2000-2009年同济医院肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解肺炎链球菌的耐药情况及变化趋势.方法 收集同济医院2000年1月1日至2009年12月31日分离的753株肺炎链球菌,主要分离自呼吸道标本,其次为血液和脑脊髓液标本.采用E-test法检测分离株对青霉素及头孢曲松的MIC,其余采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验.结果 10年来总的非脑膜炎来源PNSSP占23.8%(93/392),儿童PNSSP占26.4%(47/178),成人PNSSP占16.8%(36/214),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7.642,P＜0.01).10株脑膜炎标本来源肺炎链球菌均为PRSP.莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星对肺炎链球菌仍然保持着良好的敏感性,敏感率分别为96.9%(720/743)和90.5%(672/743),未发现万古霉素和美罗培南耐药菌株.肺炎链球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药性均有不同程度升高,尤其是青霉素、红霉素及克林霉素敏感性下降尤为明显.2006年PNSSP仅19%(19/99),2009年上升为30%(35/114);2000年红霉素敏感性为22%(28/125),至2009年仅为3%(3/114);2004年克林霉素的敏感性为40%(13/32),至2009年仅为4%(5/114).结论 2000-2009年同济医院分离的肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素及克林霉素的耐药性呈上升趋势,尤其是儿童对此3种抗菌药物的耐药性明显高于成人分离株.临床应结合药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate antibiotic resistance and resistant trend of Streptococcus pneumonia. Methods To investigate 753 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Tongji Hospital in recent 10 years from January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2009, most of them were from respiratory tract specimens,followed by blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The MIC to penicillin & cefatriaxone were determined by E-test,and other antimicrobial susceptibility were tested by Kirby-Bauer method. Results For non-cerebrospinal fluid specimen, the total rate of PNSSP was 23.8%( 93/392 ), it was significant different between the rate of PNSSP from children ( 26. 4%, 47/178 ) and adults ( 16. 8%, 36/214, χ2 = 7. 642, P ＜ 0. 01 ). All of 10 strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid were PRSP. Most isolates were high-susceptive to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, and the rate of susceptibility were 96. 9% ( 720/743 ) and 90. 5% ( 672/743 )respectively. None of Streptococcus pneumonia was resistant to vancomycin and meropenam. The resistant rate of most tested antibiotics increased in different degree year by year, especially penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. The rate of PNSSP was only 19%( 19/99 )in 2006 ,but in 2009 the rate increased to 30%( 35/114 ). The susceptibility rate of erythromycin was 22% ( 28/125 )in 2000, but only 3% ( 3/114 )in 2009 ;and the susceptibility rate of clindamycin decreased from 40% ( 13/32 ) in 2004 to 4% (5/114) in 2009. Conclusions From 2000 to 2009, Streptococcus pneunoniae was more likely resistant to penicillin,erythromycin and clindamycin year by year, especially those isolates recovered from children. It was suggested that antibiotics should be chosen to use according to antimicrobial susceptibility test results.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

2006年中国七家教学医院革兰阳性球菌耐药性研究

目的 调查2006年我国革兰阳性球菌的耐药性.方法 收集2006年6-12月全国7家教学医院分离的非重复革兰阳件菌674株,以琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的MIC.结果 100株肺炎链球菌中,青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌(PRSP)和青霉素中介的肺炎链球菌(PISP)分别占1%和19%.所有肺炎链球菌均对万古霉素和替考拉宁高度敏感;对左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感率分别为97%和98%;对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松和氯霉素的敏感率依次为96%、87%和73%;青霉素敏感的肺炎链球菌(PSSP)全部对头孢丙烯和头孢克罗的敏感率分别为62.0%和55.7%,而PISP和PRSP对这2种抗菌药物均耐药;所有肺炎链球菌埘大环内酯类、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶(噁)唑(TMPCo)和四环素的敏感率均小于35%.金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(SCON)中耐甲氧西林菌株分别占48%(33%～84%)和81%(69%～94%).耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对TMPCo、氯霉素和利福平敏感率分别为72%、66%和45%;对大环内脂类、氨基糖苷类、四环素和氟喹诺酮类的敏感率低于18%.粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率分别为56%(30%～86%)和80%(50%～100%).未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌;但在杭州发现对该2种抗菌药物同时耐药的屎肠球菌.除氯霉素和四环素外,粪肠球菌对其他所测抗菌药物的敏感率均高于屎肠球菌.结论 各地区革兰阳件耐药性有所差异,且对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率较2005年本项目的 监测结果有所升高.替考拉宁和万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌仍保持很高的抗菌活性.     

2005年我国五家教学医院革兰阳性球菌耐药监测研究

目的调查2005年我国革兰阳性球菌的耐药现状与监测方法收集2005年8月至12月五家教学医院连续分离的非重复的460株革兰阳性球菌。采用琼脂稀释法测定药物的最低抑菌浓度（MICs）。结果80株肺炎链球菌中，青霉素中介（PISP）和青霉素耐药（PRSP）株的发生率分别为25．0％、21．2％。PRSP和PISP的发生率最高的是杭州（分别为55．6％、11．1％），其次是上海（16．7％、27．8％），再次为北京（5．6％、27．8％）、武汉（5％、20％）。替考拉宁和万古霉素对这80株菌的活性最高（100％敏感），其次是莫西沙星（96．2％）、左氧氟沙星（91．2％）和阿莫西彬克拉维酸（85％），红霉素、克林霉素、四环素、甲氧苄啶／磺胺甲嚼唑敏感性低于26．2％。苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和苯唑西林耐药的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCoN）的发生率分别为51．3％和77．4％。MRSA的发生率最高的是上海（78．4％）、杭州（60．0％），其次为沈阳（45．9％）、北京（40．0％）和武汉（33．3％）。对于MRSA，活性较高的药物为氯霉素（69．4％）、利福平（68．4％）和甲氧苄碇／磺胺甲嚼唑（63．3％）。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林的敏感性（85％以上）高于屎肠球菌（20％）；53％的粪肠球菌和25．5％的屎肠球菌对庆大霉素高水平耐药。所有金葡菌、CoNS、肠球菌属对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感。结论不同地区革兰阳性球菌的耐药性有所差异。替考拉宁和万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌的活性非常高。     

Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to 17 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1998-2001 U S Surveillance Study

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters were used to interpret susceptibility data for the oral agents tested in a clinically meaningful way. Among S pneumoniae isolates, >99% were susceptible to respiratory fluoroquinolones, 91.6% to amoxicillin, 92.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95.2% at the extended-release formulation breakpoint), 90.6% to clindamycin, 80.4% to doxycycline, 71.0% to azithromycin, 72.3% to clarithromycin, 71.8% to cefprozil and cefdinir, 72.6% to cefuroxime axetil, 66.3% to cexime, 63.7% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 19.7% to cefaclor. Among H influenzae isolates, 28.6% were b-lactamase positive, but virtually all were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (98.3%, with 99.8% at the extended-release formulation breakpoint), cexime (100%), and uoroquinolones (99.8%), whereas 93.5% were susceptible to cefdinir, 82.8% to cefuroxime axetil, 78.1% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 70.2% to amoxicillin, 25.1% to doxycycline, 23.2% to cefprozil, and 5% to cefaclor, azithromycin and clarithromycin. Most isolates of M catarrhalis were resistant to amoxicillin, cefaclor, cefprozil, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Thus significant b-lactam and macrolide/azalide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and b-lactamase production and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in untypeable Haemophilus influenzae are still present. The results of this study should therefore be applied to clinical practice based on the clinical presentation of the patient, the probability of the patient's having a bacterial rather than a viral infection, the natural history of the disease, the potential of pathogens to be susceptible to various oral antimicrobial agents, the potential for cross-resistance between agents with S pneumoniae, and the potential for pathogens to develop further resistance. Antibiotics should be used judiciously to maintain remaining activity and chosen carefully based on activity determined by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based breakpoints to avoid these bacteria developing further resistance, particularly to fluoroquinolones.     

Therapeutic options among broad-spectrum beta-lactams for infections caused by levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae has consistently become more resistant to primary, orally administered treatment regimens used for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI; sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia). As resistance rates approach 40-50% in the United States and North America for penicillin and macrolides, other agents also have exhibited coresistance rates of 10-20% (tetracycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). These facts led to altered clinical treatment guidelines (IDSA) supporting the use of respiratory fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin). This report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program lists possible parenterally administered treatment alternatives for the fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin)-nonsusceptible pneumococci. The SENTRY Program isolates from CARTI (1997-2003), totaling 21605 strains from Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas, were screened for fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae. A total of 157 (0.7%) levofloxacin-nonsusceptible (MIC > or = 4 microg/mL) strains were identified and tested by reference broth microdilution methods against 27 antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations were determined by PCR amplification and gene sequencing. The entire population of S. pneumoniae had the following antibiogram demographics: penicillin-nonsusceptible (32%), macrolide resistance (24%), tetracycline resistance (21%), clindamycin resistance (11%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance (33%), and 6% of strains were resistant to all 5 drugs. Levofloxacin-resistant strains routinely had 2 or more QRDR mutations most frequently in gyrA at Ser81Phe or Tyr and in parC at Ser79Phe or Tyr and Lys137Asn. Four agents had extremely low rates of resistance when tested against the 157 levofloxacin-nonsusceptible strains (e.g., quinupristin/dalfopristin, 0% resistance; vancomycin, 0%; cefepime, 1%; ceftriaxone, 1%). Levofloxacin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal isolates remain uncommon, but are a growing problem in CARTI (1.4% in 2003), especially in previously fluoroquinolone-treated cases. Parenteral cephalosporins (cefepime or ceftriaxone) continue to be potent and safe for use in hospitalized patients with S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, used with or without co-drugs according to published guidelines.     

腹腔感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性监测

目的监测2008—2010年我国不同地区6所教学医院腹腔感染患者中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外药物敏感性。方法收集2008—2010年全国6所教学医院腹腔感染患者分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定多种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。数据采用WHONET 5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果 2008—2010年共收集到腹腔感染大肠埃希菌789株和肺炎克雷伯菌263株。对于大肠埃希菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素物具有高度体外抗菌活性(细菌对其敏感率96.7%～99.3%),哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(87.1%～93.2%)和阿米卡星(86.7%～89.8%)次之。细菌对头孢他啶的敏感率较高(48.5%～59.2%),2010年头孢曲松、头孢噻肟和头孢吡肟的敏感率仅为24.5%～32.8%。细菌对2种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感率逐年降低,对氨苄西林-舒巴坦的敏感率最低,为12.4%～20.6%。大肠埃希菌中ESBLs的检出率逐年上升,从2008年的59.7%升至2010年的73.5%。厄他培南(90.4%～94.1%)、亚胺培南(95.1%～97.1%)、阿米卡星(79.2%～92.6%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(80.2%～85.3%)对肺炎克雷伯菌保持了较高的抗菌活性。细菌对头孢他啶(66.3%～72.1%)和头孢吡肟(67.3%～79.1%)的敏感率略高于头孢噻肟(59.4%～61.8%)和头孢曲松(60.3%～60.6%)。细菌对2种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感率从2008年的58.4%～60.4%到2010年的64.7%～72.1%。肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率略有下降,从2008年的37.6%至2010年的28.1%。产ESBLs菌株对厄他培南和亚胺培南保持了高的敏感率(88.5%～99.4%)。结论腹腔感染患者中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星保持了较高的体外敏感性。大肠埃希菌对第三代、第四代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感性较低,提示临床上应谨慎使用。     

2016年中国多中心社区成人患者呼吸道3种常见临床分离菌药物敏感性测定

目的调查2016年全国16所医院社区成人患者呼吸道3种常见临床分离菌的耐药性。方法收集2016年1-12月全国16所医院分离的591株社区成人患者呼吸道分离菌,其中肺炎链球菌298株,流感嗜血杆菌222株,卡他莫拉菌71株。采用琼脂稀释法和肉汤微量稀释法测定不同抗菌药物对这3种菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果按照肺炎链球菌口服青霉素的折点判定标准,62.8%(187株)的肺炎链球菌为青霉素不敏感菌株(PNSP)。肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药率超过85.9%(256株),对口服头孢菌素的耐药率为54.7%~64.1%(163株~191株),对左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感率分别为96.3%(287株)和97.3%(290株)。PNSP株对头孢曲松、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛的耐药率显著高于青霉素敏感菌株(PSSP)。流感嗜血杆菌对头孢克洛、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑和氨苄西林的敏感率分别为33.8%、33.8%和42.8%,对其余受试抗菌药物的敏感率均超过60%;β内酰胺酶阳性检出率为35.6%(79/222),且β内酰胺酶阳性菌株对氨苄西林、克拉霉素、氯霉素和四环素的耐药率显著高于β内酰胺酶阴性株。卡他莫拉菌对除克林霉素、阿奇霉素和克拉霉素外的抗菌药物都表现出较高的敏感性。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对受试的大环内酯类和口服头孢菌素类耐药率高,但左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星对肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌仍具有很高的抗菌活性,细菌耐药率低。     

Garenoxacin activity against isolates form patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to cause significant morbidity worldwide, and the principal bacterial pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) have acquired numerous resistance mechanisms over the last few decades. CAP treatment guidelines have suggested the use of broader spectrum agents, such as antipneumococcal fluoroquinolones as the therapy for at-risk patient population. In this report, we studied 3087 CAP isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1999-2005) worldwide and all respiratory tract infection (RTI) isolate population of pneumococci (14665 strains) grouped by antibiogram patterns against a new des-F(6)-quinolone, garenoxacin. Results indicated that garenoxacin was highly active against CAP isolates of S. pneumoniae (MIC(90), 0.06 microg/mL) and H. influenzae (MIC(90), < or =0.03 microg/mL). This garenoxacin potency was 8- to 32-fold greater than gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against the pneumococci and >99.9% of strains were inhibited at < or =1 microg/mL (proposed susceptible breakpoint). Garenoxacin MIC values were not affected by resistances among S. pneumoniae strains to penicillin or erythromycin; however, coresistances were high among the beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins), macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Analysis of S. pneumoniae isolates with various antimicrobial resistance patterns to 6 drug classes demonstrated that garenoxacin was active against >99.9% (MIC, < or =1 microg/mL) of strains, and the most resistant pneumococci (6-drug resistance, 1051 strains or 7.2% of all isolates) were completely susceptible (100.0% at < or =1 microg/mL) to garenoxacin (MIC(90), 0.06 microg/mL). These results illustrate the high activity of garenoxacin against contemporary CAP isolates and especially against multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. pneumoniae that have created therapeutic dilemmas for all RTI presentations. Garenoxacin appears to be a welcome addition to the CAP treatment options, particularly for the emerging MDR pneumococci strains.     

2008年中国十二家教学医院革兰阳性球菌耐药性研究

目的 调查2008年我国革兰阳性球菌临床分离株的耐药性.方法 收集2008年6至12月12家教学医院临床分离的1171株非重复革兰阳性球菌.采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药物的MIC值.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌和凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐苯唑西林菌株分别占49.9%(232/465)和74.0%(179/242);不J司地区MRSA发生率在33.3%～65.0%之间;不同标本MRSA分离率分别为:呼吸道标本71.1%(108/152),血液标本48.3%(28/58),脓、伤口和无菌体液标本36.0%(68/189).MRSA对复方磺胺和氯霉素的敏感率为81.5%(183/232)和89.7%(208/232);对喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素和利福平的敏感率为3.9%～35.0%;未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌.共发现3株VRE;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对利奈唑胺的敏感率分别为96.2%(101/105)和97.0%(130/134),对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率分别为48.6%(51/105)和75.4%(101/134);粪肠球菌对氯霉素和四环素的敏感率低于屎肠球菌,但对其他所测试抗菌药物均有较高的敏感性;屎肠球菌对除糖肽类抗菌药及利奈唑胺以外的其他所测抗菌药物的敏感率均较低.225株PISP分离率为24.9%(56/225),未发现PRSP.≤3岁儿童组肺炎链球菌中PNSSP分离率为36.6%(15/41),其他年龄组患者中PNSSP分离率为15.4%～26.6%.青霉素敏感的肺炎球菌(PSSP)对头孢丙烯、头孢呋辛和头孢克罗敏感率分别为67.5%(114/169)、66.3%(112/169)和61.5%(104/169),而PISP对这3种药物均耐药;所测225株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺高度敏感,对加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和莫西沙星的敏感率分别为96.9%,97.8%和98.2%,对头孢曲松、氯霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的敏感率分别为81.3%、77.3%和68.0%,对大环内酯类、复方磺胺和四环素的敏感率为11.6%～23.6%.结论 我国VRE发生率低,而葡萄球菌中苯唑西林耐药菌株分离率高.≤3岁儿童组PNSSP分离率高于其他年龄组.替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑胺对葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和肺炎链球菌具有很好的抗菌活性.     

Investigation of the susceptibility trends in Japan to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in a nationwide collection of clinical isolates: a longitudinal analysis from 1994 to 2002

The susceptibilities of clinical isolates to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and other antimicrobial agents were surveyed to obtain an accurate understanding of the trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance. The samples were collected from across Japan, biennially, between 1994 and 2002 and a defined level of resistance to FQ determined. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae exhibited stable and high rates of susceptibility to FQ over the period examined. For methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus the rate of resistance to FQ was 80%-90%, markedly higher than that of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. The rate of FQ-resistant Escherichia coli increased rapidly to approximately 10% for samples after 2000. Of 696 E. coli isolates collected in 2002, 13 produced an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), with 6 of 13 ESBL-producing isolates being FQ-resistant. No FQ resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella spp. was detected in any of the surveys. The rate of FQ resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract and respiratory tract infections was 40%-60% and 15%-25%, respectively.     

肺炎链球菌192株对新喹诺酮类体外耐药性测定

目的：调查192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素和环丙沙星等的耐药现状，并与新喹诺酮类进行比较。方法：根据美国国家I临床实验室标准委员会(NCCLS)2002年标准使用微量肉汤稀释法检测192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和喹诺酮类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果：肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率(中介率 耐药率)已达42．7％，对红霉素的耐药率为77．6％，克林霉素、白霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为66．7％、65．6％和57．3％，新喹诺酮类抗菌药物对之有较好的抗菌活性，敏感率皆大于90％；并与是否对青霉素、红霉素耐药无关。结论：在我国，肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高，新喹诺酮类抗生素有较好的抗菌活性。