二维斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉慢血流患者左心室整体收缩功能

目的 采用二维斑点追踪成像（2D-STI）评估冠状动脉慢血流（CSF）患者左心室整体收缩功能。方法 对43例CSF患者（CSF组）及35例一般资料匹配患者（对照组）分别行常规超声心动图检查，应用2D-STI技术获得左心室收缩期峰值整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体径向应变（GRS）、整体圆周应变（GCS）及整体扭转角度峰值（Ptw）。比较2组间二维应变参数，分析与常规超声参数的相关性。结果 CSF组左心室GLS比对照组减低（P<0.05），2组间左心室射血分数（LVEF）、GCS、GRS及Ptw差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；CSF患者GLS与冠状动脉平均心肌梗死溶栓试验帧数（mTFC）呈正相关（r=0.34，P<0.05），且GLS预测CSF的截点值为-18.71%，敏感度81.00%，特异度50.00%。结论 二维应变参数可用于评估CSF患者左心室整体收缩功能。     

实时三维斑点追踪成像技术评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者的心肌应变

目的 探讨实时三维斑点追踪成像（RT3D-STI）技术评价不同程度冠状动脉病变患者左心室心肌应变的价值。方法 收集超声结果提示无节段性室壁运动异常（RWMA）的冠心病患者109例,并根据冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果分为：对照组（n=30）、单支病变组（n=34）、多支病变组（n=45）。应用RT3D-STI技术获得左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体周向应变（GCS）、整体面积应变（GAS）、整体径向应变（GRS）及左心室射血分数（LVEF）等,比较各参数的组间差异,并分析不同应变参数间及其与LVEF的相关性。结果 随着冠状动脉病变程度的加重,GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS逐渐减低,单支病变组低于对照组（P均<0.05）,多支病变组低于单支病变组（P均<0.05）,GAS组间差异较显著。GLS、GCS、GAS与GRS相关系数分别为-0.874、-0.848、-0.906,GAS与GRS相关关系更为密切;GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS与LVEF的相关系数分别为-0.684、-0.657、-0.717、0.672,GAS与LVEF相关性最好。结论 RT3D-STI技术参数能够定量评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者心肌应变,测量准确性及可重复性高,新参数GAS更具优势。     

收缩期纵向应变评估冠状动脉搭桥围术期左心室收缩功能变化

目的 观察冠状动脉搭桥（CABG）患者围术期左心室纵向收缩功能变化。方法 前瞻性纳入41例确诊冠心病（CAD）并接受CABG患者，监测术前及术后当日、第3日及第7日左心室收缩期整体纵向应变（GLS）。根据术前左心室GLS分为3组：正常组（A组，GLS≤－18.1%）6例、轻度下降组（B组，－18.1%－14.0%）13例。以重复测量方差分析、广义估计方程及多重比较分析各时间点左心室收缩功能的差异。结果 A、C组围术期各时间点GLS差异无统计学意义（校正P均>0.05）；B组术后各时间点GLS均低于术前，术后当日最低（校正P均<0.001），而术后第3日与第7日GLS差异无统计学意义（校正P=1.00）。术后当日及第3日左心室基底段，术后各时间点左心室中间段和心尖段纵向应变（LS）均较术前下降（校正P均<0.05），尤以术后当日心尖段下降幅度最大；左心室各节段术后第3与第7日LS差异均无统计学意义（校正P均>0.05）。结论 CABG术前GLS轻度下降的CAD患者术后当日左心室GLS明显下降并于术后1周内部分恢复；左心室各心肌节段中，CABG对心尖段LS的影响最为显著。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评估右心双腔间隔起搏对左心室功能的影响

目的 应用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）评估右心双腔间隔起搏对左心室功能的影响。方法 对42例右心双腔间隔起搏患者（起搏器组）和37名健康志愿者（对照组）行3D-STI检查,于心尖四腔切面图像获得左心室总体纵向峰值应变（GLS）、总体周向峰值应变（GCS）、总体径向峰值应变（GRS）、总体面积峰值应变（GAS）及左心室总体拧转（GTw）和左心室整体扭转（GTs）值。比较2组间三维应变参数,并分析GTw、GTs与GLS、GCS、GAS及GRS的相关性。结果 与对照组相比,起搏器组左心室GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS及GTs均明显减低（P均<0.05）;2组间GTw差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对照组GTs与GCS和GRS呈正相关（r=0.45、0.40;P均<0.05）,与GAS、GLS无相关性（P均>0.05）;GTw与GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS均无相关（P均>0.05）。起搏器组GTw、GTs与GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS均无相关（P均>0.05）。结论 右心双腔间隔起搏可损害左心室心肌形变能力,致左心室整体收缩功能隐匿性减低。     

斑点追踪技术评估冠状动脉心脏病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度

目的 观察斑点追踪成像（STI）技术评价冠状动脉心脏病患者冠状动脉狭窄严重程度的价值。方法 对74例拟诊冠状动脉心脏病患者[冠状动脉狭窄组（n=59）和冠状动脉无狭窄组（n=15）]行常规超声和STI技术检查。根据冠状动脉Gensini评分将冠状动脉狭窄组分为轻、中、重度狭窄3个亚组。测量左心室整体平均纵向应变（GLS-Avg）、基底段平均纵向应变（GLS-Bas）、中间段平均纵向应变（GLS-Mid）及心尖段平均纵向应变（GLS-AP）,比较两组间及3个亚组间的差异。结果 冠状动脉狭窄组GLS-Avg、GLS-Bas、GLS-Mid及GLS-AP均低于冠状动脉无狭窄组（P均<0.001）。冠状动脉狭窄组中,随着冠状动脉狭窄程度增加,GLS-Avg、GLS-Bas、GLS-Mid、GLS-AP降低,轻、中、重度狭窄亚组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。冠状动脉狭窄组GLS-Avg、GLS-Bas、GLS-Mid及GLS-AP与Gensini评分均呈正相关（r=0.861、0.847、0.819、0.778,P均<0.05）。结论 采用STI技术获得的左心室整体纵向应变值可在一定程度上反映冠状动脉心脏病患者冠状动脉狭窄程度。     

三维斑点追踪技术联合SYNTAX评分评价复杂冠状动脉疾病

目的 观察三维斑点追踪（3D-STI）技术联合冠状动脉SYNTAX评分（SS）评价复杂冠状动脉疾病（CAD）患者左心室心肌功能的价值。方法 根据SS将78例CAD患者分为低分亚组（SS<23，n=26）、中分亚组（23 ≤ SS<33，n=25）及高分亚组（SS ≥ 33，n=27），应用3D-STI技术获取左心室整体纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（GLS、GRS、GCS、G3DS）及各节段纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（LS、RS、CS、3DS），计算平均基底段、中间段和心尖段LS、RS、CS、3DS，并进行组间比较。结果 ①低分、中分、高分亚组GLS、GRS、GCS和G3DS均呈减小趋势（P均<0.05），基底段LS、3DS，中间段和心尖段LS、RS、CS和3DS均呈减小趋势（P均<0.05）；②ROC曲线分析示GLS、GCS、GRS和G3DS对不同程度CAD有一定检测价值，以G3DS及GLS的AUC最大；③复杂CAD患者GLS、GRS、GCS和G3DS与冠状动脉SS均呈负相关（r=-0.548、-0.366、-0.411、-0.556，P均<0.05）；④重复性检验示3D-STI参数在观察者内及观察者间测量均有良好一致性。结论 3D-STI技术可在一定程度上反映复杂CAD患者冠状动脉病变程度，联合SS对于诊断CAD和指导治疗有一定意义。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能

目的 采用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术检测子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能。方法 纳入轻度子痫前期患者73例（轻度组）、重度子痫前期患者64例（重度组）和年龄、孕周匹配的健康孕妇60例（对照组）。检测生化指标和常规超声参数,并运用3D-STI测量左心室收缩期整体纵向峰值应变（GLS）、整体径向峰值应变（GRS）、整体环向峰值应变（GCS）和整体面积峰值应变（GAS）,计算面积应变不同步指数（ASDI）。并分析三维应变参数与生化指标及超声参数的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,重度组左心房前后径（LAD）增大,二尖瓣口舒张期流速比值（E/A）减低,Tei指数在对照组、轻度组、重度组依次增高（P均<0.05）。与对照组比较,轻度组|GLS|、|GAS|降低,ASDI增高,重度组|GLS|、|GRS|、|GCS|、|GAS|和ASDI差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。与轻度组比较,重度组GLS、GAS明显降低,ASDI明显增高（P均<0.05）。|GLS|与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.471,P=0.036）;|GAS|与LVEF呈正相关（r=0.051,P=0.028）,与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.612,P=0.017）;ASDI与心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）呈负相关（r=-0.525,P=0.046）,与Tei指数呈正相关（r=0.489,P=0.037）。结论 子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能明显受损,心肌应变能力下降,3D-STI技术可早期无创评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能变化。     

纵向分层应变技术定量评估左前降支狭窄患者左心室心肌功能

目的应用心肌纵向分层应变技术评估冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）狭窄患者左心室各层心肌整体和局部收缩功能,并探讨其在早期诊断冠心病（CHD）中的临床应用价值。 方法选取2016年11月至2017年6月在山西省心血管病医院疑似诊断为冠心病并进一步行冠状动脉造影证实为单纯LAD狭窄的患者123例（病例组）,冠状动脉造影证实未见明显狭窄的患者32例（对照组）,根据LAD狭窄程度,将病例组分为4组：A组37例（狭窄程度≤30%）、B组27例（30%<狭窄程度≤50%）、C组26例（50%<狭窄程度≤75%）、D组33例（75%<狭窄程度≤100%）。所有患者冠状动脉造影前均进行超声检查,测量常规超声参数以及应变参数。应变参数包括：心内膜下心肌整体纵向应变（GLSendo）、中层心肌整体纵向应变（GLSmid）、心外膜下心肌整体纵向应变（GLSepi）、LAD灌注区域心内膜下心肌区域纵向应变（TLSendo）、中层心肌区域纵向应变（TLSmid）、心外膜下心肌区域纵向应变（TLSepi）、整体纵向应变跨壁梯度?GLS（GLSendo-GLSepi）及区域纵向应变跨壁梯度?TLS（TLSendo-TLSepi）。对各组的纵向分层应变参数进行统计学分析,并绘制各纵向分层应变参数预测LAD狭窄的ROC曲线。 结果各组内GLSendo、GLSmid、GLSepi及TLSendo、TLSmid、TLSepi均依次递减（P均<0.001）;各组间?GLS、?TLS比较,差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;对照组、A组、B组间各心肌纵向应变参数比较,差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;与对照组、A组、B组比较,C组GLSendo、GLSepi、TLSendo、TLSmid、TLSepi及D组GLSendo、GLSmid、GLSepi、TLSendo、TLSmid、TLSepi均减低（P均<0.05）,且C组与D组的各纵向应变参数比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。TLSendo诊断LAD狭窄（50%<狭窄程度≤75%）的ROC曲线下面积为0.81,截断值为-23.97%时敏感度、特异度分别为61.5%、88.5%;TLSepi诊断LAD狭窄（75%<狭窄程度≤100%）的ROC曲线下面积为0.88,截断值为-16.44%时敏感度、特异度分别为86.8%、81.6%。 结论心肌纵向分层应变可定量评价冠心病LAD不同狭窄程度患者左心室各层心肌整体和局部收缩功能以及心肌缺血情况,对CHD的早期诊断有一定的价值。     

三维斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉病变严重程度

目的 探讨三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（简称冠心病）患者冠状动脉病变程度的价值。方法 收集103例疑似冠心病患者,参考冠状动脉造影结果,根据冠状动脉Gensini评分,将其分为病变组（n=79）和正常组（Gensini评分0分,n=24）,病变组又分为轻度（Gensini评分<25分,n=40）、中度（Gensini评分25~50分,n=26）和重度（Gensini评分>50分,n=13）3个亚组。应用3D-STI技术获得左心室三维整体纵向应变（3D-GLS）、三维整体周向应变（3D-GCS）、三维整体面积应变（3D-GAS）和三维整体径向应变（3D-GRS）,比较2组间和3个亚组间的差异。绘制ROC曲线,评价3D-STI参数评价冠状动脉正常或轻度病变（Gensini评分<25分）与中重度病变（Gensini评分≥25分）的效能。结果 病变组3D-GLS、3D-GCS、3D-GAS及3D-GRS均低于正常组（P均<0.05）。病变组内轻度、中度与重度亚组间各应变参数总体差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,AUC由大到小依次为3D-GLS（0.929）、3D-GCS（0.873）、3D-GRS（0.853）和3D-GAS（0.819）。结论 3D-STI技术用于评价冠心病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度具有一定价值。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术定量评价亚临床甲状腺功能亢进患者左心室收缩功能

目的 探讨三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术定量评价亚临床甲状腺功能亢进（SH）患者左心室收缩功能的价值。方法 对33例未经治疗SH患者（SH组）及性别、年龄相匹配的35名健康志愿者（对照组）进行实验室检查、常规超声及3D-STI检查,获取实验室指标促甲状腺激素（TSH）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T₃）、甲状腺素（T₄）、游离甲状腺素（FT₄）,左心室常规指标左心房内径（LAD）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVEDS）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）及左心室整体和17节段纵向、径向和面积峰值应变,比较2组差异。结果 SH组与对照组间TSH、T₄和FT₄差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,LAD、IVST、LVEDD、LVEDS、LVEF差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。SH组与对照组间左心室中间段下侧壁、心尖段下壁的面积峰值应变,心尖段下壁及心尖帽的径向峰值应变差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,SH组心脏整体及其余各节段各峰值应变均较对照组降低（P均<0.05）。SH患者左心室整体面积峰值应变与TSH呈正相关（r=0.82,P<0.01）,与FT₄呈负相关（r=-0.67,P<0.01）。结论 3D-STI技术可早期定量评价SH患者左心室整体及局部收缩功能;SH患者左心室各节段应变值呈弥漫性下降。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.