1998-2005年我院临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解1998—2005年我院临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的分布和耐药性。方法MicroScan WalkAway-40全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统从我院临床标本中分离的12700株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果非发酵革兰阴性杆菌前4位依次是铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和洛菲不动杆菌。非发酵苇兰阴性杆菌对11种抗菌药的耐药率均呈上升趋势，尤其是铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、庆大霉索和妥布霉索，鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率上升明显。洛菲不动杆菌耐药率仍很低。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对12种常用抗菌药物呈现多重耐药，除对环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲嗯唑耐药率较低外，其余均在42．9％～100％。结论铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌足多重耐药且耐药率高的病原菌，应根据药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物。     

深圳地区非发酵革兰阴性杆菌医院感染及耐药性分析

目的 了解非发酵革兰阴性杆菌引起医院感染的特点以及对抗生素耐药性的变化趋势。方法 对2001-2004年分离出的1426株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌选用19种抗生素进行药敏实验，按NCCLS标准判断。结果 铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌在总体分离菌中分别占13％、7％和4％。1426株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌主要来源于痰标本。铜绿假单胞菌2001-2003年对哌拉西林、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢他啶耐药率呈下降趋势，但2003-2004年除对氨曲南、头孢他啶的耐药率保持稳定外，对上述其他几种抗生素的耐药率均上升，对亚胺培南、美罗增南耐药率呈逐年下降趋势；鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林／舒巴坦、亚胺培南以及美罗增南的耐药率较低；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对复方新诺明、环丙沙星和氯霉素的耐药率较低。结论 了解非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的耐药现状，有利于为临床合理用药提供依据。     

头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对非发酵革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性

目的：评价头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对非发酵革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性，并与其他抗菌药比较。方法：收集临床分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌，采用琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验，测定的562株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对10种β内酰胺类抗生素的敏感性．按美国国家临床实验室标准委员会2002年版标准判读结果。结果：头孢哌酮一舒巴坦对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌作用仅次于亚胺培南，与头孢他啶相仿。头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、黄杆菌属、产碱杆菌属均具良好的抗菌作用，尤其后2种菌对亚胺培南耐药而对本品则多数敏感。结论：临床分离菌中非发酵革兰阴性杆菌日益增多．头孢哌酮-舒巴坦在非发酵革兰阴性杆菌感染的治疗中可能有良好的应用前景。     

重症监护病房革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的：调查从我院重症监护病房（ICU）患中分离的革兰阴性杆菌耐药状况，并探讨对耐药菌感染的治疗策略。方法：用E试验法测定100株革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：亚胺培南和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对所有受试菌仍保持最高抗菌活性，细菌的耐药率分别为9％和11％，哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟次之，耐药率分别为19％和21％。阿米卡星、头孢他啶、阿莫西林-克拉维酸的耐药率分别为25％、26％和30％。其他抗菌药耐药率在43％-54％之间。头孢吡肟对铜绿假单胞菌抗菌活性最强，其敏感率达89％，头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、阿米卡星次之均为84％，亚胺培南、头孢他啶敏感率分别为79％和74％。筛选出超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生菌19株，抗菌活性最强的是亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦，敏感率分别为84.1％、78.9％、和68.4％。结论：亚胺培南可作为ESBLs产生菌所致重症感染的首选药物，而β内酰胺酶抑制剂与β内酰胺酶类抗生素的复合制剂可作为治疗产β内酰胺酶耐药株感染的选用药物之一。     

重症监护病房革兰阴性杆菌连续六年耐药性监测研究

目的观察和监测重症监护病房常见革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药变化及超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株的发生率。方法连续监测1998～2003年本院重症监护常见革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况。用E试验法测定547株革兰阴性杆菌对11种抗菌药物的MIC，并用头孢他啶／头孢他啶 克拉维酸和头孢噻肟／头孢噻肟 克拉维酸E试条检测细菌产ESBL的情况。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌是监护病房常见革兰阴性杆菌。亚胺培南对所有受试菌保持最高抗菌活性，细菌总耐药率仅为8.04％，肺炎克雷伯菌完全敏感；阿米卡星、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢吡肟有较高抗菌活性，耐药率分别为18．5％、20．7％、20．8％、21．4％和25．6％，其他抗菌药物耐药率在42．2％-51．6％之间。筛选大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL产生菌41株，检出率分别为48．5％和29．0％，耐药谱分析，酶型可能以CTX-M为主。所有大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL菌株都对亚胺培南敏感。6年监测结果相比，所测细菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率由1998～2000年的11．2％～16．7％增加至2001—2002年的29．5％～30．5％，以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌较明显。大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星耐药率由1998～1999年的45．2％上升至2000～2002年的72．9％，对其他抗菌药物耐药率变化不大。结论亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌(含ESBL产生菌)保持最高敏感性和较强的抗菌活性，而对加酶抑制剂β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率逐年升高。     

外科监护病房非发酵菌及其耐药性分析

目的：观察外科重症监护病房(ICU)非发酵菌感染的发生情况及其耐药情况。方法：对我科2001年1月-2002年12月临床分离到的非发酵菌357株作体外药敏试验并分析结果。药敏试验采用K—B琼脂扩散法，按美国国家临床实验室标准委员会2000年版判断标准。结果：非发酵菌占革兰阴性杆菌的70．4％(357／507)，其中铜绿假单胞菌190株．占革兰阴性杆菌的37．5％．居首位；其次为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌74株(14．6％)、鲍曼不动杆菌45株(8．9％)及木糖氧化产碱杆菌20株(3．9％)和脑膜脓毒黄杆菌12株(2．4％)等。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率为60．5％，对亚胺培南的敏感率仅为17．4％；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和替卡西林-克拉维酸最敏感，敏感率均为87．8％；鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率为95．6％；脑膜脓毒黄杆菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦均敏感(100％)，对亚胺培南都不敏感。结论：非发酵菌已成为ICU中感染的最常见病原菌，对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况严重。     

医院内感染非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的病原学与耐药性监测研究

目的了解医院内感染病例中非发酵革兰阴性杆菌(NFGNB)的分离分布情况及耐药性。方法分析和总结3年来全国医院感染监控网医院报告的NFGNB资料。结果NFGNB占同期报告医院感染病原体的19．68％，占G-杆菌的42．41％。铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分别占NFGNB的46．53％、19．88％、7．35％；3年间，鲍曼不动杆菌由13．27％上升至23．50％、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌由5．93％上升至8．44％；不同NFGNB耐药性存在明显差异，铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮，不动杆菌对亚胺培南、环丙沙星及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对SMZ、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮耐药性均较低。结论NFGNB是医院感染主要病原菌之一，特别是铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。     

重症监护病房患者下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果及耐药分析

目的分析我院重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道分泌物培养结果及耐药情况。方法收集我院2005年6月113至2008年5月31日重症监护病房患者的下呼吸道分泌物标本,采用纸片扩散法（Kirby—Bauer）进行药敏试验。按临床实验室标准化研究所（Clinical and laboratory Standard Institute,CLSI）2005年版标准判读结果,用WHONET5-3软件分析药敏结果。结果分离出的972株细菌中革兰阴性杆菌881株,占90．6％,革兰阳性球菌91株,占9．4％,主要检出的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌20．9％、克雷伯菌属细菌19．1％、鲍曼不动杆菌17．0％、铜绿假单胞菌15．2％、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌9．5％、金黄色葡萄球菌6．9％。甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占52．2％（35／67）,未发现耐万古霉素菌株;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属细菌中产超广谱B内酰胺酶（ESBLs）株的检出率分别为56．2％和32．8％。未发现对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药的肠杆菌科细菌;鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林,他唑巴坦耐药率较低：嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对哌拉西林,他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮,舒巴坦耐药率较低。结论我院重症病监护房患者下呼吸道标本中革兰阴性杆菌检出率较高,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高;因此应加强耐药性监测。在防止耐药菌的传播上是非常重要的。     

革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗生素的耐药监测——Etest法

目的监测重症监护病房的革兰阴性杆菌对１２种抗生素的耐药率，以指导临床用药。方法采用Ｅｔｅｓｔ药敏试验测定我国６家医院分离的８０５株菌对１２种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）。结果在１２种抗生素中总耐药性最低的是亚胺培南（１０％）、头孢他啶（１６％）、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（２３％）；２１１株大肠埃希菌及克雷白菌中，超广谱β－内酰胺酶的发生率为５％；５５％的大肠埃希菌高耐环丙沙星（ＭＩＣ≥３２μｇ／ｍｌ）。三代头孢菌素及氨曲南对产诱导酶菌株呈交叉耐药；头孢他啶、氨曲南、哌拉西林、亚胺培南对绿脓假单胞菌的耐药率＜１２％。亚胺培南、头孢他啶对不动杆菌的耐药率＜２５％。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对１０种抗生素耐药率高达６０％～１００％。结论亚胺培南、头孢他啶、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦对革兰阴性菌的耐药率最低。     

非发酵菌416株的临床分布和耐药性分析

目的了解非发酵革兰阴性杆菌在医院感染中的耐药性特点，为临床正确选用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对我院2006～2007年临床各标本中分离的416株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌进行总结和耐药性分析，细菌鉴定和药敏试验采用Micro Scan40／96全自动微生物鉴定仪。结果416株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌（NFGNB）中，铜绿假单胞菌199株、不动杆菌属128株、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌37株，分别占非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的47．84％、30．77％、8．89％，三者占非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的87．50％；药敏结果呈示，铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、头孢他啶、哌拉西林、替卡西林／棒酸、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟的敏感率分别为96．7％、95．0％、94．9％、83．9％、82．0％、78．8％、76．4％、71．1％；对丁胺卡那、氨曲南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素的敏感率〈70％；头孢噻肟的敏感率〈10％；鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、丁胺卡那、替卡西林／棒酸、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星的敏感率分别为98．7％、90．3％、86．5％、83．8％、74．3％、73．3％；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明的敏感率为81．7％、73．8％；对头孢他啶、替卡西林／棒酸、环丙沙星的敏感率为40．4％、38．9％、27．5％；对丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、妥布霉素的敏感率〈15％；对亚胺培南天然耐药。结论非发酵革兰阴性杆菌是医院感染的主要病源菌之一，不同菌种的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对药物的敏感性有较大差异，临床治疗应根据药敏试验及结合该菌的耐药机制选用、调整抗菌药物，避免滥用抗菌药，对于临床治疗和减少耐药菌株的发生都具有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.