脑梗死偏瘫患者针刺下神经作用机制的血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像及弥散张量成像研究

目的 应用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BLOD-fMRI）及磁共振弥散张量成像（DTI）技术观察脑梗死偏瘫患者神经纤维束的完整性及其脑功能区对针刺的反应,探讨神经纤维束损伤时针刺的神经作用机制。 方法 选取20例以左上肢偏瘫为主要症状的脑梗死患者,病程3～6周。对患者行DTI及针刺左侧合谷穴、外关穴任务下BOLD-fMRI检查。DTI原始数据经过处理后重建锥体束三维图像,观察右侧锥体束的损伤情况。BOLD-fMRI原始数据应用SPM 8等软件处理之后,观察脑功能激活区的分布情况。 结果 20例脑梗死患者右侧锥体束有不同程度的中断受损改变。脑梗死患者针刺左侧合谷穴、外关穴任务下,两侧基底核区核团及丘脑激活最为明显,左额内侧回、额上回、左岛叶有明显激活区域,中脑网状结构、红核、黑质及左小脑山坡、齿状核、右侧额叶皮质见大量激活区域,左颞下回、梭状回、左额中回、左额下回、两侧楔前叶、右小脑山坡、右顶叶皮质有少量激活区。负激活脑区包括左后扣带回、右枕叶及右额上回。 结论 DTI技术可直观反映脑梗死偏瘫患者的锥体束损伤情况,损伤时锥体外系在针刺效应中发挥了显著作用,DTI与BLOD-MRI联合应用对研究脑梗死患者的针刺康复机制具有重要价值。     

暴力人群面部表情的功能磁共振变化

目的应用脑功能磁共振探讨暴力人群对愉快和悲伤面部表情认知障碍的脑功能机制。方法 2009年3月8月,应用宾夕法尼亚大学三维彩色愉快和悲伤情绪面部表情图片作为情绪刺激,对男性暴力行为组（n=20）和与之相匹配的正常男性（n=21）,进行功能磁共振扫描,并采用SPM2对数据进行分析。结果愉快情绪图片刺激下,正常组比暴力组激活增加的脑区有左额中回、左前扣带回、左楔前叶、左颞中回、右中央后回和右侧小脑。悲伤情绪图片刺激下,正常组比暴力组激活增加的脑区有左额中回、左后扣带回、左楔前叶、右小脑、左颞中回及颞上回。结论暴力行为者对愉快和悲伤情绪的脑激活减低,主要表现在前额叶-颞叶-边缘脑区。     

针刺健康志愿者合谷和外关的脑功能磁共振成像初步研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BLOD-fMRI）技术观察针刺健康志愿者合谷及外关时大脑皮质功能激活区的分布情况,并初步探讨针刺的神经作用机制。 方法纳入20例健康志愿者作为研究对象,行针刺左侧合谷和外关组块模式的BOLD-fMRI检查,运用SPM8等软件处理后,观察脑功能激活区分布情况,重点观察运动相关脑功能区激活情况。 结果针刺健康志愿者左侧正激活脑区中左额中回、额下回有明显激活区,左岛叶有大量激活区,此外在左小脑、左中央前回、左中央后回、左顶下小叶、左额内侧回、左楔叶、左前扣带回、左屏状核亦见少量激活区分布。右侧正激活脑区主要分布在右额中回和右额内侧回;此外右顶下小叶、右中央前回有部分激活区,右颞中回、右颞上回、右岛叶、右额下回、右中央后回有少量激活区分布。负激活区主要位于两侧边缘叶海马回、海马旁回及扣带回,左颞极颞上回、颞中回及右额中回亦见少量负激活区分布。 结论针刺健康志愿者合谷和外关除引起对侧初级运动区部分激活外,双侧次级运动区可见明显激活,同侧小脑亦可见部分激活,可能是其作为运动功能障碍疾病治疗取穴的神经病理学基础。BOLD-fMRI成像技术可直观显示生理状态下针刺的神经效应,亦可为研究病理状态下针刺的神经效应提供基础及对照。     

抑郁症及抑郁高血压共病患者脑部基于体素的磁共振扩散峰度成像研究

目的 探讨磁共振扩散峰度成像(DKI)在评价抑郁症及抑郁高血压共病患者脑部微观结构损害中的应用价值。方法 收集20例抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)、26例抑郁高血压共病患者(共病组)、26例高血压患者(高血压组)、23名健康志愿者(正常对照组),采用3.0T磁共振仪进行DKI扫描,使用DKE软件计算平均扩散峰度(MK)值;比较4组间MK值的差异;比较差异脑区平均MK值与17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)评分的相关性。结果 相对于正常对照组,抑郁症组MK值减低的脑区包括右额中回、右梭状回、右前扣带回、左中扣带回、左后扣带回、右岛叶、右海马、右枕下回及左枕中回、双侧楔前叶、双侧壳核、两侧颞下回和颞中回(P<0.05),共病组MK值减低的脑区包括右额上回、右梭状回、右前扣带回、右中扣带回、左后扣带回、双侧海马、双侧海马旁回、左枕中下回、双侧楔前叶、右壳核、左舌回、双侧颞中回及颞下回及左侧丘脑(P<0.05),高血压组无MK减低区。相对于抑郁症组,共病组MK下降脑区为右额下回、右梭状回、右岛叶、右扣带前回(P<0.05)。右侧海马(r=0.421,P<0.001)及右侧额中回(r=0.400,P=0.001)的平均MK值与HAMD-17评分呈负相关。结论 抑郁症和抑郁共病患者存在广泛的额叶-皮层下-边缘系统脑白质微观结构损害和功能异常;高血压可能对抑郁症有协同作用。     

MRI分析针刺缺血性血管性痴呆患者太溪-飞扬穴的脑响应

  目的  通过任务态功能磁共振成像观察即时针刺缺血性血管性痴呆（IVD）患者原络配穴（太溪-飞扬）脑功能活动状态的变化,探讨针刺治疗IVD患者的脑效应机制。  方法  采用Achieva 3.0T磁共振扫描仪对12例IVD患者行任务态功能成像扫描,先采集4 min的3D结构像,随后采集6 min的针刺原络穴配伍（太溪-飞扬穴）的针刺态数据,间隔2周对该组患者再采集一次6 min的针刺络穴飞扬穴的针刺态数据,获得的图像数据经过后处理后予以一般线性模型分析,统计值体素水平P=0.001（未校正）,簇水平P<0.05（FWE校正）。获得针刺任务态IVD患者脑内神经元活动变化的脑激活区域。  结果  配伍针刺IVD患者太溪-飞扬穴正激活脑区有:右侧海马旁回,右侧角回,左侧丘脑,右侧丘脑,右侧脑岛,左侧前扣带和中央旁小叶;负激活脑区有:左侧小脑脚1区,左侧下半月小叶,小脑蚓部8区,左侧小脑后叶,左侧梭状回,左侧颞下回,右侧颞下回,左侧眶部额下回,左侧枕下回,左侧颞上回,左侧枕下回,左侧舌回,左侧顶下小叶,左侧顶上小叶。针刺IVD患者飞扬穴正激活脑区:右侧小脑前叶,右侧小脑后叶,小脑蚓部3区,右侧岛叶,右侧额下回,右侧缘上回,右侧颞上回,右侧丘脑,右侧豆状核;负激活脑区:左侧距状裂周围皮层,左侧后扣带回,左侧楔前叶。针刺IVD患者太溪-飞扬组穴与飞扬穴比较,激活增高的脑区:左内侧额上回,左侧距状裂周围皮层,左侧岛盖部额下回;激活减低的脑区:右侧缘上回,左侧缘上回,右侧额中回,右侧脑岛,左内侧和旁扣带脑回,左、右侧小脑6区,右侧豆状壳核,右侧丘脑,左侧额中回,左侧眶部额下回,左侧梭状回,左侧颞中回,右侧颞中回,右侧中央后回。  结论  针刺IVD患者主客原络配穴（太溪-飞扬穴）的即刻效应可直接影响并调节与认知功能相关脑区的神经元活动,推测这是针刺太溪-飞扬穴治疗血管性痴呆的潜在中枢机制;针刺IVD患者主客原络配穴相比单穴脑激活区更广泛,更具独特优势。      

非优势大脑半球缺血性脑卒中患者存在的急性期脑功能连接改变:基于rs-fMRI技术

目的运用静息态脑功能成像探究非优势大脑半球缺血性脑卒中患者在急性期的脑功能连接的变化。方法以15例健康受试者作为正常对照组,15例非优势大脑半球（右半球）中动脉急性梗塞（发病 < 72 h）的患者作为卒中组,采用西门子3.0 T超导MRI采集两组患者相关数据,以功能连接为结局指标,并基于Matlab 2012a平台使用DPABI工具包对两组数据进行预处理和统计学分析。结果最终10例患者纳入试验,与健康受试者对比,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.005）的感兴趣区（ROI）有11个。以右背外侧额上回为ROI,与左后扣带回（T=6.5173）等脑区功能连接增强;以右眶部额上回为ROI,与左BA18（T=6.0674）等脑区功能连接增强;以左中央沟盖为ROI,与左距状裂周围皮层（T=5.7831）等脑区功能连接增强;以右眶内额上回为ROI,与左梭状回（T=5.7361）等脑区功能连接增强;以左岛叶为ROI,与左梭状回（T=4.5436）等脑区功能连接增强;以右岛叶为ROI,与右小脑后叶（T=4.9352）等脑区功能连接增强;以左楔叶为ROI,与左岛叶（T=5.6924）等脑区功能连接增强;与右梭状回为ROI,与左眶回（T=8.4505）等脑区功能连接增强;以左楔前叶为ROI,与左豆状壳核（T=5.1894）等脑区功能连接增强;以左中央旁小叶为ROI,与左豆状壳核（T=7.9109）等脑区功能连接增强;以左颞横回为ROI,与左舌回（T=5.9146）等脑区功能连接增强。结论非优势大脑半球缺血性脑卒中患者在急性期存在与视觉、听觉、高级认知及运动相关的脑区之间功能连接增强的脑功能变化。      

健康人群自主吞咽的全脑激活部位研究

目的:探讨健康人群自主吞咽时脑激活区域(尤其是小脑和脑干激活区)的分布及特点。方法:通过block设计的血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像技术(BOLD-fMRI),观察健康受试者自主吞咽时的全脑激活的分布情况,用软件SPM5处理脑功能磁共振的影像资料。结果:主要激活区为双侧中央前回、左侧补充运动区、内侧及旁扣带回、左侧前额叶(眶部额上回、眶部额中回)、颞上回、颞横回、丘脑及壳核,且脑干、小脑半球小叶及小脑蚓都显示有激活。结论:中央前回、补充运动区、扣带回、前额叶(包括眶额回和三角部)、丘脑、壳核、小脑半球及小脑蚓是吞咽的相关脑区,而脑干由于受到fMRI分辨率的限制仍需进一步研究。     

左侧颞叶癫痫患者脑皮质计算功能重组的fMRI研究

目的采用任务相关功能性磁共振成像技术（fMRI）观察左侧颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者与健康人完成计算任务时脑区激活差异。 方法选取右利手、左侧TLE患者16例作为TLE组,另选取相匹配健康受试者16例作为对照组。2组受试者均进行简单加法、简单减法及退位减法计算任务,同时进行脑部fMRI检查。采用神经影像学统计参数图（SPM-5）软件进行数据处理和分析,并比较2组间脑区激活差异。 结果计算任务中,TLE组的计算正确率为76.30%,显著低于对照组的96.80%（P<0.05）;而TLE患者组的计算反应时间为（2589±213.20）ms,与对照组的（1765±134.90）ms比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组激活强度高于左侧颞叶癫痫组的脑区有左侧中央旁小叶、左侧中央后回、双侧顶下小叶、左侧角回、双侧缘上回、左侧额中回、左额上回、双侧后扣带回、双侧岛叶、双侧颞上下回、右侧海马、海马旁回、双侧丘脑和小脑。左侧颞叶癫痫组激活强度高于对照组的脑区有双侧顶上小叶、双侧前扣带回和右侧额中下回。 结论左侧TLE患者计算相关的脑功能区具有半球内及半球间重组,额顶叶可在计算功能的代偿中发挥一定的作用;任务相关fMRI技术可为无创评价TLE患者计算认知功能提供重要证据。     

注意缺陷障碍患儿注视作业时的功能性磁共振成像分析

目的应用功能性磁共振成像研究正常儿童及注意缺陷障碍（ADHD）患儿在进行注视作业测验时其额、颞叶等皮质区激活状况的差异。方法使用美国GE 1．5T Sigma Horizon LX超导型磁共振仪对19名正常儿童及17例ADHD患儿于注视作业测试时进行fMRI检查。结果（1）正常儿童和ADHD患儿激活脑区范围均较广泛，两组激活脑区在额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶及扣带回部位的分布情况大体相同（P〉0．05）。（2）正常儿童与ADHD患儿激活脑区计数如下，左额上回分别为15个和6个，右额上回分别为16个和5个，右额中回分别为16个和8个，左额下回分别为15个和5个，2组对象上述部位脑区激活计数结果差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。（3）fMRI结果显示，ADHD患儿双侧前额叶、右额中回以及左额下回部位功能低下。结论ADHD患儿在选择性注意及执行功能方面存在缺陷，fMRI对检测正常儿童及ADHD患儿大脑皮质激活情况均具有重要意义。     

功能磁共振成像观察补法、泻法针刺足三里穴对大脑作用的中枢机制

目的 用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)方法观察补法和泻法针刺足三里穴对大脑作用的中枢机制. 方法 选取32名健康右利手志愿者,对11名受检者用补法电针刺激右侧足三里穴(ST36)、11名用泻法电针刺激ST36、10名电针刺激右侧足三里穴同一水平向外2～3 cm处.同时行全脑fMRI扫描;用SPM2软件进行图像后处理. 结果 电针结束后5 min,泻法组的脑区激活不明显,而补法组平均信号升高的脑区主要有双侧尾状核头部、丘脑、左侧岛叶、扣带回及小脑齿状核.电针结束后20～30 min期间两组脑区的激活最为明显,均激活左侧的丘脑、中央旁小叶、中央前回、颞中回、额中回、岛叶、双侧尾状核头部、小脑半球、前、后扣带回;两组激活区域大致相同,但补法组激活的脑区范围更广、强度更大.针刺假穴组只激活中央旁小叶及小脑半球. 结论 补、泻手法针刺足三里穴均能激活边缘系统、辅助运动区、灰质结构等脑区,而应用补法能更早、更强烈地激活上述脑区.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.