动机性访谈对脑卒中后抑郁影响效果的Meta分析

目的 评价动机性访谈对脑卒中患者抑郁的影响效果.方法 计算机检索CNKI、Wangfang、VIP、CBM、Medline、Pubmed、Embase、OVID、Web of Science、CINAHL、Cochrane Library数据库中关于动机性访谈对脑卒中患者抑郁影响的随机对照试验,利用Rev-Man5.3对纳入研究进行Meta分析研究.结果 共纳入6篇随机对照试验,共1302例患者.亚组分析结果显示:在干预3个月[OR=0.60,95％CI(0.39,0.92),P=0.02];6个月[WMD=-5.63,95％CI(-6.46,-4.80),P<0.00001];12个月[OR=0.62,95％CI(0.40,0.97),P=0.04]时,动机性访谈与常规健康教育方式的差异均有统计学意义;而干预8周时MI对脑卒中抑郁无统计学意义[WMD=-2.44,95％CI(-4.91,0.03),P=0.05];结论 动机性访谈在干预3个月、6个月、12个月时可以有效改善脑卒中患者的抑郁情况.     

接纳与承诺疗法对慢性疼痛干预效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价接纳与承诺疗法对慢性疼痛患者的干预效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、EBSCO、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库及维普全文数据库中接纳与承诺疗法对慢性疼痛患者干预效果的随机对照试验,检索时限均为建库至2019年4月。对符合质量标准的随机对照试验采用Rev Man 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入13篇文献,1 136例患者。Meta分析结果显示,接纳与承诺疗法组与对照组干预后当天的疼痛强度[SMD=-0.44,95%CI（-0.80,-0.09）,P=0.01]、干预后当天及干预后3个月、6个月的慢性疼痛接受度[WMD=11.97,95%CI（8.39,15.55）,P<0.01]、[WMD=7.28,95%CI（2.53,12.03）,P<0.01]、[WMD=8.89,95%CI（2.48,15.31）,P<0.01]、干预后当天及干预后3个月疼痛功能障碍[SMD=-0.50,95%CI（-0.74,-0.25）,P<0.01]、[SMD=-0.49,95%CI（-0.72,-0.26）,P<0.01]的改善具有统计学意义,但对于疼痛强度（>3个月）的长期疗效2组差异无统计学意义。结论 接纳与承诺疗法能有效缓解患者疼痛强度、增加慢性疼痛接受度,减少相关疼痛功能障碍,但对于疼痛强度的远期疗效仍需开展更多研究予以验证。     

动机性访谈对高血压患者血压控制与服药依从性影响的Meta分析

目的评价动机性访谈(motivational interviewing,MI)对高血压患者血压控制与服药依从性的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、荷兰医学文摘数据库(the excerpta medica database,Embase)、Medline、ScienceDirect、OVID(the offshore vessel inspection database)、Cochrane图书馆、中国期刊全文数据库(Chinese national knowledge infrastructure,CNKI)、万方数据库、中国生物医学数据库(Chinese biomedical literature database,CBM)、维普期刊资源整合服务平台,结合手工检索相关图书和杂志,搜集MI对高血压患者血压控制与服药依从性效果的随机对照实验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),检索时间为数据库建立初至2016年3月,采用RevMan 5.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入12个RCT,2543例患者。Meta分析结果显示,12个月内MI能够有效控制高血压患者的收缩压[MD=-3.40,95%CI(-4.28,-2.53),P0.0001],同时可提高患者的服药依从性[OR=3.97,95%CI(1.80,8.75),P=0.0006]。3、12个月时,观察组和对照组对舒张压控制效果的差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。6个月时结果显示,观察组患者控制舒张压的效果优于对照组[MD=-1.58,95%CI(-2.53,-0.63),P=0.001];总体舒张压值显示,观察组患者的干预效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义[MD=-1.13,95%CI(-1.89,-0.36),P=0.004]。结论 MI能提高高血压患者的服药依从性,同时有效控制并且维持患者的血压,但仍需开展更多高质量的RCT予以验证。     

短信干预对糖尿病患者血糖控制效果的Meta分析

目的系统评价短信干预对糖尿病患者血糖控制的效果。方法计算机检索PubMed、荷兰医学文摘数据库(the excerpta medica database,Embase)、Cochrane图书馆、护理学全文期刊数据库(cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature,CINAHL)、Web of Science、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、维普期刊资源整合服务平台,收集截至2016年1月发表的关于短信干预对糖尿病患者血糖控制的随机对照试验(randomized clinical trial,RCT)。由2名研究员对符合纳入和排除标准的文献进行质量评鉴和资料提取,对符合质量标准的RCT进行Meta分析。结果共纳入13项RCT。短信干预可以降低糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白[WMD=-0.58,95%CI(-0.76,-0.40),P0.01]及空腹血糖水平[WMD=-1.00,95%CI(-1.49,-0.51),P0.01],合并效应量具有统计学意义。与对照组相比,3个月的短期干预可降低糖化血红蛋白水平[WMD=-0.54,95%CI(-0.71,-0.37),P0.01],6个月干预具有同样效果[WMD=-0.26,95%CI(-0.51,-0.01),P=0.04]。结论短信干预对控制糖尿病患者血糖水平有积极作用,且短期干预效果显著,未来仍需高质量大样本的随机对照试验进一步研究。     

短信干预对艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗依从性影响的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析方法评价短信干预对艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗依从性效果。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、CINAHL、Web of Science、ScienceDirect、The Cochrane Library、CNKI、WanFang Data、VIP和CBM数据库,搜集短信干预对艾滋病患者抗病毒治疗依从性影响的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均从2000年1月至2018年12月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入10个研究,包括2 411例患者。Meta分析结果显示:与常规护理相比,短信干预能够提高艾滋病患者治疗依从性[RR=1.11,95%CI(1.03,1.20),P<0.01]。亚组分析显示,每周发送短信能够提高治疗依从性[RR=1.15,95%CI(1.00,1.33),P<0.05];但个性化发送[RR=1.17,95%CI(0.99,1.38),P=0.06]、每日发送短信[RR=1.02,95%CI(0.83,1.26),P=0.84]对治疗依从性影响无差异;干预期限为6个月能够提高治疗依从性[RR=1.11,95%CI(1.00,1.23),P=0.05],干预12个月对治疗依从性影响无差异[RR=1.07,95%CI(0.98,1.17),P=0.13];治疗前后检测的CD4^+细胞计数无差异[WMD=4.18,95%CI(-39.33,47.69),P=0.85]。结论短信干预与常规护理比较,持续半年每周发送短信提醒艾滋病患者服药能提高治疗依从性。受纳入研究数量和质量限制,上述结论尚需开展更多高质量研究予以验证。     

家庭血压测量对高血压患者服药依从性影响的Meta分析

目的：采用Meta分析方法系统评价家庭血压测量对高血压患者服药依从性的影响。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Medline、Embase、中国生物医学文献库、中国知网数据库、万方数据库和中国维普数据库,检索关于家庭血压测量对高血压患者服药依从性影响的随机对照试验,按照纳入、排除标准筛选文献,提取资料和评价纳入研究的质量,然后采用RevMan 5.2进行Meta分析。结果纳入8项研究,包括1223例高血压患者。Meta分析结果显示：家庭血压测量组较对照组显著提高高血压患者的服药依从性百分比（WMD=2.19,95%CI：0.40~3.98）,P=0.02）和服药依从性达标人数（RR=1.25,95％CI：1.15~1.35, P<0.001）。结论家庭血压测量可提高高血压患者的服药依从性。     

高血压患者群组干预管理模式的效果Meta分析

目的 评价群组干预管理模式在高血压患者管理中的实施效果.方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、JBI Library、PubMed、Ovid、Springer、Web of Science、Medline、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、万方、维普数据库,搜集对成年高血压患者进行群组干预管理的随机对照试验,数据库检索时限均为建库至2016年4月15日.由2名研究员按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析.结果 最终纳入12篇文献,Meta分析结果显示:群组干预管理组高血压患者收缩压改善优于常规护理组(MD=-4.12,95%CI:-5.49~-2.74,P<0.01),舒张压改善优于常规护理组(MD=-1.79,95%CI:-2.18~-1.39,P<0.01).群组干预管理组高血压患者服药依从性高于常规护理组(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.04~1.67,P=0.02).群组干预管理组高血压患者锻炼自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.41,95%CI:0.16~0.67,P<0.01),症状管理自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.59,95%CI:0.19~0.98,P<0.01),疾病管理自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.52,95%CI:0.40~0.65,P<0.01).结论 群组干预管理模式能改善高血压患者的血压水平,提高患者的服药依从性及自我效能.     

多模式超前镇痛在膝关节置换术康复护理中应用效果的Meta分析

[目的]系统评价多模式超前镇痛对膝关节置换术病人康复锻炼的影响。[方法]检索中国知网、万方、维普引文数据库以及PubMed,EMbase,MedLine英文数据库,获得国内外关于多模式超前镇痛对膝关节置换病人术后康复训练效果的随机对照试验,使用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。[结果]纳入8篇符合标准的文献,Meta分析结果显示:试验组术后72h内疼痛VAS评分比对照组低[SMD=-2.31,95%CI(-3.14,-1.49),P0.01],试验组术后3d、6个月病人膝关节活动度优于对照组[WMD=11.22,95%CI(10.75,11.69),P0.01;WMD=15.60,95%CI(12.51,18.68),P0.01],试验组术后6个月病人膝关节功能HSS评分比对照组病人改善明显[WMD=15.62,95%CI(13.63,17.61),P0.01]。[结论]多模式超前镇痛可缓解膝关节置换病人的术后疼痛,提高康复锻炼依从性,术后膝关节功能恢复效果好。     

有氧运动结合抗阻运动对化疗期肿瘤患者癌因性疲乏及生活质量干预效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价有氧运动结合抗阻运动对化疗期肿瘤患者癌因性疲乏及生活质量的干预效果。方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library数据库中关于有氧运动结合抗阻运动对化疗期肿瘤患者癌因性疲乏及生活质量干预效果的随机对照试验，检索时限为建库至2022年4月1日。由2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行质量评价和资料提取，采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入11篇文献，共涵盖957例化疗期肿瘤患者。Meta分析结果显示：有氧运动结合抗阻运动能改善化疗期肿瘤患者的癌因性疲乏症状及生活质量[SMD=-0.88,95%CI(-1.31,-0.45),P<0.0001;SMD=0.70,95%CI(0.24,1.16),P=0.003];提高峰值摄氧量、6 min步行距离[SMD=0.45,95%CI(0.14,0.76),P=0.005;WMD=28.04,95%CI(8.32,47.75),P=0.005];降低焦虑/抑郁情绪[WMD=-2.58,95%CI(-4.50,-...     

延续护理对糖尿病病人干预效果的系统评价

[目的]评价延续护理对糖尿病病人的干预效果。[方法]计算机检索Cochrane Library(2015年2期)、JBI Library(1980年—2015年)、PubMed(1966年—2015年)、中国知网(CNKI,1978年—2015年)、万方(1980年—2015年)、维普数据库(1989年—2015年)中关于延续护理对糖尿病病人干预效果的随机对照试验(RCT),由2名研究者对文献质量进行评价和提取资料,对符合治疗要求的文献进行Meta分析。[结果]共纳入26篇RCT,结果显示延续护理可以明显提高糖尿病病人的生活质量[生理功能WMD=5.51,95%CI(2.44,8.58),P0.000 4,生理职能WMD=4.94,95%CI(1.53,8.34),P=0.004,躯体疼痛WMD=4.42,95%CI(0.39,8.46),P=0.03,一般状况WMD=6.46,95%CI(3.54,9.38),P0.000 1,精力WMD=6.98,95%CI(4.59,9.37),P0.000 01,社会功能WMD=6.19,95%CI(3.38,9.01),P0.000 1,情感职能WMD=8.27,95%CI(5.92,10.63),P0.000 01,精神健康WMD=7.28,95%CI(3.95,10.61),P0.000 1],可以有效降低糖尿病病人的HbA1c值[WMD=-1.33,95%CI(-2.10,-0.56),P=0.000 7],延续护理组焦虑水平的改善优于常规护理组[WMD=1.22,95%CI(0.61,1.83),P0.000 1],延续护理组自尊水平的提高优于常规护理组[WMD=5.90,95%CI(5.14,6.66),P0.000 01],此外延续护理还可提高病人的依从性。[结论]对糖尿病病人实施延续护理,可以有效地控制血糖,提高病人的依从性和生活质量,对预防和减少并发症的发生具有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.