超声实时应变成像技术在乳腺不同直径实性病灶中的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声实时应变成像技术在乳腺不同直径实性病灶中的应用价值.方法 对直径≤10 mm的83个乳腺病灶(Ⅰ组)和直径＞10 mm的110个乳腺病灶(Ⅱ组)术前分别行弹性成像整体应变率(ESR)及局部应变率(LSR)2种测量方法检查.根据弹性成像检查结果,以手术病理为诊断金标准,构建2种测量方法的ROC曲线,分别获得最佳临界点.参考最佳临界点,分别计算ESR、LSR诊断(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组)乳腺良恶性病灶的敏感性、特异性、准确性和漏诊率.结果 ESR ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.904±0.024,最佳临界点为3.06,判定乳腺良恶性病灶的敏感性、特异性、准确性和漏诊率分别为:Ⅰ组为90.5％、96.8％、95.2％和9.5％,Ⅱ组为78.4％、84.9％、82.7％和21.6％.LSR的AUC为0.944±0.019,最佳临界点为31.26,判定乳腺良恶性病灶的敏感性、特异性、准确性和漏诊率分别为:Ⅰ组为95.2％、98.4％、97.6％和4.8％,Ⅱ组为83.8％、91.8％、89.1％和16.2％.结论 (1)超声实时应变成像技术有助于乳腺小实性病灶的良恶性鉴别;(2) LSR对乳腺大实性病灶的良恶性鉴别优于ESR.     

弹性超声成像在乳腺病灶不同深度中的诊断价值

【目的】探讨弹性超声成像在乳腺病灶不同深度中的诊断价值。【方法】收集拟行手术或穿刺活检需行术前检查的患者134例,采用弹性超声成像技术评估病灶,按病灶深度分为4组：D＜5 mm（Ⅰ组）,5 mm≤D＜10 mm（Ⅱ组）,10 mm≤D＜15 mm（Ⅲ组）,D≥15 mm（Ⅳ组）,以病理结果为金标准,采用Itoh评分法对鉴别乳腺实性病灶的良恶性,并计算弹性超声诊断不同深度乳腺实性病灶良恶性的敏感性、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。【结果】收集158个病灶,其中良性病变112个,恶性病变46个;曲线下面积（A U C ）为0．915;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组不同深度的敏感性、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值随着深度增加准确率依次下降,但除特异性四组比较无差异（P ＞0．05）外,其他三组Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅳ组（P ＜0．05）,Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅲ组（ P ＜0．05）,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较无差异（ P ＞0．05）。【结论】实时组织弹性成像的Itoh评分法对鉴别乳腺实性病灶的良恶性具有较高的诊断价值;但检查肿块的深度对检查结果的准确率具有一定影响。     

超声弹性成像在乳腺小实性病灶中的诊断价值

目的 评价实时组织弹性成像(RTE)对乳腺小实性病灶(≤10 mm)的诊断价值.方法 对118例患者的129个乳腺病灶进行回顾性分析超声弹性成像评分,并与术后的病理结果进行对照.采用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC曲线)评价超声弹性评分法对其诊断价值.结果 以评分＞3分(ROC曲线下面积为0.945)诊断乳腺小实性恶性病灶敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为83.3％、91.4％和89.9％.结论 RTE有助于≤10 mm乳腺小实性病灶良恶性鉴别,且具有临床诊断价值.     

ROC方法评价高频彩超、超声弹性成像及钼靶X线在乳腺病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的：比较高频彩超、超声弹性成像及钼靶X线对乳腺良恶性病变进行鉴别诊断的价值.材料与方法：回顾分析经病理证实的59例乳腺肿块的高频彩超、钼靶X线、超声弹性成像及高频彩超与弹性成像联合诊断结果的敏感性、特异性、准确性,并对诊断结果进行ROC分析.结果：超声弹性成像诊断乳腺良恶性病灶的准确性93.24％、敏感性89.6％、特异性90.6％,略高于钼靶X线的89.9％、89.7％和84.4％.高频超声诊断乳腺肿块良恶性具有较高的敏感性（75.9％）但特异性较差（62.5％）.高频彩超＋弹性成像组合得到最高的敏感性93.1％,但特异性提高不明显,仅为65.6％.超声弹性成像的AUC值0.958,高于钼靶X线、高频彩超和高频彩超＋弹性成像三者的AUC值（0.921、0.827和0.887）,弹性成像与高频彩超和二者结合的AUC之间的差异具有统计学意义（P=0.0077、0.0416）.结论：超声弹性成像对乳腺病变诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性,与高频超声联合应用能够明显提高超声检查在乳腺良恶性病变中的鉴别诊断准确性.     

实时超声弹性成像对乳腺单发实性小肿块的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声弹性成像对常规超声发现的可疑恶性乳腺实性小肿块（直径≤20mm）的鉴别诊断价值。材料和方法：对85例乳腺单发实性小肿块患者先行灰阶超声、彩色和能量多普勒超声检查,再行实时超声弹性成像检查。弹性成像采用改良5分法进行评价,将超声诊断结果与病理结果进行对照。结果：以弹性评分4~5分为恶性预测标准,其诊断乳腺小肿块良、恶性的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为89.18%、89.58%、89.41%,灰阶超声、彩色和能量多普勒超声联合诊断乳腺小肿块良、恶性的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为48.65%、79.16%、65.88%。经χ2检验,两者准确性差异有统计学意义（χ2=13.557,P<0.001）。结论：超声弹性成像有助于对常规超声发现的可疑恶性乳腺实性小肿块进行更好的诊断和鉴别。     

病灶位置对乳腺超声弹性成像检查结果的影响

目的探讨病灶位置对乳腺超声弹性成像（UE）检查结果的影响。方法对681例患者共885个乳腺病灶进行了超声弹性成像检查，根据病灶底部距体表的距离（D）分为3组（I组：D〈1cm；Ⅱ组：1cm≤D〈2cm；Ⅲ组：D〉2cm），UE评分采用改良5分法，≤3分判为良性，≥4分判为恶性。结果三组患者UE诊断恶性病变的敏感性、特异性、准确性无显著差异。结论病灶位置对UE检查结果无显著影响。     

乳腺肿块的超声弹性成像、多普勒超声及X线钼靶检查

目的探讨超声弹性成像、多普勒超声及X线钼靶成像对乳腺肿块的良恶性鉴别诊断价值。方法应用超声弹性成像、多普勒超声及X线钼靶成像对276例患者获手术病理证实的286个乳腺病灶进行检查。结果良性207例共215个病灶,恶性69例共71个病灶,超声弹性成像诊断恶性病变敏感性为88.7%,特异性为96.3%,准确性为94.4%;彩色多普勒血流显像诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的敏感性为71.8%,特异性为73.5%,准确性为73.1%;脉冲多普勒血流显像诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的敏感性为73.3%,特异性为58.0%,准确性为64.2%;X线钼靶成像诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的敏感性为57.8%,特异性为87.4%,准确性为80.1%。结论超声弹性成像鉴别乳腺肿瘤良恶性的准确性较多普勒超声及X线钼靶成像高。     

超声弹性成像硬度评分法与面积比值法在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声弹性成像评分法与面积比值法在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对158个乳腺肿块行弹性成像检查,先用超声弹性成像评分法进行评分,然后分别测量弹性图像和二维图像上肿块的面积,计算其面积比。所有肿块均获得病理结果。结果超声弹性成像评分法诊断乳腺良恶性肿块的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为93．9％、92．1％、92．4％,面积比值法诊断乳腺良恶性肿块的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为84．0％、87．1％、71．1％。两种方法联合诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为93．9％、98．4％、97．5％。结论联合应用超声弹性成像评分法与面积比值法可提高鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块的准确性,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声联合实时组织弹性成像技术在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块中的应用价值.方法 分别运用彩色多普勒超声和弹性成像技术检查352个乳腺肿块,与术后病理诊断结果进行对照,分析其超声征象、弹性成像评分以及二者联合应用诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的敏感性、特异性及准确性.结果 彩色多普勒超声、弹性成像及二者联合运用诊断乳腺肿块良恶性的敏感性为81.0％、79.3％及94.8％,特异性为85.4％、88.8％及95.6％,准确性为84.1％、87.2％及95.5％.彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像的敏感性、特异性及准确性均高于二者单独应用(P＜0.05).结论 彩色多普勒超声联合弹性成像技术有助于鉴别乳腺肿块的良恶性,弹性成像技术是常规超声的有益补充.     

超声弹性成像诊断乳腺局灶性病变价值的初步探讨

目的探讨超声弹性成像对乳腺局灶性病变鉴别诊断的价值。方法应用超声弹性成像对219例患者共290个乳腺结节进行检查，采用5分评分法进行评价。所有患者均行手术经病理证实。结果良性153例共218个结节，恶性66例共72个结节，超声弹性成像诊断恶性病变敏感性为81．9％，特异性为95．0％，准确性为91．7％。结论超声弹性成像有助于乳腺肿瘤良恶性鉴别。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.