腹腔镜超声引导下冷循环射频治疗肝细胞癌的初步应用体会

目的 评估腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗肝细胞癌的可行性、安全性及临床疗效.方法 对9例合并肝硬化的肝细胞癌患者进行腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗.结果 9例患者共13个肿瘤均成功进行了腹腔镜超声引导下射频消融治疗.肿瘤直径0.7～4.2 cm,平均(2.4±1.1)cm.腹腔镜超声发现2个术前影像学未显示的病灶.3例患者同时进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术、粘连松解术以及腹壁转移灶切除术.术中无患者死亡及严重并发症发生.术后1个月增强CT显示12个病灶完全坏死.1例患者术后6个月死于肝功能衰竭,8例患者存活.结论 腹腔镜射频消融是一种安全可行的肝细胞癌治疗方法,腹腔镜超声在此过程中可准确地发现术前影像学漏诊的病灶.     

超声介入无水乙醇量化治疗肝包膜下复发性肝癌的研究

目的评价超声介入注射无水乙醇量化治疗肝包膜下复发性肝癌的临床应用价值。方法临床病理证实的生长于肝包膜下的复发性肝癌患者136例，行超声介入无水乙醇量化注射治疗，注射量按回归方程Y=2．885X（当肿瘤直径≤5cm时），Y=1．805X（当肿瘤直径〉5cm时）计算（X为肿瘤最大直径，单位为cm;Y为注射乙醇量，单位为ml），每2～3d注射1次。直径≤5cm的肿瘤结节4～10次为一疗程，〉5cm的肿瘤结节10-20次为一疗程。所有病例随访12～60个月。观察临床症状与体征，并结合相关检查结果。统计1，2，3，4，5年生存率。结果超声引导无水乙醇量化注射治疗2～8周后肿瘤平均直径从3．4cm降为2．6cm。治疗后活检结果显示92．1％（126／136）未检出癌细胞，仅7．9％（10／136）可见变性癌细胞，均为肿瘤直径〉4．5cm者。治疗前AFP升高112例，治疗后转阴者占88．2％（99／112）。经超声引导无水乙醇注射治疗后1，2，3，4，5年生存率分别为93．4％，83．1％，72．8％，63．1％和51．9％，中数生存期为47．7月。均无严重并发症发生。结论超声介入注射无水乙醇量化治疗肝包膜下复发性肝癌有较高的临床应用价值，值得深入研究。     

CT导向下射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的:探讨射频消融(Radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗肝脏肿瘤的疗效和安全性。材料与方法:CT导向下经皮穿刺冷循环射频消融治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤38例,共55个病灶,其中原发性肝癌28例,转移性癌10例,治疗后用增强CT和MRI评价消融效果,并观察并发症和生存率。结果:RFA治疗后4周复查,肿瘤直径≤3cm,直径3cm～5cm,直径≥5cm,完全坏死率分别为91%,70%和17%,一年生存率为94%,无严重并发症。。结论:CT导向下经皮穿刺射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤是一种安全、有效的方法。     

超声引导下经皮穿刺射频消融治疗肝癌的临床价值

目的评价超声引导下射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌的临床应用价值.方法57例肝癌患者,共83个肿瘤结节(直径1.9~6.2cm),采用Lee Veen针(3.5cm/15G十电极),术中定位、穿刺采用超声引导,≤2.0cm结节单点消融,>2.0cm结节采用多点消融,每个肿瘤结节治疗1~3针,每3~6个月CT复查,对新出现的结节再次行RFA治疗.结果 RFA术后3~7d肿瘤完全消融率93.1%(78/83),术后3、6、12、24个月CT检查,肿瘤完全坏死分别为86%、81%、72%、65%,患者存活率分别为96%、91%、84%、67%.结论超声引导下射频消融治疗肝癌具有创伤小、见效快,并可多次进行、患者痛苦小、体质恢复快,无需输血等优点,是治疗肝癌有效和安全的方法之一.     

超声引导经皮无水乙醇量化治疗肝癌的临床研究

目的评价超声引导经皮无水乙醇量化注射治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)的临床应用价值.方法量化组:病理证实的HCC 238例,每次注射量按回归方程Y=2.885 X(当肿瘤直径≤5 cm时),Y=1.805 X(当肿瘤直径＞5 cm时)计算,其中X为肿瘤最大直径,单位为cm;Y为每次注射乙醇量,单位为ml,注射1次/2～3 d,4～10次/1个疗程,＞5 cm的肿瘤结节可以10～20次/1个疗程.非量化组:病理证实的HCC 148例,每次注射量按注射量(ml)=直径(cm) 1(肿瘤直径≤5 cm时)和注射量(ml)=直径(cm) 2(肿瘤直径＞5 cm时)计算,每周注射1次,4～10次/1个疗程.所有病例随访12～60个月,统计各组1、3及5年生存率、量化组＞3 cm与≤3 cm的肝内原位与异位复发率.结果量化组患者的1、3及5年生存率分别为92.0%、71.4%及52.7%,明显高于非量化组的86.5%、57.7%及31.6%(P＜0.01);量化组中肿瘤直径≤3 cm的患者1、3及5年生存率分别为96.3%、84.4%及65.0%,明显高于肿瘤直径＞3 cm患者的生存率88.6%、61.3%及43.8%;而1、3及5年原位复发率与异位复发率前者明显低于后者(P＜0.01).386例HCC经无水乙醇注射治疗后,均无大出血和严重心、肝、肾等功能损害及并发症发生.结论超声引导无水乙醇量化治疗HCC是针对肿瘤生长的空间与时间病理特点进行治疗的方法,其疗效明显优于非量化治疗,有较高的临床应用价值,值得深入研究.     

超声引导消融治疗肝癌微波与射频的比较

目的　比较超声引导下微波和射频两种肝癌消融治疗技术的临床应用价值。方法　自 1997年 8月至 2 0 0 0年 3月采用经皮微波固化治疗 (PMCT) 67例肝癌共 14 1个结节 ,直径 0 .8～ 6.4cm [(2 .5± 1.1)cm]。自 2 0 0 0年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 1月又采用经皮多电极射频 (PRF)治疗 2 3例肝癌共 41个结节 ,直径 0 .7～ 5 .0cm[(2 .5± 1.0 )cm]。总结上述两个阶段的临床研究结果 ,并结合复习文献 ,对PMCT和PRF的局部消融作用和侵袭性等作初步比较。结果　肿瘤完全消融率PMCT为 90 .1% (12 7/ 14 1个结节 ) ,PRF为 87.8% (3 6/ 41个结节 ) ,两者比较差异无统计学意义 (χ2 =0 .17,P =0 .68)。副反应及并发症发生率亦无差异。结论　微波和射频都是现时比较理想的介入超声治疗肝癌的手段。PMCT费用相对低廉 ,易被接受 ,目前影响射频消融在我国普遍开展的主要问题是价格过高     

射频消融治疗方案对肝大肿瘤的临床应用价值

目的　研究建立超声引导对射频消融治疗直径 >3 .5cm肝肿瘤的方案 ,评价对大肿瘤的消融灭活效果。方法　根据治疗范围至少达肿瘤周边 0 .5～ 1.0cm的原则 ,采用 5 .0cm消融灶设计不同大小肿瘤重叠消融的方案。按照数学模型计算建立的治疗方案包括覆盖肿瘤所需的最少消融灶数目、定位模式及实施程序。设立易于把握的实际布针方法。临床应用对象为根据计算方案治疗的原发性肝癌患者71例及肝转移癌患者 42例 ,计 113例 12 4个肿瘤 ,大小为 3 .6～ 7.0cm ,平均 ( 4 .75± 0 .92 )cm。结果12 4个肿瘤共穿刺消融 5 5 4个球灶。治疗后 1个月CT检查显示肿瘤完全灭活率达 87.9% ( 10 9/12 4灶 ) ;随访 3～ 2 7个月 ,局部复发率为 2 4.2 % ( 3 0 /12 4灶 ) ,预测平均无复发生存时间为 17.3个月。 2 5例因肿瘤复发共进行了 3 8次再次治疗 ,其中 17例再治疗 1次 ,8例再次治疗 2～ 3次。并发症 7例 ( 6.2 % ) ,仅 1例复发癌再治疗 1周后肠穿孔需外科手术治疗。结论　超声引导射频消融治疗方案的制定对治疗较大肝肿瘤提供了依据 ,并可指导临床实际应用。治疗结果显示该方法可显著提高肝大肿瘤消融灭活率 ,减少复发 ,证实是一项有效可行的治疗方案。     

射频及射频联合其他介入性治疗对肝癌术后复发的应用比较

目的比较原发性肝癌术后复发的射频及射频综合治疗方法及疗效.方法分别对123例肝细胞肝癌(HCC)术后复发患者共149个肿瘤病灶进行射频消融或射频消融综合治疗,(1)Ⅰ组66例77个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＜3cm),行单纯冷循环射频消融治疗(CRFA);(2)Ⅱ组57例72个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＞3cm),其中Ⅱ a组21例30个肿瘤病灶行单纯CRFA;Ⅱ b组36例42个肿瘤病灶于CRFA之前分别行肝动脉栓塞或瘤内无水酒精注射治疗;(3)Ⅲ组另选63例75个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＜3cm)行单纯瘤内无水酒精注射治疗(PEIT).术后观察各组患者治疗前及治疗后2周丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和术后1个月甲胎蛋白、二维及彩色多普勒血流显像、增强CT/MRI的改变.其中23例分别于消融治疗前后进行了超声造影检查.记录患者治疗后1、2、3年生存率.结果Ⅰ组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为92.2%(71/77),术后1个月AFP明显下降;术后1年生存率93.2%(55/59),2年生存率71.9%(23/32),3年生存率64.0%(16/25);Ⅱ a组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为23.3%(7/30),术后1个月仅1例AFP下降,术后1年生存率45.0%(9/20),2年生存率38.5%(5/13),3年生存率28.6%(2/7);Ⅱ b组术后1个月肿瘤病灶完全坏死率57.1%(24/42),术后1个月AFP下降;术后1年生存率65.6%(21/32),2年生存率47.4%(9/19),3年生存率38.5%(5/13);Ⅲ组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为78.7%(59/75),术后1个月AFP明显下降;术后1年生存率78.9%(45/57),2年生存率58.1%(18/31),3年生存率46.2%(12/26).结论对于术后复发的小肝癌CRFA的效果优于单纯瘤内无水酒精注射治疗,且术后复发的小肝癌肿瘤病灶是CRFA的最佳适应证;而对于直径大于3 cm的HCC复发肿瘤病灶,应采用包括射频消融、酒精注射以及肝动脉栓塞在内的综合治疗,以增强疗效和延长肝癌患者生存期.     

微波消融术治疗肝癌20例报告

目的探讨微波消融术治疗肝癌的临床疗效。方法对20例肝癌患者共21个结节采用经皮微波消融治疗。结果 20例患者,1次消融（含多点）18例,2次消融2例。20例患者治疗1个月后CT、磁共振检查显示,直径≤5 cm肿瘤完全消融率为100%,1例8 cm肿瘤患者和1例6 cm肿瘤患者行第2次消融。本组治疗过程中无一例出现穿刺道出血、感染等并发症。随访1～36个月,死亡5例,1、2、3年的累计生存率分别为90%、80%、75%。结论微波消融术是治疗肝癌有效和安全的方法,但对较大肿瘤局部复发率较高。     

经皮射频联合局部注射消融治疗肝癌疗效观察

目的:评价经皮射频消融(PRFA)联合无水酒精及热顺铂局部注射消融治疗肝癌的疗效及安全性。方法:2001年2月至2004年9月采用B超引导下PRFA联合无水酒精及热顺铂局部注射治疗肝癌76例109个病灶,原发性肝癌40例,转移性肝癌36例。肿瘤直径1.5～15.0cm,应用RF-2000和10电极LeVeen射频针。对1～2cm的小肿瘤选择Chiba针进行局部注射消融,而对>3cm者应用Quadra-Fuse多位穿刺注射针。结果:PRFA及局部注射消融治疗经过均顺利,并发症4例(5.3%),无相关死亡。随访率96.1%,随访期12～43个月,缓解率(CR+PR)为94.7%。患者1、2、3年生存率分别为96.1%、75.4%和42.9%。结论:PRFA联合局部注射消融是原发性及转移性肝癌的有效微创疗法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.