白蛋白吸附再循环系统联合特异性胆红素吸附治疗重型肝炎

目的 观察白蛋白吸附再循环系统(PARS)联合血浆特异性胆红素吸附治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效及安全性,并将其与分子吸附再循环系统(MARS)进行比较.方法 28例重型肝炎患者在内科综合治疗基础上行人工肝治疗,13例作为治疗组,行PARS联合血浆灌流特异性胆红素吸附治疗,15例行MARS治疗;根据病情,每例患者治疗1～4次.各组患者分别于治疗前、后取血样,检测肝功能、血凝常规、肾功能和内毒素等,同时观察临床表现、分析疗效及安全性.结果 治疗组与MARS两组人工肝治疗,总有效率为分别为69.3%、66.7%,治疗前后胆红素下降比率分别为35.4%、 32.3%;两组之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但治疗组总体费用较MARS明显降低;两组治疗前后临床症状与体征改善,血流动力学稳定,不良反应少;其中治疗组治疗前后血红细胞、血红蛋白、白蛋白、纤维蛋白原、血小板等安全性指标均无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 白蛋白吸附再循环系统联合特异性胆红素吸附治疗重型肝炎安全性高,疗效与MARS相似,治疗费用较MARS明显降低,值得进一步推广.     

人工肝支持系统治疗前后血清白细胞介素12、15、16变化的研究

目的　通过研究人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎IL - 12、IL - 15及IL - 16的变化 ,探讨IL - 12、IL - 15及IL - 16在重型肝炎的发病中的作用 ,从分子水平为重型肝炎的治疗寻找理论根据。方法　 6 0例重型肝炎患者随机分为对照组和治疗组。治疗组在对照组基础综合治疗的基础上 ,另予人工肝支持系统治疗 ,并用ELISA法检测治疗前后IL - 12、IL - 15及IL -16的水平 ,同时监测肝、肾功能。结果　血浆置换组治疗前后肝功能中TB、DB、TP、CHE有显著改善 ( P <0 0 2 ) ,血液滤过组治疗前后肾功能有显著改善 (P <0 0 1) ,ALSS治疗后血清IL - 12有明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,血液滤过组治疗后IL - 16有显著下降 (P <0 0 1) ,IL - 15治疗前后无变化 (P >0 0 5 )。     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎临床分析

目的 :评价联合应用人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法 :联合应用持续缓慢式血液滤过透析 (CHDF)和血浆置换 (PE) ,对 13例慢性重型病毒性肝炎患者进行人工肝支持治疗评价疗效。结果 :13例进行人工肝治疗的患者 ,中毒症状明显好转 ,血清总胆红素下降 ,凝血酶原时间缩短 ,血氨 ,内毒素 ,白介素 6 (IL 6 ) ,肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)明显下降 ,电解质紊乱纠正 ,肾功能好转 ,经统计学处理有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :人工肝支持系统联合CHDF PE对重型病毒性肝炎肝功能衰竭有明显的支持治疗作用。     

分子吸附再循环系统和血浆置换治疗重型肝炎并发肝性脑病效果分析

目的 研究分子吸附再循环系统(MARS)和血浆置换(PE)治疗肝性脑病效果.方法 回顾分析33例重型肝炎并发肝性脑病病人,其中20例应用MARS治疗36例次,13例应用PE治疗37例次,每次治疗前后均检测血氨水平并根据肝性脑病五期分期法评定每次治疗前后的分期,以上述两项指标评价两种治疗方法治疗肝性脑病的效果,并对两组结果进行比较.结果 MARS治疗组和PE治疗组治疗后血氨均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.01).两组治疗前后血氨下降程度、肝性脑病好转率(肝性脑病分期改善≥1期)均有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 两种治疗方法均能改善肝性脑病症状,降低血氨水平,MARS治疗效果优于PE.     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎临床观察

目的　探索人工肝支持系统 (ALSS)治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效和机制。方法　对 6 3例重型肝炎患者应用ALSS治疗 ,并检测治疗前、后肝肾功能 ,内毒素含量等 ,比较重型肝炎不同类型及时期应用ALSS的治疗效果。结果　ALSS治疗后 ,重型肝炎患者肝肾功能明显改善 ,血内毒素由治疗前 (6 0 .2 7± 10 .5 4)ng/L降至治疗后 (2 8.33± 6 .5 7)ng/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,但 3d后又升至 (44 .18± 8.2 2 )ng/L。急性亚急性重型肝炎应用ALSS治疗治愈好转率分别为 10 0 %、6 2 .5 %,慢性重型肝炎早、中、晚期治疗治愈好转率分别为 90 .91%、72 .2 2 %、39.13%。结论　ALSS治疗重型肝炎疗效可靠 ,急性亚急性重型肝炎的治疗效果较好 ,慢性重型肝炎在早、中期治疗最为适宜。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎的临床研究

目的　探讨人工肝支持治疗(ALSS) -血浆置换(PE)、血浆置换联合血浆吸附(PA)治疗重型肝炎的疗效、时机、可行性。方法　对4 9例重型肝炎中6例采用HA灌流器进行血浆吸附;余4 3例随机分为血浆置换组2 2例和血浆置换联合血浆吸附组2 1例,均在综合治疗的基础上给予相应的ALSS治疗,并及时观察治疗前后的症状体征、有关实验室检查。结果　3组重型肝炎患者经ALSS治疗后症状体征均明显好转,TBil、EhT、PTA、NH3 改善明显(P <0 .0 1)。治愈好转率:血浆置换组6 3.6 4 % ;血浆置换联合血浆吸附组76 .19% ,比较差异有显著意义(P <0 .0 5 )。血浆吸附无不良反应,血浆置换不良反应发生率2 9.13%(37/ 12 7)。结论　ALSS治疗重型肝炎能明显改善症状体征,显著改善肝功能,明显提高治愈好转率,尤其早期患者疗效显著好于晚期患者,对于重型肝炎是安全有效的。     

不同类型人工肝支持治疗重型肝炎的临床观察

目的:比较两种人工肝支持治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法:对120例重型肝炎患者随机分为3组,血浆置换联合HA中性大孔树脂血浆吸附(PE+PA)组、分子吸附循环系统(MARS)组和基础治疗组,前两组在基础治疗基础上分别予PE+PA和MARS治疗。观察比较3组患者治疗前后临床症状、体征、肝功能、凝血功能、血常规、肾功能和血氨(NH3)等指标的变化,判断临床疗效及不良反应。结果:3组患者治疗后临床症状均有不同程度缓解,有效率为47.50%、42.50%和20.00%,肝性脑病转醒率为44.00%、44.00%和12.50%,2组人工肝组与基础治疗组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);PE+PA组治疗后血清总胆红素(TB)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)和NH3明显下降,凝血酶原时间(PT)缩短,与基础治疗组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);PE+PA组治疗后白蛋白(ALB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和白细胞(WBC)与基础治疗组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);MARS组治疗后BUN、Cr和NH3明显下降,与基础治疗组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),而TB、TBA、ALB、ALT、PT和WB...     

血浆置换治疗104例慢性乙型重型肝炎的临床疗效分析与评价

目的：了解评价血浆置换（PE）治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的临床疗效及价值。方法：观察重型肝炎患者PE前后总胆红素、白蛋白5项指标及乏力、腹胀等临床症状变化,比较治疗组和对照组治疗后好转率的差异。统计分析PE治疗及次数与患者预后的关系。检测部分患者PE前后内毒素（LPS）浓度,探讨LPS与患者预后的关系。结果：治疗组和对照组早中期患者好转率分别为54．4％和27．8％（P〈0．01）;晚期患者的好转率分别为8．3％和1．4％（P〉0．05）。PE治疗2到4次,患者的好转率分别为39．4％、43．6％和42．9％,但PE次数在不同组别患者的好转率之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PE治疗后好转患者血清内毒素浓度下降（P〈0．01）。结论：PE能明显改善患者肝功能指标,提高早中期患者的好转率。PE次数为2到4次时,患者的好转率较高,但不同的PE次数未显示相应患者的临床转归之间有统计学意义的差异。血清LPS浓度与患者预后有相关性,治疗前血清LPS浓度低且治疗后下降者,预后较好;相反,治疗前血清LPS浓度高且治疗后下降不明显者,预后较差。     

分子吸附再循环系统人工肝治疗妊娠合并重型肝炎并肾功能衰竭疗效分析

目的探讨分子吸附再循环系统（molecular adsorhent recycling system,MARS）人工肝治疗妊娠合并重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法 2008年1月-2009年8月对10例妊娠合并重型肝炎患者采取MARS人工肝治疗12次,其中8例治疗1次,2例各治疗2次。结果 10例患者经过MARS人工肝治疗各项指标均有一定的好转,各项化验指标明显改善,且无不良反应。结论 MARS人工肝治疗对于妊娠合并重型肝炎患者有较好的疗效。     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗肝性脑病型重型肝炎的临床研究

目的 :探讨连续性肾脏替代疗法 (CRRT)治疗肝性脑病型重型肝炎临床疗效 ,并研究其机制。方法 :4 7例肝性脑病型重型肝炎患者随机分成 3组 :CRRT治疗组、血浆置换 (PE) +CRRT治疗组和基础疗法组 ,前两组在基础疗法组基础上分别予 CRRT或 PE+CRRT治疗。治疗前后检测肝、肾功能 ,血氨 ,肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNFα) ,白介素 6 (IL 6 )等。结果 :CRRT治疗组、PE+CRRT治疗组和基础疗法组患者的清醒率分别为 75 .0 %、86 .7%和 31.3% ,存活率分别为 2 5 .0 %、4 6 .7%和 6 .2 5 % (P均 <0 .0 5 )。CRRT治疗后血清尿素氮、肌酐、血氨、TNFα、IL 6比基础疗法组明显下降 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;血清胆红素、总胆汁酸 (TBA)下降和基础疗法组比较无显著变化 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。 CRRT治疗过程中血流动力学稳定 ,并发症少。 CRRT治疗组、PE+CRRT治疗组肝性脑病 ～ 期患者的存活率分别为 4 4 .4 %和 6 2 .5 % ,明显高于 ～ 期患者的存活率 0和2 8.6 % (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :CRRT是辅助治疗肝性脑病型重型肝炎的有效方法 ;早期联合 PE治疗能进一步提高疗效     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.