原发性高血压合并醒后脑卒中与血压昼夜节律的相关性研究

目的通过对原发性高血压患者醒后脑卒中(WUS)与非醒后脑卒中(non-WUS)血压昼夜节律、24 h动态血压特点对比分析,探讨WUS与血压的关系。方法回顾性分析2017年9月至2019年9月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的原发性高血压合并急性脑梗死患者108例,按照卒中发病时间将患者分为两组:WUS组43例和nonWUS组65例。比较两组的24 h动态血压、血压昼夜节律,探讨WUS与血压昼夜节律的关系。结果①WUS组夜间收缩压(160. 88±16. 85 mm Hg)、夜间舒张压(92. 63±8. 00 mm Hg)均明显高于non-WUS组(153. 91±16. 77 mm Hg,89. 00±9. 46 mm Hg),差异均有显著性(P 0. 05); WUS组日间平均脉压(72. 00±12. 25 mmHg)、夜间平均脉压(68. 25±10. 24 mm Hg)和24 h平均脉压(70. 00±11. 13 mm Hg)明显高于non-WUS组(67. 86±8. 65 mm Hg,63. 78±10. 79 mmHg,65. 19±8. 56 mm Hg),差异均有显著性(P 0. 05);②WUS组血压昼夜节律异常者占88. 37%,以反杓型和非杓型为主; non-WUS组血压昼夜节律异常者占69. 23%,以非杓型为主(P 0. 01)。结论 WUS与昼夜节律相关,以反杓型和非杓型为主,同时WUS日间、夜间和24小时平均脉压大、夜间收缩压和舒张压较高。     

动态血压监测评价硝苯地平控释片对亚急性期脑梗死合并高血压患者血压参数的影响

目的 通过无创性动态血压检测(ABPM)研究硝苯地平控释片对亚急性期脑梗死合并高血压患者血压参数的影响及其降压疗效.方法 应用ABPM观察51例脑梗死合并原发性高血压患者,根据所得数据分析硝苯地平控释片(拜新同)治疗前及治疗后第14天的血压变异性(BPV)、平滑指数、晨峰血压控制及谷峰比值等血压参数的变化.结果 (1)服用硝苯地平控释片(拜新同)后第14天的收缩压(SBP)、日间收缩压(dSBP)、夜间收缩压(nSBP)、舒张压(DBP)、日间舒张压(dDBP)、夜间舒张压(nDBP)较用药前均有明显降低[(144.70±14.89) mm Hg比(163.10±16.48) mm Hg,(145.67±15.20) mm Hg比(164.55±16.81) mm Hg,(140.85±19.46) mm Hg比(156.73±20.55) mm Hg,(81.24±8.88) mm Hg比(89.49±10.06) mm Hg,(81.25±9.40) mm Hg比(90.18±10.64) mm Hg,(81.34±12.10)mm Hg比(86.28±12.11) mm Hg;t值分别为11.01、11.53、5.29、8.71、7.53、2.31,P均＜0.05)];(2)以标准差作为BPV的指标,治疗后第14天收缩压的24h收缩压变异性(SBPV)、日间收缩压变异性(dSBPV)、夜间收缩压变异性(nSBPV)较治疗前有显著下降[(16.52±4.38)mm Hg比(19.78±6.72) mm Hg,(15.45±4.71) mm Hg比(17.88±7.25) mrn Hg,(14.94±5.89) mm Hg比(19.17 ±8.27) mm Hg;t值分别为3.38、2.19、2.99,P均＜0.05)],舒张压的BPV治疗前、后差异无统计学意义;(3)平滑指数与BPV存在负相关(r≤-0.28;P均＜0.05);(4)用药治疗后的收缩压晨峰血压[(22.65±12.77) mm Hg]较治疗前[(31.94±16.36) mm Hg]得以明显控制(t=3.20,P＜0.01);(5)整体法计算24 h的谷峰比值(T/P),收缩压和舒张压分别是0.721和0.676;个体计算法得到的T/P比值,SBP为0.588±0.360,DBP为0.628±0.433.两种方法均＞0.5.结论 有效控制血压及BPV对脑卒中患者有着重要的意义,硝苯地平控释片能恒定释放药物,平稳降压的同时可以有效降低BPV及晨峰血压.     

血压变异性与老年高血压患者腔隙性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨老年高血压(EH)合并腔隙性脑梗死患者(LI)血压变异性(BPV)的特点。方法对41例EH患者、41例EH合并LI患者进行24h动态血压监测,计算24h平均收缩压(ASBP)、平均舒张压(ADBP)、收缩压变异性(SBPV)及舒张压变异性(DBPV),同时检测三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、血尿酸。结果三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、尿酸两组均无显著差异(P>0.05),而梗塞组的SBPV及DB-PV明显高于对照组(11.57±1.81vs8.02±1.63,15.06±3.74vs11.41±2.69;P<0.01)。结论老年高血压患者中腔隙性脑梗死的发生与血压变异性有关。     

老年高血压患者动态血压参数与缺血性脑卒中的相关性

回顾性分析我院2014年2~12月收治的76例老年高血压患者,按有无缺血性脑卒中分为对照组与观察组,各38例。全体患者均接受动态血压监测,统计两组患者脉压、白昼平均收缩压/舒张压,夜间平均收缩压/舒张压、血压昼夜节律。结果观察组患者脉压(82.30±18.55mm Hg)高于对照组(71.30±16.21mm Hg),对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且白昼平均收缩压/舒张压、血压昼夜节律组间对比有显著差异(P<0.05);两组患者夜间平均收缩压/舒张压差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脉压升高、血压节律异常与缺血性脑卒中发病存在密切关联,临床可将上述动态血压参数作为临床预测与诊断的参考依据。     

老年高血压患者24h动态血压和脉压分析与护理启示

目的 了解老年高血压患者动态血压特点,分析其与心脑血管疾病相瓦关系,指导制定相应护理预防对策.方法 回顾分析80例高龄老年高血压患者的24 h动态血压,并按年龄、脉压分组,比较不同年龄组动态血压特点,比较不同脉压组的心脑血管疾病发病率.结果 与高龄老年组相比,长寿老年组患者24 h平均动脉压(135.62±8.21)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)vs(110.46±6.98)mmHg,平均收缩压(159.89±9.76)mmHg vs(140.56±6.32)mmHg,平均脉压(75.78±5.14)mmHg vs(60.45±4.76)mmHg均明显高于高龄老年组,P<0.05.而长寿老年组患者24 h平均舒张压明显低于高龄老年组,(65.56±4.78)mmHg vs(74.33±6.56)mmHg,P<0.05.24 h平均脉压≥60mmHg组患者冠心病、心力衰竭、心肌梗死、脑卒中发生率均明显高于24 h平均脉压<60mmHg组,P<0.05.结论 长寿老年高血压患者的收缩压、脉压高于高龄老年患者,舒张压较之低.提示观察到老年高血压患者脉压水平过高时,提前做好预见性的治疗和护理,减少心脑血管事件的发生.     

中重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并高血压的临床特点探讨

目的:探讨睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(SAS)合并高血压的临床特点。方法:将70例高血压病人分为两组(A组32例,为中重度SAS合并高血压病患者;B组38例,为普通高血压患者)。比较A、B两组高血压的特点,包括两组患者平均舒张压、平均收缩压的比较,两组高血压的发病年龄、对降压药物反应的比较;比较A、B两组病人不同时段(晨起、睡前)的血压。结果:与B组相比A组的舒张压高更为突出[(111.4±11.3)mm Hg vs(98.1±8.1)mm Hg,P<0.01)],A组患者中高血压发病年龄较普通高血压更为年轻[(44.3±6.9)岁vs(49.3±7.8)岁,P<0.01)]。A组难治性明显多于B组(18.75%vs 5.26%,P<0.01)。A组晨起收缩压和舒张压均较睡前增高[(178.8±13.2)mm Hg vs(165.1±10.3)mm Hg,(115.2±8.7)mm Hg vs(108.1±7.8)mm Hg;P均<0.01)],而B组两时间段收缩压和舒张压均无显著差异[(169.1±10.1)mm Hg vs(167.9±9.7)mm Hg,(97.1±9.5)mm Hg vs(98.9±8.6)mm Hg;P均>0.05)]。结论:SAS并高血压患者多以舒张压增高为主,晨起血压较入睡血压高更为明显,高血压发病年龄有年轻化趋势,且多为难治性高血压。     

高血压合并慢性肾脏病患者的动态血压分析

目的 探讨原发性高血压合并慢性肾功能不全后动态血压的变化特点.方法 对28例单纯原发性高血压患者(A组)和25例合并慢性肾脏功能不全的高血压患者(B组)进行动态血压监测.结果 ①血压比较:24 h舒张压B组高于A组[(80.9±13.4)mm Hg比(70.3±15.6)mm Hg,P＜0.05)];B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压均高于A组[(160.2±17.8)mm Hg比(140.3±25.9)mm Hg和(82.6±16.1)姗Hg比(68.8±20.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01].②血压变异性比较:B组24 h收缩压变异性和舒张压变异性均高于A组[(13.5±3.9)mm Hg比(11.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.2±1.2)mm Hg比(8.3±1.8)mm Hg,P＜0.05],B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压变异性均高于A组[(14.9±3.3)mm Hg比(9.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.7±2.4)mm Hg比(8.0±2.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01)].③血压趋势比较:A组血压趋势以非勺型为多,占64.3%(18/28),反勺型占10.7%(3/28);而B组反勺型占48.0%(12/25),非勺型占40.0%(10/25).结论 肾性因素参与的高血压患者血压趋势紊乱,夜间血压及变异性明显增加,均可成为肾功能继续恶化和心脑血管事件发生的重要因素.     

2型糖尿病并腔隙性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化特征及危险因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并腔隙性脑梗死患者的颈动脉硬化特征及危险因素。方法选择两院的2型糖尿病并腔隙性脑梗死患者94例（腔隙性脑梗死组）和2型糖尿病非腔隙性脑梗死患者84例（非腔隙性脑梗死组）,均行头颅MRI及多普勒超声检查,同时收集病史,测定糖化血红蛋白、血脂及尿酸。结果腔隙性脑梗死组比非腔隙性脑梗死组年龄大、病程长、高血压患病率高、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（CIMT）厚和颈动脉斑块检出率高,分别为年龄（68.3±7.5）岁vs（57.6±8.3）岁、糖尿病病程（10.12±6.44）年vs（7.00±5.16）年、高血压患病率83.0%（78/94）vs 50.0%（42/84）、CIMT（1.07±0.19）mm vs（0.83±0.15）mm,颈动脉斑块阳性率51.1%（48/84）vs 23.8%（20/84）（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示：年龄、高血压病史、CIMT及斑块是腔隙性脑梗死的独立危险因素（P〈0.05）。CIMT为0.925 mm时预测2型糖尿病发生腔隙性脑梗死的敏感度为80.9%、特异度为76.2%。结论 2型糖尿病患者合并老年、高血压、糖尿病病程长及颈动脉硬化是发生腔隙性脑梗死的高危者,颈动脉超声检查对2型糖尿病患者发生腔隙性脑梗死有预测价值。     

老年原发性高血压患者动态脉压与颈动脉重构、粥样硬化及心律失常的关系

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者动态脉压与颈动脉重构、粥样硬化及心律失常的关系。方法51例老年原发性高血压患者按动态脉压分为脉压>60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)组25例和脉压40~60 mm Hg组26例,入选者做24小时动态心电图,应用超声检测颈动脉结构、功能及粥样斑块。结果脉压>60 mm Hg组与脉压40~60 mm Hg组的颈总动脉内膜中层厚度为(0.94±0.15)mm vs(0.76±0.11)mm、颈动脉分叉处内膜中层厚度为(1.46±0.32)mm vs(0.94±0.21)mm,颈动脉僵硬度为(3 007.3±1 022.4)vs(1 724.3±672.7),脉压>60mm Hg组明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),颈动脉扩张性为(0.12±0.08)vs(0.29±0.09),及紧张度为(2.31±1.03)vs(4.82±1.18),脉压>60 mm Hg组下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),颈动脉粥样斑块发生率为(23/25,92%vs13/26,50%)、心律失常发生率为(16/25,68%vs 10/26,38.46%),脉压>60 mm Hg组升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。直线相关分析显示:颈总动脉内膜中层厚度、颈动脉分叉处内膜中层厚度、颈动脉僵硬度与脉压呈正相关(r分别为0.789、0.752、0.596,P<0.01或P<0.05)。颈动脉紧张度及颈动脉扩张性与脉压呈负相关(r别为-0.626、-0.598,P<0.05)。结论老年原发性高血压患者颈动脉重构与脉压增高有关;脉压升高,颈动脉粥样斑块及心律失常发生率增加。     

焦虑抑郁状态对老年高血压患者动态血压和血压变异性的影响研究

目的探讨抑郁焦虑状态对老年高血压患者动态血压和血压变异性的影响。方法选择老年高血压患者共124例,分为研究组(高血压合并焦虑抑郁患者共53例)与对照组(未合并焦虑抑郁的患者共71例),比较两组的动态血压和血压变异性。结果研究组昼间收缩压、昼间脉压和24 h脉压显著高于对照组(P0.05),夜间收缩压、舒张压及脉压与对照组无统计学差异,24 h收缩压、24 h舒张压与对照组无统计学差异。研究组24 h收缩压变异性显著低于对照组,24 h舒张压变异性与对照组无统计学差异,非杓型动态血压节律病人占比明显高于对照组,差异均有显著性(P0.05)。结论焦虑抑郁情绪会导致原发性高血压患者动态血压水平与非杓型血压的发生率增高。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.