮层及皮层下诱发电位监测脊柱矫形手术的观察

目的 寻求一种新的监护方法,以提高脊柱矫形手术监测效果。方法 对95例脊柱矫形手术同时进行皮层诱发电位(Cortical somalosensory evoked potential,CSEP)及皮层下诱发电位(Sub cortica somatosensory evoked potential,Sub CSEP)监测。结果 皮层诱发电位受麻药的影响较大,皮层下诱发电位受麻药的影响较小。结论 两者同时监测,可以早期预告脊髓损伤,这对脊柱矫形手术术中监测是较为理想的方法。     

成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的三维矫形及融合策略

[目的]探讨合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸的三维矫形及融合策略.[方法]回顾性研究2002年1月～2008年5月本科收治的13例合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸,全部采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统三维矫形,并根据侧凸结构性特点选择内固定及融合节段.测量术前、术后、末次随访时冠状面Cobb' s角、侧凸矫正率、骨盆倾斜、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、躯干偏移、矢状面胸椎后凸角和腰椎前凸角.[结果]冠状面Cobb' s角从46.8°减少到9.2°,侧凸矫正率80.7%;骨盆倾斜从9.9°减少到3.2°;顶椎旋转度从1.9°减少到0.3°;顶椎偏距从3.6 cm减少到0.8 cm;躯干偏移从16.8 cm减少到1.6 cm;胸椎后凸角从18.2°增加到23.5°;腰椎前凸角从37.4°增加到41.8°.术后平均随访22.2个月,无明显矫形丢失、躯干失平衡、假关节形成,且未发生原有神经症状加重及新的不可逆性神经功能损害.[结论]后路椎弓根螺钉系统三维矫形及融合术治疗合并Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症的成人胸腰段或腰段脊柱侧凸效果满意.     

下行神经源性诱发电位及其在脊柱矫形手术中的应用进展

脊柱矫形手术中,内固定物置入、截骨、矫形等过程可能会造成脊髓一过性或永久性损伤。为了保证患者安全,常在术中开展诱发电位监护。目前临床应用较多的是     

脊柱侧凸与脊髓纵裂

脊柱侧凸常见于青少年,是一种重要的脊柱畸形。脊柱侧凸常可合并脊髓异常,忽略对脊髓异常的诊断和处理即对脊柱侧凸进行矫形融合手术可产生严重的神经系统并发症。对此目前尚缺乏必要的认识。脊髓纵裂是一种较常见脊髓异常,本文就脊柱侧凸脊髓纵裂的相关性,诊断和处理作一综述。脊柱侧凸和脊髓纵裂的相关性脊柱侧凸和脊髓纵裂的关系目前尚不明确。研究发现脊柱侧凸患者均可合并一定类型的脊髓异常。脊柱侧凸患者脊髓异常的发生差别比较大,与所选择的病例不同有关。综合有关文献报告,可得出以下结论：１．不加区分的各种侧凸脊髓异常发…     

胸腔镜下前路松解联合后路矫形治疗脊柱畸形

目的:评价胸腔镜下前路松解联合后路矫形对脊柱畸形的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的19例脊柱畸形行胸腔镜辅助前路松解及后路脊柱畸形矫形植骨融合术患者的临床资料及治疗结果。结果:胸腔镜手术时间平均120min,前路松解、阻滞椎间盘平均4.2个。术后14例特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb角平均被纠正到29.4°,4例神经纤维瘤病性脊柱侧凸Cobb角平均被纠正到28°,1例胸椎后凸Cobb角被纠正到58.5°。术后平均随访17.5个月,无矫正度的丢失和其它神经系统及血管损伤并发症。结论:胸腔镜辅助前路脊柱松解是安全、有效的微创手术,联合后路矫形治疗脊柱畸形可获得满意治疗效果。     

脊髓纵裂30例诊治分析

目的探讨脊髓纵裂的临床诊治。方法回顾性研究1995—2002年间我院收治的脊髓纵裂病例，分析其临床诊治过程。结果脊髓纵裂30例，女性22例(73．3％)，男性8例(26．7％)，临床表现主要有：脊柱畸形30例(100%)，背部皮肤病变13例(43．3％)，下肢神经缺陷12例(40．0％)。X线片发现椎体异常27例(90%)，脊髓造影、CT、CTM、MRI检查异常表现的比例分别为77．8％(14／18)、88．9％(8／9)、100％(16／16)、91．7％(11／12)。纵裂位于胸段15例，腰段4例，颈段及胸段l例，胸段及腰段9例，颈段、胸段及腰段1例；骨性纵裂6例。纤维性纵裂21例，混合性纵裂3例。治疗方法包括单纯骨嵴切除椎管减压1例(3．3％)。脊柱畸形矫形手术同时切除骨嵴4例(13．3％)，单纯行脊柱畸形矫形手术而未处理脊髓纵裂23例(76．7％)，未行任何手术2例。有神经缺陷者中有4例在术后获得改善。结论脊髓纵裂临床少见，以女性患者较多，往往以脊侧凸为首发表现，患者多合并有背部皮肤异常及下肢神经缺陷，CTM扫描常能明确诊断。纵裂多位于胸段及腰段，在脊柱畸形矫形手术时要注意对脊髓纵裂的影响。     

皮层体感诱发电位及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正术中的应用

目的:探讨脊柱畸形矫正术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正手术中的应用。方法:对我院收治的脊柱畸形患者根据术中监护方法分为两组:A组37例,其中男25例,女12例,年龄13～42岁,平均26.1岁,术中进行CSEP及TES-MEP联合监护;B组29例,其中男10例,女19例,年龄13～20岁,平均15.8岁,单纯采用CSEP监护作为对照组。术中持续观察CSEP及TES-MEP波幅及潜伏期变化,出现波幅下降50%、潜伏期延长10%或刺激强度高于初始刺激强度100V仍未引出者,停止手术并对症处理,术后给予激素治疗。结果:A组术中出现CSEP异常者4例(10.8%),TES-MEP异常者19例(60%)。术中CSEP及TES-MEP均异常者4例(10.8%),无术中CSEP异常而TES-MEP正常者。2例(陈旧性结核并后凸畸形1例,陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形1例)术中合拢截骨平面时,TES-MEP波形均消失,但仅1例出现CSEP异常,经术中积极处理,至手术结束时波形仍未恢复至术前水平,术后均出现神经功能障碍。余35例患者术后无神经功能损伤(假阴性率0%)。B组9例(21%)术中出现CSEP波形异常,其中2例虽经减少矫形角度及激素冲击治疗,术后仍出现双下肢瘫,余术后未出现神经功能障碍。3例术中监护未见异常者,术后出现重度不可逆性脊髓损伤(假阴性率10%)。结论:CSEP结合TES-MEP联合监护能较可靠、准确的反映术中脊髓功能状态,可降低监护假阴性率,为手术治疗过程提供参考。     

SEP在脊柱畸形,脊髓损伤中的临床观察

自1947年Dawson将SEP(躯体感觉诱发电位)用于人体以来,无论在实验研究或临床监测中均被广泛应用。根据动物实验及对肢体运动的追踪观察,发现SEP可以较正确地进行脊髓功能的定量分析,对可逆性脊髓损伤判断病情演变、估计预后存一定的实用价值。我们于1988年6月～1991年8月对脊柱畸形、脊髓损伤的148例进行SEP检查及治疗效果判断,并追踪观察1年,现报告如下。1临床资料及方法148例患者中,脊柱侧凸67例,脊柱后凸38例,脊柱结核伴不全瘫21例,外伤性截瘫13例,脑脊膜膨出5例,脊柱肿瘤4例。其中男sl例,女67例。我们应用 DANTEC 4000型诱发电位…     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Single center experience in single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children in Turkey

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgery has evolved into single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) in the recent years. Few reports have addressed the practicality of SILS in children. Our current experience with regard to feasibility and effectiveness of SILS in children is presented.

Methods

A retrospective review of the operative database for patients operated on using SILS in our department from March 2009 to July 2010 was performed. Data regarding the type of the procedure, age, sex, operative performance, hospital stay, and complications were collected.

Main Results

Among 43 patients, cholecystectomy was performed in 11; appendectomy, in 10; unroofing for ovarian cysts, in 5; unroofing for splenic cysts, in 4; oophorectomy, in 6 (ovarian torsion, 2; teratoma, 4); ovary-preserving teratoma excision, in 1; splenectomy, in 1; gonadectomy, in 3; and varicocelectomy, in 2. There were no conversions to standard laparoscopic or open techniques. The only postoperative complication was a wound infection that occurred after an appendectomy.

Conclusion

Although currently more expensive, SILS can be performed in children in almost every pediatric surgical procedure that can be accomplished with conventional laparoscopic techniques. The most significant contribution of SILS procedure is cosmesis. Postoperative pain and length of hospital stay were not improved.