肿瘤相关血小板RNA用于恶性肿瘤液体活检的研究进展

随着精准医疗概念的提出,恶性肿瘤的早期筛检及基于肿瘤基因检测的靶向治疗成为一个重要的研究方向。对肿瘤组织进行病理诊断并进行相关基因检测是目前进行肿瘤诊断和制定治疗策略的重要基石。组织活检因其有创性、高风险性、难以重复性及异质性,在临床应用中受到一定的限制。而液体活检则是组织活检有效的补充,它是一种新型的微创检测方法,可通过分析个体化的基因表达谱,提高检测的准确性,降低检测成本。目前液体活检方法如循环肿瘤DNA(circulatingtumorDNA,ctDNA)、循环肿瘤细胞(circulatingtumorcell,CTC)、血小板RNA等用于肿瘤检测的研究已取得一定的进展。     

液体活检分析技术研究进展

液体活检是一种利用人体体液获取疾病信息的技术,可实现对肿瘤的动态监测,具有巨大的临床应用前景。肿瘤液体活检主要包括对外周血中肿瘤相关的循环核酸、细胞外囊泡和循环肿瘤细胞的检测。该文主要对循环肿瘤DNA、细胞外囊泡及循环肿瘤细胞的检测技术作简要综述。     

液体活检技术在肿瘤诊断中的最新研究进展

肿瘤的死亡率居高不下。早期诊断对提高肿瘤患者的生存率,改善预后至关重要。液体活检技术作为一种新型的生物标志物检测技术已成为近年来临床关注的热点。液体活检的研究内容包括循环肿瘤细胞（circulating tumor cell,CTC）、循环肿瘤 DNA（circulating tumour DNA, ctDNA）和外泌体,具有操作方便快捷、能反复获取、易于实时监控等优点。全文就以上标志物在肿瘤早期诊断中的应用价值以及存在的优势和局限性进行综述,以期为肿瘤患者早期诊断提供新方法。     

肿瘤液体活检的临床应用与挑战

近年来,液体活检技术在新型肿瘤标志物研发领域异军突起,新型检测技术、新产品、新应用不断涌现。肿瘤液体活检是通过各种技术检测肿瘤释放到体液,尤其是外周血中的肿瘤细胞、肿瘤游离DNA以及外泌体等物质,实现肿瘤精准诊疗。因具备微创性、能够克服肿瘤异质性、便于实时动态监测等优势,液体活检在肿瘤早期诊断及精准治疗等方面临床应用前景广阔。然而,基础研究、检测技术、质控规范及临床应用方面的诸多问题也对肿瘤液体活检提出了挑战。     

液体活检技术在肺癌治疗中的应用

肺癌为全球肿瘤相关死亡的首要原因,分子靶向治疗药物为其治疗提供了新的选择,然而分子靶向治疗应以必要的基因检测为指导。传统的穿刺或组织活检技术依赖的基因检测,风险大,不宜反复进行。而液体活检以外周血、唾液等为样本,进行循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)、循环肿瘤核苷酸(ct DNA)检测,具有创伤小、可重复性、均化异质性、实时判断疗效等优势,在肺癌的诊断与分期、疗效与预后预测、转移与复发风险评估、肿瘤异质性与耐药性研究等方面具有重要应用前景。本文就近年来液体活检技术在肺癌领域的研究进展进行综述,并就CTC与ct DNA技术的优缺点、互补性以及目前的局限性进行简要讨论。     

循环肿瘤DNA在食管癌患者中的研究进展

摘要：液体活检技术在肿瘤临床应用研究中越来越广泛。含肿瘤突变的循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)可以在疾病进展过程中多次检测，是一种简单有效的非侵入性“液体活检”技术。作为一种附加的诊断工具，ctDNA可以提供肿瘤负荷及肿瘤中存在的突变等诸多信息，并能克服组织活检所面临的肿瘤内异质性问题，在肿瘤的诊断和治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。食管癌具有较高的死亡率，且早期诊断困难，多数患者确诊时已达中晚期，治疗手段的有限导致患者在接受根治性切除术后仍可因肿瘤复发而死亡。该文总结了运用ctDNA辅助诊断和治疗食管癌的研究进展，旨在获得一种理想的生物学标志物以优化食管癌患者治疗策略。     

循环肿瘤细胞在肿瘤诊断中的研究进展

<正>恶性肿瘤因其较高的发病率和死亡率,成为严重威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一。液体活检能够应用于肿瘤的早期诊断、预后监测、复发转移、个体化治疗和疗效评估等方面[1]。液体活检用于检测的生物标志物有:循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA),循环肿瘤细胞(circulating     

循环肿瘤DNA在胃癌发生发展中的作用

近年来,胃癌的发病率和死亡率居高不下,早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗是防治胃癌的关键。随着现代医学发展,肿瘤标志物已应用于临床诊断,但由于肿瘤标志物灵敏度和特异度较低,临床应用局限,难以满足"精准医疗"要求。研究表明,循环肿瘤DNA(ct DNA)检测技术是一种快速、高效、相对无创性的新型"液体活检"技术,能够实时监测机体肿瘤状态、转移、复发及预后评估。本文阐述ct DNA与胃癌的关系,介绍目前常用的ct DNA检测技术,探讨ct DNA在胃癌临床诊疗中的应用价值。     

液体标本在非小细胞肺癌EGFR突变检测中的应用

驱动基因检测基础上的靶向治疗是晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的一种重要治疗手段。目前肿瘤组织标本仍是基因检测的金标准,但大多数患者往往无法耐受创伤性的检查。探索组织标本的替代品——液体标本活检是当前临床研究的热点。液体活检是指通过检测体液(包括血液、唾液、尿液、痰液、胸腹腔积液等)中的循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)和循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)等来源于肿瘤的生物标志物,获取相关驱动基因的信息。该文对几种热点液体标本的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变的检测进行综述,并探讨其对指导NSCLC精准治疗的应用价值。     

循环肿瘤细胞技术临床应用的前沿进展

循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)是从恶性肿瘤组织中脱落,进入外周血循环的肿瘤细胞。恶性肿瘤重要的特征之一是具有较强的转移侵袭能力,而CTC是肿瘤转移的种子,在肿瘤转移过程中起到关键作用。相比有创性组织活检,CTC检测具有非侵入性、实时性以及可以反复取样的特点,可实现无创、更灵敏的监测肿瘤动态变化,以便在治疗过程中评价治疗疗效、复发转移监测以及靶向药物伴随诊断,在辅助临床治疗方案制定中具有重要意义。CTC技术所属的液体活检领域被MIT technology review评为十大未来医疗技术之一。近年来以PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂为代表的肿瘤的免疫疗法堪称人类肿瘤治疗史上的里程碑,它已经改变肿瘤治疗模式。而大量的研究显示,肿瘤细胞的PD-L1表达越高,患者的临床获益越明显。利用液体活检的优势,检测CTC上PD-L1的表达以达到对疗效的精准预测是极具潜力的应用。本文将围绕CTC的临床应用,评价CTC检测技术现状和趋势以及CTC对肿瘤免疫治疗的伴随诊断价值。     

Liquid biopsy technologies for hematological diseases

Since the discovery of circulating tumor cells in 1869, technological advances in studying circulating biomarkers from patients' blood have made the diagnosis of nonhematologic cancers less invasive. Technological advances in the detection and analysis of biomarkers provide new opportunities for the characterization of other disease types. When compared with traditional biopsies, liquid biopsy markers, such as exfoliated bladder cancer cells, circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EV), are considered more convenient than conventional biopsies. Liquid biopsy markers undoubtedly have the potential to influence disease management and treatment dynamics. Our main focuses of this review will be the cell‐based, gene‐based, and protein‐based key liquid biopsy markers (including EV and cfDNA) in disease detection, and discuss the research progress of these biomarkers used in conjunction with liquid biopsy. First, we highlighted the key technologies that have been broadly adopted used in hematological diseases. Second, we introduced the latest technological developments for the specific detection of cardiovascular disease, leukemia, and coronavirus disease. Finally, we concluded with perspectives on these research areas, focusing on the role of microfluidic technology and artificial intelligence in point‐of‐care medical applications. We believe that the noninvasive capabilities of these technologies have great potential in the development of diagnostics and can influence treatment options, thereby advancing precision disease management.     

Liquid biopsy in newly diagnosed patients with locoregional (I-IIIA) non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: Liquid biopsy is a promising method for the management of lung cancer, but previous studies focused mainly on patients with advanced-stage disease. As the methodology has progressed for the detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and its aberrant methylation, researchers are gradually investigating the utility of liquid biopsy in early-stage patients. As a result, liquid biopsy has shown its potential for the application in patients with early- and locally advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Areas covered: This review summarizes the utility of liquid biopsy in NSCLC and provide an outlook for future development. We focus on the role of ctDNA and its aberrant methylation in patients with stage IA to stageⅢA NSCLC, in the field of early detection and screening, perioperative management, and postoperative surveillance.

Expert opinion: Liquid biopsy has shown the potential for clinical application of early-stage patients but has not been routinely applied yet. The utilization of liquid biopsy will be promoted by improved detection methods and data from well-designed clinical trials. With the development of precision medicine, liquid biopsy will likely play an increasingly important clinical role.     

The potential of liquid biopsies in gastrointestinal cancer

BackgroundLiquid biopsy is a novel approach for cancer diagnosis, the value of which in human gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has been confirmed by the previous studies. This article summarized the recent advances in liquid biopsy with a focus on novel technologies and the use of it in the screening, monitoring, and treatment of human GI cancer.ContentThe concept of liquid biopsy was first used to define the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients, and has been expanded to other biomarkers in blood and body fluids, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor RNA. If analyzed with proper and advanced techniques like next generation sequencing (NGS) or proteomics, liquid biopsies can open an enormous array of potential biomarkers. The amount changes of target biomarkers and the mutation of genetic materials provide quantitative and qualitative information, which can be utilized clinically for cancer diagnosis and disease monitoring.SummaryAs a highly efficient, minimally invasive, and cost-effective approach to diagnose and evaluate prognosis of GI cancer, liquid biopsy has lots of advantages over traditional biopsy and is promising in future clinical utility. If the challenges are overcome in the near future, liquid biopsy will become a widely available and dependable option.     

Liquid biopsy in germ cell tumors: biology and clinical management

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Liquid biopsy is an increasingly studied approach for optimal and minimally invasive diagnostics of malignant tumors. The aim of this review is to provide evidence and discuss the utility of liquid biopsy in the management of germ cell tumors (GCTs).

Areas covered: Herein, we summarize the evidence on liquid biopsy in GCTs including serum tumor markers, circulating tumor cells, microRNA and cell-free DNA. The search of literature was conducted from Pubmed/Medline, ASCO-meeting library searching for terms ‘liquid biopsy’, ‘germ cell tumors’, ‘circulating tumor cells’, ‘microRNA’, ‘cell-free DNA’. Obtained original studies were included. Reference lists of review articles and key original articles were searched for additional original studies. We included articles published between1990 and 2019.

Expert opinion: Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive tool using body fluids for diagnostic purposes in cancer. The established value of serum tumor markers may be already considered a liquid biopsy technique in diagnosis of GCTs. Possible near-future refinements in diagnosis of GCTs are emerging. Further information on diagnosis, prognosis and resistance is added with recently described microRNAs, circulating tumor cells and cell-free DNA. While great promise is shown, further large-scale validation is needed to incorporate these novel liquid biopsies into clinical practice.     

Liquid biopsy in the clinical management of bladder cancer: current status and future developments

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of liquid biopsy on the blood from solid malignancies provides a convenient way of detecting actionable mutations, monitoring treatment response, detecting early recurrence and prognosticating outcomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the current status and future direction of serum biomarkers in the clinical management of urinary bladder cancer.

Areas covered: This review provides an overview of blood liquid biopsy and bladder cancer using methods of circulating tumors cells, circulating RNA, serum metabolites and cell-free DNA. Recent clinical studies and advances in methodology are emphasized. We performed a literature search using PMC/PubMed with keywords including ‘liquid biopsy’, ‘circulating tumor DNA’, ‘cell-free DNA’, ‘biomarkers’, ‘bladder cancer’ ‘precision medicine’. Additional articles were obtained from the cited references of key articles. An emphasis was placed on recent studies published since 2018.

Expert opinion: Liquid biopsies represent a potential biomarker using cell-free DNA, metabolomic profiles of altered cellular metabolism, circulating cancer cells and RNA. Despite displaying tremendous clinical promise, the current status of the blood liquid biopsies has not reached fruition. However, future investigations should lead the evolution of liquid biomarker into clinical utility for the management of bladder cancer.     

循环肿瘤细胞的“旧语新说”

循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)是指游离在循环体液中的肿瘤细胞;CTC检测避免了侵入性组织活检的局限性,取材便捷、无创,在动态反映肿瘤状态、疗效监测与预后评估中有重要作用。目前,应用于临床的CTC计数是评估乳腺癌、前列腺癌和结直肠癌预后的有效指标;CTC携带的肿瘤特异性抗原与核酸分析的转化研究,将有助于提高CTC的捕获效率与诊断性能。虽然CTC检测技术的临床应用仍然面临着诸多挑战,但是其在肿瘤诊疗上的潜力不容小觑,具有广阔的应用前景。     

An evaluation of current prostate cancer diagnostic approaches with emphasis on liquid biopsies and prostate cancer

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Knowledge of the complex biology of prostate cancer is constantly growing, opening the field up to new therapeutic advances. The selection of patients on the basis of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is a challenging and emerging clinical need, not yet completely fulfilled. In this scenario, liquid biopsy offers a noninvasive and attractive approach to give important information about tumor biology and eventual resistance to treatments.

Areas covered: The aim of this review of the literature is to evaluate the current knowledge and the promising value of liquid biopsy in prostate cancer. Circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA identified by liquid biopsies are currently under evaluation to guide therapeutic decisions in prostate cancer management, even though practical applications of these approaches are still very limited. We examined the current areas of interest in which circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA are being investigated, such as their prognostic and predictive role in response to chemotherapy or androgen receptor signaling inhibition, especially in the castration-resistant setting.

Expert opinion: As the body of knowledge on liquid biopsy rapidly grows, we need to identify which can be the real applications of this technique in clinical practice and to overcome the problems that are limiting its routinely use.     

循环肿瘤DNA检测在非小细胞肺癌早期预警及监测管理中的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)约占肺癌的85%,发病率和病死率位居全球前列,由于其起病与进展的隐匿性,被发现时患者已丧失最佳的治疗时机。国内外课题组致力于NSCLC早期检测技术的研发及精准化治疗方法学的探寻,以期延长患者的无进展生存期和总存活时间。液体活检即通过血液、尿液或唾液等进行疾病特异性生物学标志物检测,具有微创性、高敏感性、可重复性等优势。该手段有助于癌症基因图谱的全面反映,极大克服了病灶组织学活检在时空上的异质性,对耐药靶点的发现、新药疗效预测及临床用药方案的调整意义深远。本文就液体活检中的环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)检测在NSCLC早期诊断及监测管理的研究进展进行综述,以促进该技术临床应用价值的开拓。