抑郁症患者晨重夕轻节律与睡眠脑电图的关联

目的:探索抑郁症患者晨重夕轻节律与睡眠脑电图所反映的生物学特有变化的相关性。方法:病例组来源于1996-01/1997-12南京脑科医院住院的抑郁症患者,入组患者符合中国精神疾病分类与诊断标准第二版修订版的抑郁发作诊断标准,汉密顿抑郁量表总分≥24分、近3d未服用抗精神病药物。分为晨重夕轻组13例和非晨重夕轻组5例;对照组(n=10)为同期同所医院自愿参加实验的健康职工或进修医生。对病例组和对照组受试者连续做2个通宵的睡眠脑电图检查,分析各组睡眠进程、睡眠结构和快波睡眠的情况。结果:各组受试对象均完成测试,结果全部纳入分析。①晨重夕轻组的醒起时间[(12.8±7.2)min]长于非晨重夕轻组[(5.1±6.7)min]和对照组[(3.1±2.8)min],P<0.05～0.01。②非晨重夕轻组的快动眼活动量(130.2±57.6)、强度[(39.9±20.1)%]和密度[(263.8±133.6)%]均比对照组[(71.8±17.9)、(19.4±3.7)%、(123.8±18.5)%]为高,P均<0.05。③晨重夕轻组的快动眼活动量(90.7±33.8)、快动眼强度[(27.0±10.1)%]和密度[(176.5±48.4)%]比非晨重夕轻组低,P均<0.05。结论:①晨重夕轻抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图中醒起时间比非晨重夕轻抑郁症和正常人为长,快动眼睡眠压力倾向比非晨重夕轻抑郁症患者为低。     

抑郁症患者晨重夕轻节律与睡眠脑电图的关联

目的：探索抑郁症患者晨重夕轻节律与睡眠脑电图所反映的生物学特有变化的相关性。方法：病例组来源于1996-01／1997-12南京脑科医院住院的抑郁症患者．入组患者符合中国精神疾病分类与诊断标准第二版修订版的抑郁发诊断标准，汉密顿抑郁量表总分≥24分、近3d未服用抗精神病药物。分为晨重夕轻组13例和非晨重夕轻组5例；对照组(n=10)为同期同所医院自愿参加实验的健康职工或进修医生。对病例组和对照组受试者连续做2个通宵的睡眠脑电图检查，分析各组睡眠进程、睡眠结构和快波睡眠的情况。结果：各组受试对象均完成测试，结果全部纳入分析。①晨重夕轻组的醒起时间[(12．8&;#177;7．2)min]长于非晨重夕轻组[(5．1&;#177;6．7)min]和对照组[(3．1&;#177;2．8)min]，P&;lt;0．05～0．01。②非晨重夕轻组的快动眼活动量(130．2&;#177;57．6)、强度[(39.9&;#177;20．1)％]和密度[(263．8&;#177;133．6)％]均比对照组[(71．8&;#177;17.9)、(19．4&;#177;3．7)％．(123．8&;#177;18.5)％]为高，P均&;lt;0．05。③晨重夕轻组的快动眼活动量(90．7&;#177;33．8)、快动眼强度[(27．0&;#177;10．1)％]和密度[(176．5&;#177;48．4)％]比非晨重夕轻组低，P均&;lt;0．05。结论：①晨重夕轻抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图中醒起时间比非晨重夕轻抑郁症和正常人为长，快动眼睡眠压力倾向比非晨重夕轻抑郁症患者为低。     

抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图与自杀行为的关系

目的:探讨抑郁症的自杀行为与睡眠脑电图的关系。 方法:对6例有自杀行为的抑郁症、12例无自杀行为的抑郁症、10例正常对照者检测睡眠脑电图。分析睡眠进程、睡眠结构和快波睡眠的情况。 结果:①自杀组的醒起时间[(13.3±6.4)min]比对照组的[(3.1±2.8)min]明显延长(t=4.45,P<0.05),而非自杀组与对照组则差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。②非自杀组慢波睡眠l相百分率[(16.5±8.6)％]比自杀组[(8.4±1.7)％]和对照组[(10.0±1.9)％]显著为高(t=2.25,2.33,P均<0.05),而自杀组与对照组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。 结论:①醒起时间延长是抑郁症易感自杀行为的生物学标记。②抑郁症常伴有慢波睡眠1相百分率增加,如果抑郁很重,而慢波睡眠1相百分率反而正常化,预示自杀危险性增加。     

抑郁症患者睡眠脑电图与自杀行为的关系

目的：探讨抑郁症的自杀行为与睡眠脑电图的关系。方法：对6例有自杀行为的抑郁症、12例无自杀行为的抑郁症、10例正常对照者检测睡眠脑电图。分析睡眠进程、睡眠结构和快波睡眠的情况。结果：①自杀组的醒起时间[(13．3&;#177;6．4)min]比对照组的[(3．1&;#177;2．8)min]明显延长(t=4．45，P&;lt;0．05)，而非自杀组与对照组则差异无显著意义(P&;gt;0．05)。②非自杀组慢波睡眠1相百分率[(16．5&;#177;8．6)％]比自杀组[(8．4&;#177;1．7)％]和对照组[(10．0&;#177;1．9)％]显著为高(t=2．25，2．33，P均&;lt;0．05)，而自杀组与对照组差异无显著性意义(P&;gt;0．05)。结论：①醒起时间延长是抑郁症易感自杀行为的生物学标记。②抑郁症常伴有慢波睡眠1相百分率增加，如果抑郁很重，而慢波睡眠1相百分率反而正常化，预示自杀危险性增加。     

Quisi与睡眠脑电图检测抑郁症的比较研究

目的评价Quisi检测抑郁症的作用和适应证。方法对19例抑郁症患者和21名正常受试者分别作Quisi和睡眠脑电图检测。并以日本SEEG-1500型睡眠脑电图为检测标准,与德国Quisi进行比较研究。结果在正常对照组中,除睡眠第二阶段百分比,Quisi少于多导睡眠图(Polysomnography,PS)外(Quisi为48±8,正常人PSG56±9,t=2.48,P<0.05),其余12项指标差异均无显著性。抑郁症组中睡眠第一阶段百分比,Quisi也少于PSG(Quisi为11±4,PSG为13±3,t=2.0,P<0.05),其余12项指标差异也无显著性。结论Quisi检测抑郁症作用与PSG相似,在心理咨询、外出巡诊和家庭病床上有应用前途,但不适用于发作性疾病的评估。     

快速眼动期中各项参数变化对睡眠呼吸暂停综合征评估的意义

目的:通过测量睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(sleepapneasyndrome,SAS)患者快速眼动期(rapideyemovement,REM)中各项参数的变化,以探讨REM期睡眠各项参数变化对SAS病情严重程度评估的意义。方法:选择1998-10/2002-10本溪钢铁(集团)有限责任公司总医院睡眠疾患诊疗室进行多导睡眠图(polysomnogram,PSG)检查诊断为阻塞型SAS的患者67例,根据呼吸紊乱指数分为轻、中、重度3组,比较各组的各项参数。有34例患者经持续正压气道通气(CPAP)治疗后复查PSG检查。结果:①轻、中、重组REM睡眠时间各占总睡眠时间的(8.98±1.68)%,(5.43±0.86)%,(4.85±0.64)%,中、重度组患者的REM期睡眠时间明显少于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组中REM期睡眠时间较中度组减少,但二者之间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②在中、重度组的阻塞型SAS患者中REM期中的呼吸暂停时间延长及SaO2下降较非REM期明显(P<0.05)。而且心率的变化在3组OSAS患者中REM期中比NREM期中增快明显(P<0.05)。③经CPAP治疗后呼吸紊乱指数、SaO2,REM期及非REM期时间、心率等明显好转(P<0.05)。结论:SAS患者的REM期减少,且在REM期中呼吸暂停时间延长、SaO2降低及心率增快较非REM期更显著。以上变化与阻塞型SAS严重程度有关,CPAP治疗有效。     

脑卒中后抑郁状态与抑郁症患者的多导睡眠图对照研究

目的探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态(PSD)患者的睡眠图异常改变及与抑郁症之间的差异。方法采用多导睡眠图对62例脑卒中和30例抑郁症患者进行整夜睡眠描记,并与对照组比较。结果PSD组与对照组和非抑郁组比较多项睡眠指标均有显著性差异(P<0.05～0.01);PSD组的REM睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论PSD状态病人除具有睡眠障碍在多导睡眠图改变外,REM睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变,PSD的发生可能与脑内5-羟色胺(5-TH)递质改变有关。     

抑郁症患者睡眠生理的特征改变

目的:探讨抑郁症患者睡眠生理结构的变化,并与正常人比较。方法:抑郁症组为2002-01/2004-12广州市精神病医院门诊抑郁症患者42例,正常对照组为广州市精神病医院部分职工和广州医学院部分学生,共选择30人。使用英国Oxford工厂生产的Medilog多导睡眠图记录仪进行多导睡眠图检查,记录整夜的脑电图信号。主要观察①睡眠进程:包括总记录时间,睡眠总时间,睡眠潜伏期,快速眼动睡眠潜伏等。②睡眠结构:包括各阶段(非快速眼动S1、S2、S3、S4、快速眼动)睡眠的时间和百分比,快速眼动活动度、密度和强度,睡后觉醒的次数、时间和百分比。③睡眠片断的平均时程。对此项检查获患者及家属全面知情同意。结果:抑郁症组及正常对照组均完成多导睡眠图的检查,全部进入结果分析。①睡眠进程分析:总记录时间两组无差异,抑郁症组睡眠总时间比正常对照组少,睡眠潜伏期比正常对照组长,快速眼动睡眠潜伏期比正常对照组短,差异均有显著性(P<0.05),抑郁症组睡眠效率和维持率低。②睡眠结构分析:抑郁症组非快速眼动S1时间比正常对照组长,但无统计学意义;非快速眼动S2时间比正常对照组短,[(212.72±22.9),(224.63±8.1)min,F=9.388,P=0.004];而非快速眼动(S3+S4)时间比正常组短,但无统计学意义,不少患者的整个慢波睡眠(S3+S4)缺失。抑郁症组快速眼动活动度、密度和强度均显著高于正常对照组,睡后觉醒时间长。③抑郁症组睡眠片断的平均时程低于正常对照组(81.90±7.2),(96.73±8.6)min,P=0.818。结论:抑郁症组睡眠潜伏期长、睡后觉醒时间长,睡眠效率和维持率低,快速眼动潜伏期缩短,S1睡眠延长,S3,S4睡眠缩短,部分患者的整个慢波睡眠(S3+S4)缺失。提示抑郁症患者与正常人有不同的睡眠模式,其睡眠障碍模式以快速眼动睡眠过度活跃为特征。     

抑郁症伴失眠患者的多道睡眠图研究

目的探讨抑郁症伴失眠患者多道睡眠图中睡眠参数改变的生物学特点和可能机制。方法对35例抑郁症伴有失眠患者和40例正常人进行多道睡眠图检查,并进行睡眠参数比较。结果与对照组(12.45±3.17)min比较,抑郁症组睡眠潜伏期(26.84±5.31)min长,差异有非常显著性意义(t=14.4528,P<0.0001),且抑郁症组的觉醒次数多(P<0.001)、实际睡眠时间少(P<0.05),睡眠效率低(P<0.0001),浅睡(Ⅰ,Ⅱ期睡眠)增多(P<0.001),而深睡(Ⅲ,Ⅳ期睡眠)减少(P<0.0001),快速眼动睡眠时间延长、比例增加(P<0.0001),其潜伏期明显减少(P<0.0001)。结论抑郁症伴失眠患者存在诸多多道睡眠图异常,并与症状相一致,提示该失眠的发生机制可能同抑郁症的发病机制一致。     

脑卒中后抑郁患者的睡眠脑电图研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态患者的睡眠脑电图异常改变及与抑郁症患者之间的差异。方法：采用多导睡眠图对32例脑卒中抑郁患者和30例抑郁症患者进行睡眠描记，并与对照组比较。结果：PSD组的REM睡眠时间和密度明显低于抑郁症组，差异有显著性。结论：PSD患者REM睡眠时间和密度是一个较为特征性的改变，提示卒中后抑郁的发生可能与脑内5-羟色胺递质改变有关。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.