联体双胎分离术前影像学综合评价

目的对联体双胎(Conjoined Twins,CT)分离术前的影像学资料进行综合评价,确定手术的可行性及其方案。方法对两对(四婴)联体双胎在分离术前的影像学资料进行综合分析。结果两对联体双胎中肝脏均为联体融合畸形,其中一对为心脏融合畸形,另外一对为两个心脏,共用一个心包。X线、CT、MRI、超声学检查诊断比较准确、全面地显示了患儿联体畸形的解剖部位、联结面积程度和相关的解剖学关系。结论影像学诊断能比较全面的显示相连脏器的程度、血管沟通情况,有助于术前手术设计。联体双胎术前影像学检查有较高价值,是联体双胎分离手术的关键环节之一。     

1 例骶尾部联体患儿分离手术的护理

<正>联体婴儿是一种罕见的、并在重建方面具有挑战性的先天性畸形之一。联体儿系单卵双胎于妊娠早期未能完全分离或分离不成功所致[1]。绝大多数联体婴儿为胸腹连体,臀部连体的病例较少见。存活被分离的联体儿大多是女孩,女孩与男孩的比例为3∶1[2]。至今全世界约有600对的联体婴儿生存。我院于2015年6月9日为1例骶尾部、臀部直肠联体婴儿成功的进行了手术分离,其中术中护理对术后恢复起到极其重     

胸腹联体儿肝脏分离术后肝功能的观察与护理

报告了胸腹联体、肝脏融合联体女婴行肝脏分离术后肝功能的观察与护理。联体儿于生后12d实施小部分胸骨、心包分离及肝脏融合分离术。术后经密切监护生命体征,观察皮肤黄染、尿便颜色,控制感染发生,及时合理喂养,促进胆红素代谢,做好基础护理等。联体婴儿的切口愈合良好,肝功能维持在正常范围,术后18d痊愈出院。     

胸腹联体双胎婴儿的诊治体会

目的探讨胸腹联体双胎婴儿的诊疗方法、分离手术及其效果。方法术前经X线片、CT、MRI和B超等检查确诊,该联体婴共用1个肝脏,心包、膈肌、胸骨中段及第8~10肋相连,胸膜紧贴;有2个心脏(B婴伴有法洛四联症)、各具独立的消化道和胆道系统。经积极术前准备,在营养和肝功能改善后,于生后第27天在多科协作下成功地进行了联体分离手术。结果术中见腹腔中有各自的消化道,共同肝相连的面积约6cm×5cm,用超声刀切开。胸腔中,见两婴的心脏共用一个心包,也予以切开,直接缝合。胸骨、肋骨亦分别切开。术后两婴皆存活。结论联体婴儿术前正确评估,正确选用麻醉和手术方法,术后加强监护是手术成功的关键。     

联体儿合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断及其临床价值

目的：探讨婴儿联体畸形合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断及其临床价值。方法：3例联体儿为研究对象，采用HP SONOS5500型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，行二维及彩色多普勒血流检测。结果：三对联体儿中二对胸腹联体，一对臂部联体，均患有先天性心脏病。经超声诊断后行分离手术，2例成功，1例死亡，超声诊断与手术结果符合，结论：多普勒超声心动图可以准确地诊断联体儿合并先天性心脏病畸形，对于联体儿分型的充分认识可指导临床治疗。     

联体儿的影像学评估及应用

目的：通过对以往病例的回顾，发现适用于联体儿诊断的影像学检查方法，为手术做准备，提高术后生存率。方法：观察以往病例的影像学检查，对照手术及病理进行比较。结果：6例联体儿中5例胸腹联体，1例坐骨联体，5例胸腹联体均为肝脏及胸骨融合，所有患儿均有不同程度的先天性心脏病， 1例坐骨联体两个患儿共用一条直肠，手术结果与影像诊断大致一致。结论：通过适用的影像学检查，能够全面的了解联体儿内部的结构异常情况，对手术的难度、手术的选择、术前准备、预后评估有重要意义。     

4例联体畸形新生儿围术期护理

联体畸形是由于一对单分子双胎不完全分离导致的一种罕见的畸形，其发病原因不明，发生率为0．002％～0．004％，其中约20％为女孩。有对称与非对称联体畸形两类，以各种方式相连，一般胸部相连占75％，伴发心脏、消化、泌尿等系统畸形，严重影响患儿生存。较多一种是剑突或脐部相连联体畸形，其他还可有坐骨联体、头颅联体等。我院于2000年11月-2005年5月收住4例联体儿。现将围术期护理报告如下。     

一对脐剑联体婴儿手术分离成功的护理体会

一对脐剑联体婴儿手术分离成功的护理体会０５００１１河北医学院附属第二医院赵桂荣，许新立，曹淑荣，于东华，韩晓伦联体畸形实属罕见，欲得到分离手术的成功，除根据不同联体畸形周密的进行手术计划外．术前术后的护理也是非常重要的。我科于１９９４年２月成功地为１...     

胸腹联体儿分离术后的早期监护

目的 探讨胸腹联体双胎婴儿分离术后早期监护特点。方法 1例胸腹联体婴儿在96d时接受分离手术，术后进行监护室，进行特别护理。分析呼吸道支持和管理，肝脏功能观察与保护，创缘的观察与处理，营养支持与喂养等特点。结果 经过严密观察，及时对症处理，两婴均无严重并发症，顺利转出监护室，并痊愈出院。结论 胸腹联体双胎婴儿极为罕见，分离术后加强早期监护是保障手术成功的重要环节。     

一例不完全性联体双胎分离术的护理配合

联体畸形是由于一对单分子双胎不完全分离导致的一种罕见的畸形,其发病原因不明,发生率为0．002％～0．004％,其中约20％为女孩。有对称与非对称联体畸形两类,以各种方式相连,一般胸部相连占75％,伴发心脏、消化、泌尿系统畸形,严重影响患儿生存。较多的一种是剑突或脐部相连联体畸形,其他还可有坐骨联体,头颅联体等“’。我院于2008年8月4日为一例罕见的不完全性非对称剑脐联体畸形儿成功实施分离手术,术后痊愈出院,现将手术护理配合重点总结如下。     

Neurointerventional participation in craniopagus separation

Craniopagus-type conjoined twins (joined at the head) are exceedingly rare. Separation of craniopagus conjoined twins is a challenging task mainly owing to complex vascular anatomy and limited experience with this disorder. Modern neuroimaging techniques including digital subtraction angiography can be used to preoperatively assess the cerebral vascular system. These techniques can also provide the raw data to fabricate three-dimensional true-scale models. We report a case in which endovascular techniques have been used in the separation of craniopagus conjoined twins. To our knowledge there are no reports of successful incorporation of neurointerventional methods in the disconnection of shared venous channels.     

胸腹联体儿分离术后的早期监护

目的　探讨胸腹联体双胎婴儿分离术后早期监护特点。方法　 1例胸腹联体婴儿在 96d时接受分离手术 ,术后进住监护室 ,进行特别护理。分析呼吸道支持和管理 ,肝脏功能观察与保护 ,创缘的观察与处理 ,营养支持与喂养等特点。结果　经过严密观察 ,及时对症处理 ,两婴均无严重并发症 ,顺利转出监护室 ,并痊愈出院。结论　胸腹联体双胎婴儿极为罕见 ,分离术后加强早期监护是保障手术成功的重要环节     

Separation of conjoined twins: experiences of perioperative nurses and their recommendations

BACKGROUND: Within an 8-month period, an unprecedented and historical first in Queensland, Australia, the perioperative nurses were members of teams involved in the surgical separation of two sets of conjoined twins. Little is known about the (dis)stress that some of these perioperative nurses experienced nor how best to support them during such experiences. AIM: The aim of this paper is to report on the qualitative study that explored the experiences of those perioperative nurses involved in the surgical separation of cojoined twins and from their stories propose recommendations to support perioperative nurses who are confronted with such workplace experiences. METHODS: Using a narrative methodology, nine perioperative nurses shared their stories of being involved in the surgical separation of conjoined twins in Australia. Narrative and thematic analyses were conducted and recommendations to support perioperative nurses through workplace (dis)stress were identified. Participants validated the findings and recommendations. FINDINGS: The analyses revealed the themes of professionalism, teamwork, 'them vs. us' and emotional loads. DISCUSSION: The sensationalism around the rarity of conjoined twins brought an intensive intrusiveness from the world media. As a result, secrecy within the hospital about the conjoined twin cases created divisions between those perioperative nurses on the teams and those not. The processes and outcomes of the two surgical cases were in contrast to each other. For some perioperative nurses this caused distress. It is essential that professional support is offered in a way in which the perioperative nurse can take it up without fear of negative judgement.     

联体双胎的早孕期超声诊断

目的探讨联体双胎早孕期超声声像图特征,总结早孕期超声诊断联体双胎的技巧。 方法对2011年1月至2017年12月因早孕期先兆流产在深圳市妇幼保健院超声筛查发现颈项透明层（NT）增厚、规范化超声筛查诊断为联体双胎21例胎儿的超声声像特征、联体部位、联体类型、合并畸形及妊娠结局进行分析,总结早孕期超声诊断联体双胎的技巧。 结果早孕期超声诊断的21例联体双胎平均头臀径相当于平均孕周;8例获得较满意的NT测量,其中7例NT厚度大于0.3 cm;21例双胎联体部位及联体类型：胸脐联胎12例（12/21）,头部联胎3例（3/21）,双头联胎3例（3/21）,脐部联胎2例（2/21）,坐骨联胎1例（1/21）。21例联体双胎二维超声检出合并脊柱畸形、单心室、腹裂、膈疝、脐膨出、脊柱裂等其他畸形;三维超声对联体类型和范围及外观特征的观察更直观。妊娠结局：21例联体双胎中4例胎死宫内,17例超声检查后孕妇选择终止妊娠,产后标本检查证实21例均为联体双胎。 结论早孕期超声检查可对联体类型及合并畸形做出明确诊断,有利于孕妇进行产前咨询。     

超声检查在胸腹联体婴儿分离围手术期的应用

目的通过对胸腹联体婴儿的超声检查,探讨其在胸腹联体婴儿分离围手术期的应用价值。方法术前通过常规超声对联体双胎婴儿进行检查,结合CT、MRI作出诊断,术中通过超声监测指导手术,并通过多学科协作完成手术,术后进行超声复查。结果第1例联体婴儿经超声等检查后实施分体术,其中一婴实施两次先心病手术获成功,病变与术前诊断一致,目前两婴健康存活。第2例在术前超声等影像检查及术中超声指导下分体成功,其中一婴于术后78d继发感染死亡,另一婴生存良好。结论超声在联体婴儿分离围手术期发挥着非常重要的作用,是一不可替代的检查手段。     

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional sonography of conjoined twins

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic capabilities of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) sonography for the study of conjoined twins. METHODS: Four pregnant women with an initial 2D sonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins were examined with color Doppler sonography, 3D multiplanar sonography, and orthogonal plane imaging and 3D surface rendering. RESULTS: All 4 cases of conjoined twins were initially diagnosed with either transvaginal or transabdominal 2D sonography. 3D sonography afforded more realistic views and demonstrated more clearly the linking areas and surface anomalies, but 2D and color Doppler sonography provided more definitive and specific information about shared organs. CONCLUSIONS: Although 2D sonography is the primary modality for diagnosing and evaluating conjoined twins, color Doppler and 3D sonography can sometimes provide additional information that assists in the clinical management of these twins. 3D sonography also provides images that are easier for parents to understand, which can help them with decision making.     

胸腹联体双胎合并一胎心脏畸形临床精准诊治

目的：介绍1对胸腹联体儿合并一胎心脏畸形的特殊治疗体会。方法：选择复旦大学附属妇产科医院产前诊断并出生、在复旦大学附属儿科医院接收治疗的1对胸腹联体双胎，其中一胎合并心脏畸形，总结相关诊疗经过，分析特殊临床表现及治疗的个体化方案。结果：足月剖宫产，两患儿临床表现尿量差异大、体重增加稍缓慢，且先心患儿在出生后1月开始出现哭吵后青紫，于出生后38天行分离术;分离术后9天，先心患儿再次行B-T分流术。分离术后2周，无先心患儿顺利出院。先心患儿B-T分流术后20天亦顺利出院。结论：胸腹联体虽是最常见联体类型，但合并心脏畸形增加手术风险，需结合心脏疾病程度与临床表现，调整治疗方案及实施。联体儿需个体化诊疗提高救治成功率。     

Vaginal delivery of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins: case report and literature review

After an unsuccessful midwife-assisted delivery in which a head was born but delivery could not be advanced, episiotomy performed at Sanliurfa Maternity Hospital allowed vaginal delivery of female conjoined twins. Visual and x-ray examination showed two heads, two vertebral columns, two feet, two arms, and fusion at the level of the pelvis. The baby was born dead, but the mother made an uneventful recovery. Parapagus (anterolaterally joined) dicephalus (two-headed) twins account for only 11-13% of all conjoined twins, and they rarely survive. Complex malformations of hearts, lungs and abdominal organs, duplication of the tracheae, upper gastrointestinal tract and spinal column, and either double or single versions of other organs have been reported in parapagus dicephalus cases. The incidence, anatomical, embryological, diagnostic, prognostic, obstetrical, perinatal, and ethical aspects of conjoined twins are reviewed, with a focus on parapagus dicephalus conjoined twins.