功能磁共振成像评价帕金森患者静息状态下脑功能连接

目的 采用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)评价帕金森病(PD)患者静息状态下脑功能连接的特点. 方法 对14例符合PD诊断标准的患者及14名健康者行静息态脑fMRI,选双侧壳核为感兴趣区,PD患者与正常对照组间脑功能连接的差异用随机效应两样本t检验.结果 与正常对照组相比,PD患者在静息状态下前额叶中内侧、双侧尾状核头部、左侧脑岛、左侧梭状回等脑区功能连接减低;双侧小脑半球、双侧舌回、双侧颞中回、右中央前回、右侧额上回、右侧额下回、右侧扣带回后部、左侧额中回等脑区功能连接增强.结论 PD患者在静息状态下存在异常的脑功能连接网络.     

静息态fMRI评估酒精注射急性期恒河猴脑功能改变

目的 采用静息态fMRI基于分数低频振荡幅度（fALFF）算法评价酒精急性期恒河猴脑功能改变。方法 分别对7只雄性健康恒河猴于给予酒精前（对照组）及10 min后（酒精组）行静息态fMRI扫描,采用fALFF算法获得两组fALFF值存在差异的脑区。结果 静息态下,酒精组fALFF值低于对照组的脑区为右枕叶、右侧颞中回、左侧中央后回、右侧楔叶/距状沟、右侧额上回、后扣带回及小脑、丘脑（P<0.01）;酒精组fALFF值高于对照组的脑区包括双侧额上回、双侧颞下回、右侧中央前回、楔前叶、后扣带回、左侧海马、双侧岛叶及脑干、小脑、右侧基底核（P均<0.01）。结论 酒精急性期恒河猴脑功能的改变具有全脑效应。     

功能磁共振观察烧伤后应激障碍患者静息态脑功能改变

目的 采用低频振幅（ALFF）方法观察烧伤后应激障碍（PTSD）及无应激障碍（Non-PTSD）患者静息态脑功能的改变。方法 对性别、年龄及受教育程度相匹配的PTSD组、Non-PTSD组各16例和正常对照组16名行静息态fMRI（rs-fMRI）,应用ALFF方法分析各组大脑自发活动的差异,并对PTSD组存在差异脑区的ALFF值与临床用PTSD诊断量表（CAPS）评分进行相关分析。结果 与正常对照组相比,PTSD组左侧额下回/额中回、右侧额下回/岛叶、双侧海马旁回/前扣带回/额内侧回ALFF增高,左侧舌回、双侧后扣带回/楔前叶ALFF减低,而Non-PTSD组ALFF显著增高的脑区分布于右侧小脑后叶、颞中回、眶额叶、岛叶及左侧海马旁回,Non-PTSD组中未发现ALFF减低脑区;与Non-PTSD组相比,PTSD组右侧丘脑ALFF显著减低,未发现ALFF增高脑区。PTSD患者右侧丘脑平均ALFF值与CAPS分数呈显著负相关（r=-0.637,P=0.008）。结论 烧伤患者静息态下脑活动存在异常,可能与严重烧伤后复杂的应激反应有关。     

紧张型头痛患者脑血流量的静息态ASL初步研究

目的采用动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)灌注成像技术探讨紧张型头痛(tension type headache,TTH)患者静息态下脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)的改变模式及其与疼痛程度的相关性。材料与方法收集自2018年5月至2019年7月到潍坊医学院附属医院就诊的TTH患者31例及与之匹配的健康对照33例,利用三维伪连续动脉自旋标记(3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,3D-pCASL)灌注成像技术行全脑扫描,分析TTH组及健康对照组的静息态CBF值的差异,并应用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估TTH组疼痛程度,分析CBF改变与疼痛程度的相关性。结果与健康对照组相比,TTH组患者双侧海马旁回、左侧丘脑、左侧壳核、右侧海马、左侧尾状核、左侧岛叶的CBF值升高;右侧中央后回、右侧岛盖部额下回、左侧额中回的CBF值减低(P<0.05,family-wise error,FWE校正)。另外,左侧豆状壳核、左侧尾状核、右侧海马的CBF值与VAS评分呈正相关(r=0.374,r=0.416,r=0.358,P均<0.05),而右侧岛盖部额下回的CBF值与VAS评分呈负相关(r=-0.444,P<0.05)。结论TTH患者的大脑存在多个CBF值异常的脑区,这些脑区的脑血流改变可能参与了TTH的病理生理机制。     

基于比率低频振幅fMRI评价青少年网络游戏成瘾者静息态下脑功能活动

目的：采用比率低频振幅（fALFF）评价青少年网络游戏成瘾（IGA）者静息态下脑功能区激活特点.方法：对17例符合IGA诊断标准的青少年（IGA组）及19例在年龄、性别、受教育年限、利手等方面相匹配的青少年健康志愿者（正常对照组）行静息态fMRI扫描,两组间fALFF的差异采用两样本t检验.结果：与正常对照组相比,IGA组静息态下双侧额上回及额中回、右侧额内侧回、右侧扣带回前部及左侧扣带回后部、右侧海马旁回、右侧颞下回、右侧楔前叶脑区fALFF增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05,未校正）.右侧颞上回及颞中回、双侧舌回、双侧枕叶、右侧胼胝体压部及双侧小脑脑区fALFF降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05,未校正）.结论：IGA者静息态下脑功能存在异常,fALFF有助于对IGA者静息状态脑功能变化的理解.     

轻微型肝性脑病患者静息状态下脑缺省模式网络

目的 利用静息功能磁共振成像(fMRI)观察轻微型肝性脑病(MHE)患者脑缺省模式网络的改变. 方法对14例MHE患者和14名正常对照者行静息状态下的功能磁共振扫描,利用独立成分分析方法,分离得到各自的脑缺省模式网络脑区,各组进行单样本t检验组内分析和两样本t检验组间分析,观察MHE患者静息状态下脑缺省模式网络的改变. 结果 MHE患者和正常对照组均显示出典型的静息态脑缺省模式网络空间分布模式.但与正常对照组相比,MHE患者大部分脑缺省模式网络脑区功能连接降低,包括:左侧后扣带回、双侧前扣带回、双侧额中回、左侧海马旁回;而右侧楔前叶的功能连接较正常对照组升高. 结论静息状态下,MHE患者大部分脑缺省模式网络脑区功能连接度下降,而楔前叶增加,反映了MHE患者的大脑内源性功能组织发生损伤.静息fMRI可用于观察MHE患者脑缺省模式网络的改变.     

帕金森病静息态脑默认状态网络的观察

目的 应用功能连接MR成像技术观察帕金森病(PD)患者静息态脑默认状态网络的改变.方法 选择14例PD患者和14名健康志愿者,以双侧后扣带回作为种子点,分别进行静息态脑功能磁共振扫描,分析PD患者与健康志愿者的脑功能连接情况和差异. 结果与健康志愿组相比,PD患者的一些脑区存在异常功能连接,具体表现为:左顶下小叶、右侧楔前叶、前额叶中内侧、左侧颞上回等脑区与后扣带回功能连接减低;左侧小脑半球、左侧中央后回、左侧顶上小叶、左侧楔前叶、右侧颞下回、右侧楔叶、右侧舌回、左侧颞中回等脑区与后扣带回功能连接增强. 结论 静息态下帕金森病患者默认状态网络内脑区间的连接功能存在异常.     

MRI观察阿尔茨海默病患者大脑静息网络改变

目的 观察AD患者与正常对照组脑静息网络的差异.方法 分别对根据临床诊断的19例AD患者及20例年龄匹配的对照者进行静息功能磁共振扫描及三维MPRAGE-T1权重像扫描.所得数据用SPM2进行预处理,随后用GIFT 1.3b独立成分分析方法表示两组脑激活区.结果 在AD患者及对照组中均发现了与以往文献相同的6个静息网络,其中在第一个网络即默认网络和第二个网络即背侧注意网络中两组差异存在显著统计学意义.在默认网络中,对照组比AD组激活多的脑区包括双侧小脑半球、颞上回、颞中回、额下回,左侧额上回、额中回,右侧眶回;AD组比对照组多激活的脑区包括双侧额中回、顶下小叶及右侧楔前叶/扣带回后部.在背侧注意网络中,对照组比AD组多激活的脑区包括双侧小脑半球、额中回,左侧枕中回、额上回;AD组无明显强于对照组脑激活区.结论 阿尔茨海默病与对照组脑静息网络存在显著差异,为临床早期诊断老年痴呆提供了可能的影像学途径.     

轻微型肝性脑病患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域功能连接变化

目的 观察轻微型肝性脑病（MHE）患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域功能连接（FC）变化。方法 对22例肝硬化伴MHE患者（MHE组）、23例肝硬化无MHE患者（NMHE组）和24名健康志愿者（对照组）行静息态fMRI,选择双侧楔前叶为种子点,采用种子体素相关性脑功能网络分析方法计算并比较各组间双侧楔前叶与全脑其他区域的FC。结果 与对照组比较,MHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额上回、左侧中扣带回的FC及右侧楔前叶与右侧颞极、左侧颞上回、双侧前额叶和内侧扣带回的FC降低,NMHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额中回的FC及右侧楔前叶与左侧楔前叶、左侧中扣带回的FC降低（P均<0.05）;与NMHE组比校,MHE组左侧楔前叶与右侧额上回的FC及右侧楔前叶与右侧脑岛、右侧额中/上回的FC降低（P均<0.05）。结论 MHE患者静息态下双侧楔前叶与全脑多个脑区FC存在异常,这可能是其大脑内源性神经功能损伤的机制之一。     

特发性癫痫患儿静息态自发神经活动低频振荡振幅改变

目的 探讨特发性癫痫（IE）患儿的静息态自发神经活动低频振荡振幅（ALFF）改变。方法 收集17例IE患儿（IE组）和14名性别、年龄等相匹配的健康儿童（对照组）,采集其全脑结构和静息态fMRI数据,以DPARSF软件计算大脑静息态ALFF。采用多变量回归模型,比较2组间ALFF差异,分析ALFF与病程的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,IE组ALFF增高脑区包括右侧脑干、左侧小脑和左侧海马旁回;ALFF减低脑区包括双侧前扣带回、双侧眶回、左侧三角部额下回、左侧额中回、双侧顶下小叶、双侧角回（P均<0.05,3dClustSim校正）。多变量回归分析发现,右侧脑干ALFF值与病程呈正相关（最强显著相关体素点r=0.82,P<0.05,3dClustSim校正）。结论 IE患儿静息态自发神经活动存在明显改变,且右侧脑干ALFF值与病程相关,为理解儿童IE的潜在神经机制提供了客观依据。     

学龄高功能孤独障碍患儿脑灰质体积的对照观察

目的比较学龄高功能孤独障碍儿童与正常儿童脑灰质体积的差异。方法在SPM5平台上使用VOI tool工具箱测量并比较18名年龄6～14岁的孤独障碍患儿和16名相匹配的正常儿童的全脑体积、灰质体积及左右额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶的灰质体积。结果孤独障碍组与正常对照组相比全脑体积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),孤独障碍组与正常对照组相比左侧顶叶和右侧枕叶灰质体积增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学龄高功能孤独障碍患儿中存在脑灰质体积的异常。     

孤独症患儿小脑磁共振波谱特征分析

目的 通过磁共振波谱技术探讨孤独症患儿小脑代谢物特征,并分析其与临床症状的相关性。 方法 分别对14例孤独症患儿及8例对照组儿童双侧小脑白质感兴趣区进行波谱数据采集,对小脑的波谱谱线以及NAA、Cho、Cr的波峰进行观察, 并记录局部体素的NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr比值;分析孤独症患儿小脑部位代谢值与临床症状［儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS) 、孤独症行为量表(ABC)评分］及年龄的相关性。 结果 两组儿童双侧小脑白质代谢值未见明显统计学差异,但孤独症患儿右小脑Cho/Cr高于左小脑（P=0.044）;右小脑Cho/Cr与CARS评分呈正相关（r=0.548,P=0.042）;右小脑NAA/Cr与年龄呈正相关（r=0.613,P=0.020）。 结论 孤独症患儿左右小脑半球内存在代谢异常,小脑的代谢异常与孤独症患儿临床症状严重程度相关,且随着年龄的增长,其代谢存在逐步改善的趋势。     

Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel-based morphometry MRI study

The underlying neurobiology of autism, a severe pervasive developmental disorder, remains unknown. Few neocortical brain MRI abnormalities have been reported. Using rest functional brain imaging, two independent studies have described localized bilateral temporal hypoperfusion in children with primary autism. In order to search for convergent evidence of anatomical abnormalities in autistic children, we performed an anatomical MRI study using optimized whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM). High-resolution 3-D T1-weighted MRI data sets were acquired in 21 children with primary autism (mean age 9.3 +/- 2.2 years) and 12 healthy control children (mean age 10.8 +/- 2.7 years). By comparing autistic children to normal children, we found bilaterally significant decreases of grey matter concentration located in superior temporal sulcus (STS) (P < 0.05 corrected, after small volume correction; SVC). Children with autism were also found to have a decrease of white matter concentration located in the right temporal pole and in cerebellum (P < 0.05, corrected) compared to normal children. These results suggest that autism is associated with bilateral anatomical abnormalities localized in the STS and are remarkably consistent with functional hypoperfusion previously reported in children with autism. The multimodal STS areas are involved in highest level of cortical integration of both sensory and limbic information. Moreover, the STS is now recognized as a key cortical area of the "social brain" and is implicated in social perceptual skills that are characteristically impaired in autism. Therefore, the convergent anatomical and functional temporal abnormalities observed in autism may be important in the understanding of brain behavior relationships in this severe developmental disorder.     

弥散峰度成像评估低年龄段孤独症谱系障碍男童脑结构改变

目的采用弥散峰度成像(DKI)评价低年龄段孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)男童脑结构改变,分析其临床意义。方法纳入25例ASD男性患儿(ASD组)及21名健康男童(对照组),采集颅脑DKI,比较组间不同脑区平均弥散率(MD)及平均弥散峰度(MK)的差异。采用Pearson相关性分析评价ASD患儿DKI参数与儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS)、格赛尔(Gesell)发育量表评分的相关性。结果ASD组左侧丘脑(THA)及胼胝体膝(GCC)的MD均低于对照组(P均<0.05),双侧内囊后肢(PLIC)的MK均低于对照组(P均<0.05)。ASD患儿颅脑各部位MD、MK与CARS评分均无显著相关性(r:-0.211~0.389,P均>0.05);Gesell发育量表中,精细动作发育商与GCC、右侧内囊前肢(ALIC)、右侧THA及右侧尾状核头(HCN)的MD均呈负相关(r=-0.523、-0.615、-0.435、-0.484,P均<0.05),与GCC的MK呈正相关(r=0.444,P<0.05);个人社交行为发育商与左侧PLIC的MK呈正相关(r=0.536,P<0.05)。结论ASD男童存在多脑区微结构改变;GCC可能参与ASD病理生理过程。     

Characterization of autism spectrum disorder with spontaneous hemodynamic activity

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to investigate spontaneous hemodynamic activity in the temporal cortex for typically developing (TD) children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Forty-seven children participated in the experiments including twenty-five with ASD. Compared with TD children, children with ASD showed weaker bilateral resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), but much stronger fluctuation magnitude in terms of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO₂) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb). Differentiating between ASD and TD based on a support vector machine (SVM) model including bilateral RSFC and the fluctuation power of HbO₂ and Hb as variables could achieve high accurate classification with sensitivity of 81.6% and specificity of 94.6%. This study demonstrates optical brain imaging has the potential for screening children with risk of ASD.OCIS codes: (170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging, (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging, (170.4580) Optical diagnostics for medicine     

Atypical lexicosemantic function of extrastriate cortex in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from functional and effective connectivity

Previous studies have suggested atypically enhanced activity of visual cortex during language processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether visual cortical participation reflects isolated processing within posterior regions or functional cooperation with distal brain regions, such as left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). We addressed this question using functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) and structural equation modeling in 14 adolescents and adults with ASD and 14 matched typically developing (TD) participants. Data were analyzed to isolate low-frequency intrinsic fluctuations, by regressing out effects of a semantic decision task. For a right extrastriate seed derived from the strongest cluster of atypical activation in the ASD group, widespread effects of increased connectivity in prefrontal and medial frontal lobes bilaterally were observed for the ASD group, compared to the TD group. A second analysis for a seed in LIFG, derived from pooled activation effects in both groups, also yielded widespread effects of overconnectivity in the ASD group, especially in temporal lobes. Structural equation modeling showed that whereas right extrastriate cortex did not impact function of language regions (left and right IFG, left middle temporal gyrus) in the TD model, it was an integral part of a language circuit in the ASD group. These results suggest that atypical extrastriate activation during language processing in ASD reflects integrative (not isolated) processing. Furthermore, our findings are inconsistent with previous reports of functional underconnectivity in ASD, probably related to removal of task effects required to isolate intrinsic low-frequency fluctuations.     

Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Superior performance on the Embedded Figures Task (EFT) has been attributed to weak central coherence in perceptual processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural basis of EFT performance in 7- to 12-year-old ASD children and age- and IQ-matched controls. ASD children activated only a subset of the distributed network of regions activated in controls. In frontal cortex, control children activated left dorsolateral, medial and dorsal premotor regions whereas ASD children only activated the dorsal premotor region. In parietal and occipital cortices, activation was bilateral in control children but unilateral (left superior parietal and right occipital) in ASD children. Further, extensive bilateral ventral temporal activation was observed in control, but not ASD children. ASD children performed the EFT at the same level as controls but with reduced cortical involvement, suggesting that disembedded visual processing is accomplished parsimoniously by ASD relative to typically developing brains.