不同地区母乳中脂肪酸含量及初乳与成熟乳中脂肪酸含量的比较

背景：人乳中富含的长链多价不饱和脂肪酸(long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid，LCPUFAs)对婴儿的脑和视网膜的发育有着非常重要的作用，因此了解母乳中这些脂肪酸的含量十分必要。目的：研究中国不同地区母乳中多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)含量的差别。设计：横断面研究。地点、对象和方法：选择上海市区和郊区以及浙江省舟山群岛3个地区的健康产妇共196例，其中上海市区产妇60例，上海郊区(崇明县)产妇40例，浙江省舟山群岛产妇96例。采用石英毛细管柱气相色谱法对母乳中PUFA的含量进行了测定。主要观察指标：上海市区、上海郊区和浙江舟山地区母乳中脂肪酸的含量以及初乳与成熟乳中脂肪酸含量的比较。结果：上海市区产妇成熟母乳中亚油酸的含量[(27．30&;#177;5.86)％]显著高于郊区崇明县产妇母乳中亚油酸的含量[(20．18&;#177;3．86)％]，差异有非常显著性意义(t=6．770，P&;lt;0．001)，也显著高于浙江舟山地区成熟母乳中亚油酸的含量[(19．75&;#177;3．33)％](t=7．460，P&;lt;0．001)。而母乳中二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid，DHA)的含量在浙江舟山地区[(0．68&;#177;0．23)％]显著高于上海市区[(0．42+0．19)％]，差异有非常显著性意义(t=6．203，P&;lt;0．001)和上海郊区母乳中DHA的含量[(0．42&;#177;0．16)％]，差异有非常显著性意义(t=5．902，P&;lt;0．001。母乳中α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid，AA)的含量在上海市区和郊县以及与浙江舟山地区之间差别无显著性意义(P&;gt;0.05)。初乳中AA和DHA的含量，分别为(0．77&;#177;0．15)％和(0．80&;#177;026)％，显著高于成熟乳中AA和DHA的含量[分别为(0．57&;#177;0．11)％．(068&;#177;0．23)％]差异有显著性意义(t=7．248，P&;lt;0．001；t=2.236,P&;lt;0．05)。结论：不同地区由于饮食习惯不同，母乳中这些PUFA含量有较大差别。浙江舟山群岛居民由于膳食中鱼和海产类食物较多，故母乳中DHA的含量较上海地区明显高，但亚油酸的含量却明显低于上海市区。     

高原富氧对人体运动及静息状态下血氧饱和度与心率的影响

目的:探讨富氧在高原军事医学中的应用价值。方法:在海拔3700m高原室内充氧,使氧浓度提高到24.0%～25.0%。10名受试者在富氧室睡眠12h,检测富氧前,富氧2,11h及富氧后2h静息状态下和运动中的氧饱和度(bloodoxygensaturation,SaO2)和心率。结果:入富氧室2h犤(95.5±0.9)%犦和11h犤(95.1±1.9)%犦SaO2差异有显著性意义(t=5.446,4.124,P<0.01),心率犤(70.2±11.3)次/min,(64.5±5.1)次/min犦降低(t值分别为3.652和5.612,P<0.01)。脱离富氧后2hSaO2犤(92.3±2.0)%犦接近富氧前水平。富氧后踏车运动中平均SaO2犤(85.8±2.0)%犦较富氧前增高(t=3.642,P<0.01),平均心率犤(129.0±11.0)次/min犦降低(t=2.182,P<0.05)。结论:富氧环境下12h对改善高原缺氧和机体能量储备有一定作用。     

丹皮酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子-1表达的影响

目的:观察丹皮酚对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellularadhesionmolecule-1,ICAM-1)蛋白表达的影响。方法:利用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血2h再灌注24h模型,治疗组缺血时腹腔注射丹皮酚。行苏木精-伊红染色计数缺血区中性粒细胞浸润及坏死神经元的数目,应用免疫组化方法检测ICAM-1蛋白的表达情况。结果:丹皮酚治疗组坏死神经元百分率犤(25.85±3.93)%犦低于对照组犤(31.13±4.58)%,t=2.770,P<0.05犦。中性粒细胞的浸润数治疗组犤(15.40±2.59)个/视野犦较对照组犤(19.10±2.81)个/视野犦显著减少(t=3.063,P<0.01)。ICAM-1的表达治疗组犤(13.90±2.18)条/视野犦较对照组犤(16.20±2.30)条/视野犦下调(t=2.290,P<0.05)。结论:丹皮酚可能具有抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注后ICAM-1蛋白表达的作用,从而减轻了神经元损伤。     

急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1含量变化与神经功能缺损评分的关系

目的:观察急性脑梗死患者的血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-likegrowthfactor-1,IGF-1)的含量变化并分析与神经功能缺损评分的关系。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELASA法)测定57例急性脑梗死患者的血清IGF-1水平和神经功能缺损评分(chineseneurologicfunctionalscale,CNFS),并与26例正常对照组比较。结果:急性脑梗死组IGF-1水平犤(99.48±33.76)μg/L犦显著低于对照组犤(179.90±35.47)μg/L犦,差异有显著性意义(t=2.14,P<0.05)。大梗死组IGF-1水平犤(71.41±22.37)μg/L犦显著低于中梗死组犤(107.99±23.15)μg/L犦(q=3.05,P<0.05)及小梗死组犤(134.96±25.24)μg/L犦,差异有显著性意义(q=5.44,P<0.01)。中梗死组IGF-1水平显著低于小梗死组(q=3.21,P<0.05)。病情重度组IGF-1水平犤(74.57±22.54)μg/L犦显著低于中度组犤(102.11±23.07)μg/L犦(q=2.91,P<0.05)及轻度组犤(131.58±23.89)μg/L犦(q=6.25,P<0.01)。病情中度组IGF-1水平显著低于轻度组(q=3.26,P<0.05)。CNFS差者IGF-1水平低,急性脑梗死组言语功能评分和肢体运动功能评分与IGF-1水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.67和-0.55,P<0.01)。结论:IGF-1参与了急性脑梗死的病理生理过程。IGF-1与CNFS关系密切,监测IGF-1的变化对判断病情轻重及估计预后均有临床意     

军人创伤后应激障碍患者脑诱发电位的3种变异

目的:探讨军人创伤后应激障碍(post-traumaticstressdisorder,PTSD)患者3种脑诱发电位(brainevokedpotential,BEP)的变异。方法:应用美国NicoletBravo型脑诱发电位仪,采用光、声刺激和Click短声刺激,检测75例PTSD患者(研究组)和46名健康军人(对照组)的视觉诱发电位(visualevokedpotential,VEP)、听觉诱发电位(auditoryevokedpotential,AEP)和脑干听觉反应(auditorybrainstemresponse,ABR)。结果:①VEP:Cz脑区的P2波幅研究组低于对照组犤(4.4±4.1)和(9.0±5.2)μV,t=5.40,P<0.01犦,Pz脑区的P3波幅研究组低于对照组犤(5.1±4.0)和(8.1±4.5)μV,t=3.82,P<0.01犦。②AEP:Oz脑区的P3潜伏期研究组长于对照组犤(330.2±30.7)和(298.1±27.4)ms,t=5.81,P<0.01犦,Cz脑区的P2波幅研究组低于对照组犤(2.8±1.7)和(4.5±1.8)μV,t=5.22,P<0.01犦,Cz脑区的P3波幅研究组高于对照组犤(4.2±2.1)和(2.2±1.0)μV,t=6.05,P<0.01犦。③ABR:Pz脑区的波Ⅴ绝对潜伏期研究组长于对照组犤(5.8±0.3)和(5.4±0.2)ms,t=8.01,P<0.01犦,Oz脑区的波Ⅴ绝对潜伏期研究组短于对照组犤(6.4±0.3)和(6.9±0.3)ms,t=8.90,P<0.01犦。Pz脑区的波Ⅳ绝对波幅研究组低于对照组犤(0.24±0.12)和(0.40±0.10)μV,t=7.57,P<0.01犦,Oz脑区的波Ⅱ绝     

加速度致大鼠脑缺血急性期血浆一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶和白细胞介素6的含量变化

目的:观察实施加速度作用后造成大鼠脑缺血,在急性期血浆中的一氧化氮、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量变化,探讨加速度对机体引起的继发性脑损伤程度及机制。方法:30只雄性健康wistar大鼠,随机分为3组,分别施加+1Gz(正加速度)、高+Gz和正、负加速度(±Gz)的交替作用,并把被施加+1Gz加速度的大鼠作为对照组。于加速度作用后即刻麻醉,腹主动脉采血。分别测定各组大鼠血浆中一氧化氮、NOS和IL-6的含量。结果:一氧化氮含量:±Gz交替组犤(60.4±6.6)μmol/L犦与高+Gz组犤(50.3±2.2)μmol/L犦比较,t=16.5250;高+Gz组与对照组犤(35.9±3.3)μmol/L〗比较,t=27.9397;±Gz交替组与对照组比较,t=50.0324,P均<0.01。NOS活性:±Gz交替组犤(890±73)μmol/(s·L)犦与高+Gz组犤(791±60)μmol/(s·L)犦比较,t=3.3147;高+Gz组与对照组犤(332±27)μmol/(s·L)犦比较,t=23.4389;±Gz组与对照组比较,t=25.9615,P均<0.01。IL-6含量:±Gz交替组犤(132±18)ng/L犦与高+Gz组犤(106±15)ng/L犦比较,t=19.6748;高+Gz组与对照组犤(71±10)ng/L比较,t=24.9296;±Gz组与对照组比较,t=48.1645,P均<0.01。结论:正、负加速度交替和单纯高正加速度作用均可使血浆中的一氧化氮、NOS和IL-6的含量增加明显,且正、负加速度     

黄芩素甙对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究黄芩素甙对脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及羟自由基含量的影响。方法:沙土鼠前脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血时间10min。动物分为假手术组、对照组、黄芩素甙Ⅰ组(45mg/kg,腹腔注射)、黄芩素甙Ⅱ组(90mg/kg,腹腔注射)。高倍镜下计数海马CA1区存活锥体细胞数目,ATP及羟自由基含量测定采用高效液相法。结果:再灌注4d时,对照组海马CA1区存活锥体细胞数目仅为假手术组的5%犤(5±2),(96±12)×104/mm2,t=8.607,P<0.01犦,而黄芩素甙Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别为假手术组的23%和42%,明显多于对照组犤(22±8),(40±9),(5±2)×104/mm2,t=1.747,3.622,P<0.01犦。再灌注60min,黄芩素甙Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组ATP含量均高于对照组,犤(0.70±0.08),(0.81±0.15),(0.51±0.19)mmol/kg,t=1.277,1.562,P<0.05犦,但两组间差异无显著性意义。缺血末和再灌注60min,黄芩素甙Ⅱ组羟自由基含量低于对照组犤(0.43±0.12),(0.65±0.16)mmol/L,t=1.871,P<0.05;(0.42±0.15),(0.72±0.13)mmol/L,t=2.747,P<0.01犦。结论:黄芩素甙(45mg/kg和90mg/kg)可减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与其减轻细胞能量代谢障碍和减少羟自由基产生有关。     

C-反应蛋白及食物中n-3脂肪酸与冠状动脉疾病的关系

目的　研究急相C 反应蛋白 (CRP)及食物n 3脂肪酸 (FA)与冠状动脉疾病 (CAD)的关系。方法　对临床疑为CAD的 2 6 9例病人施行血管造影术 ;针对鱼类摄入量 ,所有病人都接受食物问卷调查 ;利用气相层析法测定粒细胞膜中n 3多价不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)的含量 ;利用比浊法测定血清CRP含量 ,研究海产品中n 3PUFA对CRP水平的影响。结果　血管造影术证实 72例病人有心肌梗塞 (MI)病史。冠状动脉直径狭窄 >5 0 %的支数 1支的有 6 5例 ,2支的有 4 6例 ,3支的有 77例。总体CRP均值 (x)为 2 .97± 2 .36mg/L。CRP水平与鱼类摄入量无关。冠状动脉狭窄病例血清CRP水平明显高于那些冠状动脉造影无明显改变的病例 (P =0 .0 0 1) ;CRP水平较低者粒细胞中廿二碳六烯酸 (DHA)含量明显高于CRP水平较高者 (P =0 .0 2 )。结论　CRP与海产品中n 3PUFA、DHA呈负相关 ,并认为进食鱼类可降低CAD的危险性     

大川芎丸对血管内皮细胞中血管内皮生长因子分泌水平的影响

目的:研究大川芎丸对体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞中血管内皮生长因子(vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)分泌水平的影响,为临床用于缺血性疾病的治疗提供实验依据。方法:以体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞为研究对象,分别在常氧和低氧培养条件下,采用中药血清药理学方法,在试验组培养液中加入含药血清,对照组加入空白血清,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组培养液中VEGF水平。结果:低氧培养条件下VEGF分泌水平犤(853.57±14.29)ng/L犦较常氧培养条件下犤(135.71±50.01)ng/L犦有明显升高(t'=30.862,P<0.001);试验组与对照组VEGF分泌水平在常氧犤(150.00±53.57)ng/L比(135.71±50.01)ng/L犦和低氧犤(839.29±13.57)ng/L比(853.57±14.29)ng/L犦两种培养条件下差异均无显著性意义(t=0.436,t'=0.079,P>0.05)。结论:低氧能有效促进体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞VEGF的分泌,本试验选择浓度下的大川芎丸含药血清对VEGF的分泌无明显干预作用。     

精神分裂症患者康复过程中血浆白细胞介素-6及其受体的变化

目的探讨精神分裂症患者在康复过程中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及其可溶性受体(sIL-6R)的动态变化。方法使用ELSIA方法检测45例首发精神分裂症患者治疗前后IL-6、sIL-6R的含量。结果研究组IL-6水平犤(21.2±2.0)ng/L犦较对照组犤(18.1±3.4)ng/L犦增高(t=2.419,P<0.05);sIL-6R水平犤(32.0±14.3)ng/L犦较对照组犤(24.3±14.9)ng/L犦增高(t=2.435,P<0.05);氯氮平治疗后血浆IL-6水平为(23.5±2.4)ng/L较治疗前增高,(t=2.251,P<0.05),IL-6升高幅度与氯氮平药物剂量呈正相关(R2=0.533,P=0.000);治疗后sIL-6R含量为(22.4±17.5)ng/L,较治疗前含量明显降低(t=2.174,P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者IL-6及其受体含量增高,精神分裂症患者存在细胞因子的失衡;在康复过程中IL-6及sIL-6R存在不同的变化趋势。     

产后早期实施乳房按摩对产妇泌乳及新生儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨产后乳房按摩对产妇提前泌乳、增加乳汁分泌量、缓解乳房胀痛及对新生儿生长发育的影响。方法随机抽取河源市妇幼保健院2010年1-12月住院顺产的初产妇600例,随机分为观察组和对照组各300例,观察组在常规产后护理的基础上进行产后乳房按摩,对照组进行常规产后护理,观察两组的泌乳时间、泌乳量、乳胀情况及新生儿生长发育情况。结果观察组产妇开始泌乳时间为（32．70±12．53）h,对照组为（43．19±14．86）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=8．3806,P〈0．05）,观察组开始泌乳时间较对照组提前;两组产妇泌乳量、乳房胀痛情况及新生儿出生4d内情况比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论产后乳房按摩能提前泌乳时间,增加产后泌乳量,缓解乳房胀痛感,促进新生儿的生长发育。     

Decreased adrenomedullin and total nitrite levels in breast milk of preeclamptic women

OBJECTIVE: To observe the adrenomedullin (AM) and total nitrite levels in the milk of preeclamptic and normal pregnant women. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifteen women with preeclampsia and 15 normal pregnant women were included in the study. Total nitrite was quantitated by Griess reaction, while AM was measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The levels of AM and total nitrite in colostrum and 30th-day breast milk were decreased in preeclamptics. Total nitrite levels (micromol/l) were 56.09 +/- 11.18 vs. 82.20 +/- 12.01, P < 0.05, in colostrum of preeclamptics and controls, respectively. The level of total nitrite was 37.75 +/- 12.10 vs. 53.28 +/- 10.25, P < 0.05, in 30th-day milk of same patients. AM levels (pg/ml) were 11.18 +/- 1.11 vs. 16.59 +/- 1.24, P < 0.0001, in colostrum of preeclamptics and controls, respectively. In 30th-day milk of same patients, AM levels were 8.41 +/- 1.39 vs. 12.18 +/- 1.48, P < 0.005, respectively. CONCLUSION: This report shows for the first time that human milk has decreased levels of AM and total nitrite in preeclampsia.     

Increases of IgA milk concentrations correlate with IgA2 increment

IgA, IgA1, and IgA2 concentrations were determined in 81 defatted human milk samples: colostrum (days 1-5, n = 42), transitional milk (days 6-14, n = 18) and mature milk (days 15-75, n = 21) by immunonephelometry. Correlations were found between total IgA levels and the concentrations of both IgA subclasses (P < 0.0001). The levels of the three molecules decreased over lactation with significant differences (P < 0.05) between colostrum and transitional milk levels and between colostrum and mature milk. Colostral IgA1 and IgA2 mean concentrations dropped respectively from 10.89 +/- 2.12 g/L, and 15.41 +/- 2.10 g/L to 1.83 +/- 0.73 g/L and 3.40 +/- 1.25 g/L in transitional milk reaching finally to 0.36 +/- 0.07 g/L and 0.27 +/- 0.06 g/L in mature milk. IgA2 concentrations were higher than those of IgA1 when the total IgA level was high. The IgA2 levels in colostrum could be an adaptation resistance of IgA to potentially harmful pathogens able to secrete IgA proteases and also a way to regulate colonization of the microflora in the newborn.     

Persistency of high proinflammatory cytokine levels from colostrum to mature milk in preeclampsia

OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence suggests a role of an excessive maternal inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Whether this imbalance can be transferred from mother to breast milk remains to be established. DESIGN AND METHODS: 15 preeclamptic and 15 healthy pregnant women were recruited in this study. Colostrum and milk samples were collected postpartum in the first 48 h and at 30 days, respectively. Samples were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R) levels with chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assays. RESULTS: Colostrum cytokine levels corrected for gestational age and type of delivery were not significantly different in the two groups. Cytokine levels significantly decreased in mature milk versus colostrum in the control group (P < 0.05), but did not significantly decrease in the preeclampsia group (P > 0.05), except for TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Mature milk IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in the preeclampsia group versus controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study show that proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk exhibit biological variation at different periods of human lactation. In preeclampsia, high cytokine levels persist at least for 30 days. These results suggest that preeclampsia may affect milk cytokine balance and offer an immunological signal for the host defense in high-risk neonates.     

二十二碳六烯酸对大鼠心室肌细胞通道的影响

目的 探讨二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位(AP)及瞬时外向钾通道电流(Ito)的影响.阐述DHA抗心律失常的机制.方法 采用酶消化法获得SD大鼠心室肌细胞,用膜片钳技术全细胞模式分别记录0,20,40,60,80,100,120μmol/L DHA对大鼠心室肌细胞AP复极25%,50%和90%时程(APD25,APD50和APD90),对AP最大上升速率(Vmax)、幅值(APA)、超射值(OS)及对Ito的影响.结果 不同浓度DHA对APD25、APD50和APD90呈浓度依赖性延长(P＜0.05,n=20),对Vmax、APA和OS的影响差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05,n=20).不同浓度DHA对Ito呈浓度依赖性阻滞、I-V曲线下移、稳态失活曲线左移、失活后恢复时间延长,对稳态激活曲线无影响.在指令电压+70 mV,上述浓度DHA对Ito阻滞分别为(2.61±0.26)%,(21.79±4.85)%,(63.11±6.57)%,(75.52±7.26)%,(81.82±7.63)%和(84.33±8.25)%(P＜0.05,n=20),DHA对Ito的半效作用浓度(EC50)为(49.11±2.68)μmol/L.结论 DHA对APD及瞬时外向钾通道的作用可能是其抗心律失常机制之一.     

Interleukin-10 and -12 in human milk at 3 stages of lactation: A longitudinal study

This study was undertaken to analyze postpartum changes in concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 through the 3 stages of lactation. A total of 87 human milk samples were collected from 29 healthy mothers during the colostrum (0–3 days), early milk (14–17 days), and mature milk (44–47 days) phases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were performed on the milk samples. IL-10 was detected in 7 and IL-12 in 4 of the colostrum samples. In the transitional milk samples, IL-10 was present in 4 and IL-12 in 2; however, both of these cytokines became undetectable in mature milk samples. The decrease in concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 was statistically significant during the postpartum period (P=.001 and P=.024, respectively). IL-10 levels in the colostrum samples were higher than in the transitional samples (P=.018, with use of the post hoc test). No statistically significant differences between IL-12 levels were noted in the colostrum samples and the transitional samples (P=.068, with use of the post hoc test). A negative correlation was observed between concentrations of IL-10 in colostrum and the total number of pregnancies (R=−.401;P=.031). The findings of the present study suggest that mean concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 are decreased in human milk as lactation continues through its 3 phases.     

住院新生儿母乳院外管理的循证实践

目的 将住院新生儿母乳院外管理最佳证据应用于临床实践并评价其效果。 方法 运用循证护理的方法,于2021年9月—2022年2月通过证据获取、现状审查、证据引入和效果评价4个阶段将证据应用于临床,比较循证实践前后温州市某三级甲等医院新生儿科住院新生儿母乳相关感染发生率、护士及产妇母乳院外管理知识问卷得分、护士及产妇对审查指标的执行情况。结果 最终纳入21条证据、18条审查指标。循证实践后,新生儿母乳相关感染发生率由5.81%下降至0,差异有统计学意义（P=0.026）;护士及产妇母乳院外管理相关知识问卷得分分别由（70.1±5.4）、（55.8±8.3）分提升至（87.6±5.0）、（74.5±6.2）分,差异具有统计学意义（t=10.606,P<0.001;t=8.055,P<0.001）;除条目8、13、16外,住院新生儿母乳院外管理审查指标执行率均上升至80%以上。结论 实施基于证据的循证实践能够规范产妇母乳采集、储存、运送行为,提高护士对母乳的监管力度,从而减少母乳被污染的风险,保证母乳质量安全。     

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids for women.

This review details the specific needs of women for omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha linoleic acid (ALA) and the very long chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Omega-3 fatty acid (dietary or in capsules) ensures that a woman's adipose tissue contains a reserve of these fatty acids for the developing fetus and the breast-fed newborn infant. This ensures the optimal cerebral and cognitive development of the infant. The presence of large quantities of EPA and DHA in the diet slightly lengthens pregnancy, and improves its quality. Human milk contains both ALA and DHA, unlike that of other mammals. Conditions such as diabetes can alter the fatty acid profile of mother's milk, while certain diets, like those of vegetarians, vegans, or even macrobiotic diets, can have the same effect, if they do not include seafood. ALA, DHA and EPA, are important for preventing ischemic cardiovascular disease in women of all ages. Omega-3 fatty acids can help to prevent the development of certain cancers, particularly those of the breast and colon, and possibly of the uterus and the skin, and are likely to reduce the risk of postpartum depression, manic-depressive psychosis, dementias (Alzheimer's disease and others), hypertension, toxemia, diabetes and, to a certain extend, age-related macular degeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids could play a positive role in the prevention of menstrual syndrome and postmenopausal hot flushes. The normal western diet contains little ALA (less than 50% of the RDA). The only adequate sources are rapeseed oil (canola), walnuts and so-called "omega-3" eggs (similar to wild-type or Cretan eggs). The amounts of EPA and DHA in the diet vary greatly from person to person. The only good sources are fish and seafood, together with "omega-3" eggs.     

Endogenous digitalis-like factors in human milk.

We measured the concentration of endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) in milk or colostrum of women during nursing on different days after delivery. EDLF concentrations were assayed by a solid-phase RIA involving antidigoxin antibodies and by a radioreceptor assay (RRA) involving human placenta Na+/K(+)-ATPase. The mean (SD) EDLF concentrations as measured by RIA were 35.6 (19.4) ng of digoxin equivalents per liter in milk samples (n = 37) and 61.3 (12.5) ng/L in colostrum samples (n = 5); the mean EDLF concentration as measured by RRA in milk samples (n = 11) was 573 (717) ng/L (range 0-2098). EDLF concentration in milk is greater than circulating concentrations in healthy adults but is comparable with serum concentration in the third trimester of pregnancy. In milk and serum samples (n = 8) collected at the same time, heating and (or) extracting with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges before the RIA produced significantly different EDLF values from those in untreated serum (P less than 0.001) and milk (P = 0.035). EDLF in milk appeared to be not bound or weakly bound to milk protein, as indicated by the fact that boiling did not increase the digoxin-like immunoreactivity.     

护理干预在早发型母乳性黄疸患儿中的应用效果

目的探讨护理干预在早发型母乳性黄疸患儿中的应用效果。方法将158例早发型母乳性黄疸患儿按随机数字表法分为干预组80例和对照组78例。两组均给予常规治疗和护理,干预组在此基础上采取日光灯照射、适当增加喂养频率和抚触等护理干预措施。比较两组患儿每日的治疗效果。结果干预组患儿每天哺乳次数（9．1±1．9）次高于对照组（5．7±1．6）次,排便次数（5．6±1．7）次高于对照组（3．1±1．3）次,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t分别为12．15、10．36;P〈0．01）;干预组患儿胆红素每天下降值（33．4±9．7）μmol／L高于对照组患儿（23．9±8．5）μmol／L,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=6．54,P〈0．05）。干预组黄疸消退所需蓝光照射时间为（30±5）h,对照组为（42±7）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=12．42,P〈0．01）。结论对早发型母乳性黄疸患儿采取护理干预措施,可促进胆红素的排泄,降低血清胆红素水平,减少蓝光照射时间,提高治疗效果。