Impact of multilevel facetectomy on segmental spinal flexibility in patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to intraoperatively assess the effects of multilevel facetectomy on segmental spinal flexibility in patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.MethodsTwenty patients who underwent posterior thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curve correction were evaluated. Compressive or distractive loaded force of 50N was applied on the handle of a compressor or distractor connected to the necks of pedicle screws inserted at T7 to T11. Segmental spinal flexibility rates were calculated based on the distance between screw heads under the loaded and unloaded conditions. In addition, the flexibility rates were obtained before and after multilevel facetectomy.FindingsAbsolute flexibility rates of all segments significantly increased after multilevel facetectomy under both compressive and distractive forces (P < 0.01). The absolute change in the flexibility rate was significantly higher at the concave side than at the convex side under both compressive (P < 0.01) and distractive loaded forces (P = 0.046). No significant correlation was found between change in the flexibility rates and preoperative Cobb angle or preoperative curve flexibility.InterpretationFrom a biomechanical point of view, multilevel facetectomy provides proper spinal flexibility to improve the correction rate of posterior adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. The effects are higher at the concave side than at the convex side.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸植入物内固定后冠状面失平衡及模型构建

背景：青少年特发性脊柱侧凸是目前临床上影响青少年身体外观的常见病,但通过Logistic回归方程来分析固定后冠状面失平衡目前尚缺乏报道。目的：探讨Lenke Ⅱ型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者固定后冠状面失平衡的原因。方法：对新疆医科大学第一附属医院脊柱外科2001年1月至2012年11月收治的141例Lenke Ⅱ型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者进行多个变量的单因素比较和多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选导致青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者固定后发生冠状面失平衡的危险因素,并构建预测模型。结果与结论：141例患者中有30例出现固定后冠状面失平衡,占全部受试患者的21．28％。对于LenkeII型特发性脊柱侧弯畸形患者,固定前顶椎3—4级Nash-More椎体旋转、4—5级Risser征、主弯矫正率,柔韧性〉1、下胸弯Cobb角〉70。等易引起固定后冠状面失平衡。多因素Logistic回归分析提示椎体旋转、Risser征、主弯矫正率,柔韧性、下胸弯Cobb角等是LenkeII型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者固定后发生冠状面失平衡的独立危险因素。预测模型为Y=1／[1＋exp（-1．182X1＋1．228X2＋1．671X3-0．71X4＋0．407）]。     

特发性脊柱侧凸椎旁肌组织Bcl-2蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的研究

背景特发性脊柱侧凸的病因学尚不十分清楚,已有几位学者发现在特发性脊柱侧凸的产生与进展中椎旁肌肉可能是重要的致病因素之一,因此,椎旁肌在脊柱侧凸中作用已经成为研究热点.目的本研究通过比较脊柱侧凸患者胸弯顶点处凸侧、凹侧椎旁肌的Bcl-2,Caspase-3及bcl-x表达的差异,以从分子生物学角度探讨椎旁肌在脊柱侧凸中的可能的作用机制.设计随机对照研究.地点和对象在北京协和医院骨科完成.对照组为胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者2例.研究组为胸椎侧凸畸形患者10例,男2例,女8例;年龄12-17岁(平均14.3岁).平均Cobb角57.7°(范围45°～85°).干预手术中,于T6～T11椎体水平的侧弯顶椎水平取双侧椎旁肌部分组织甲醛固定,行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色;其余组织冰冻,进行免疫组织化学及Western印迹杂交.主要观察指标①脊柱侧凸凸侧、凹侧椎旁肌组织中Bcl-2的表达.②椎旁肌组织肌纤维形态.③椎旁肌肌细胞的凋亡情况.结果脊柱侧凸患者凸侧肌肉组织Bcl-2蛋白的表达量降低.脊柱侧凸患者及正常对照椎旁肌肉组织均存在个别细胞的凋亡,二者无明显差异.凸侧肌纤维比其凹侧及正常对照的肌纤维明显变细.结论神经-肌肉异常所致的椎旁肌的不对称有可能是特发性脊柱侧凸发生发展的一个重要因素,而这种不对称很可能与Bcl-2表达不对称相关.     

运动干预青少年脊柱侧弯Cobb角的变化

背景：青少年脊柱侧弯康复目前有许多方法,但针对患者的病症,以功能能力为目标运动疗法报道不多。目的：观察分析运动干预对青少年脊柱侧弯Cobb角恢复的疗效。方法：对1例15岁青少年脊柱侧弯患者做干预前拍摄X射线片,测量Cobb角度,确定弯屈的位置,根据弯曲位置确定相关肌肉,设计出功能动作,进行针对练习和运动模式练习。运动干预包括：①左腿跨侧栏练习。②左腿侧够橡皮筋练习（左手拉下高于头的皮筋,在橡皮筋弹性回落时及时用脚踝勾住。要求左侧腰部肌肉要及时收缩）。③舞蹈的扒杆动作练习（左侧）：擦地练习、划圈练习、小踢腿练习和蹲练习。④左侧侧压腿练习（拉伸右侧肌肉）。⑤直臂侧下拉皮带（双侧的背阔肌）。⑥俯卧沙袋提拉。⑦左侧单臂悬垂练习。⑧垫上运动：前、后滚翻,肩肘倒立起。⑨腹肌练习（正、侧转）。⑩教了4套韵律体操组合。所有的练习都在音乐控制下完成。共干预约50次,1—1．5h,次,时间为两个半月。再次拍摄X射线片观察Cobb角的改变,观察干预前后患侧神经肌肉功能的进步情况。结果与结论：通过两个半月,约50次（每次1．0-1．5h）训练,使患者的Cobb角34°回到28°,专科医生建议可不用戴支具。说明运动干预对青少年脊柱侧弯Cobb角恢复效果显著。     

矫形支具配合矫正体操对特发性脊柱侧弯的作用

目的:探讨脊柱矫形器配合矫正体操治疗特发性脊柱侧弯患者的疗效。方法:40例特发性脊柱侧弯患儿。均每天穿戴矫形支具时间23h并配合脊柱矫正体操练习,要求达到凸侧肌肉收缩,凹侧肌肉牵伸,每次30min,每天1-2次。穿戴期间定期X线片检查脊柱Cobb角。结果:1年后随访,40例患儿中33例能坚持穿戴矫形支具和进行矫正体操练习;胸椎、腰椎Cobb角与治疗前比较均降低(P<0.05)。单弧侧弯治疗的效果比双弧更明显(P<0.05)。结论:矫形支具配合矫正体操治疗能矫正脊柱侧弯畸形,是治疗特发性脊柱侧弯的一种有价值的方法。     

Feasibility of Rib Kinematics and Intercostal-Space Biomechanical Characterization by Ultrasound in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

The aim of this work was to determine the feasibility of combined ultrasonography and elastography measurement to characterize the mechanical properties of the intercostal space during breathing. Eighteen asymptomatic participants (ages 13 ± 2 y) and six participants with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) were included (Cobb angle 60° ± 12°). Ultrasonographic and elastographic clips were acquired of T8–T9 ribs and the intercostal space. The two adjacent ribs were tracked to infer the breathing cycle. Shear-wave speed (SWS) was measured in the intercostal space at different stages of the breathing cycle. SWS was symmetric in the control group, during both expiration and inspiration. In AIS, the SWS during inspiration was higher in the convex side than in the concave one (p = 0.02). Furthermore, SWS was higher during inspiration than expiration in the control group and in the AIS convex side, but not in the AIS concave side (p > 0.05). This new method combining echography and shear-wave elastography allowed measurement of the mechanical characteristics of the intercostal space at different phases of the breathing cycle and highlighted differences between the AIS and control groups. This approach opens the way to further analyses of the biomechanical characteristics of breathing in severe AIS.     

脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法治疗轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的疗效观察

目的探讨以脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法为核心的康复干预对轻度特发性脊柱侧凸患者的疗效。 方法将30例轻度特发性脊柱侧凸患者分为观察组及康复治疗组。观察组患者给予常规健康宣教,康复治疗组患者给予脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法治疗,每周训练2~3次,每次治疗60min,共治疗12周。比较治疗前、后2组患者躯干旋转角度、冠状面Cobb角、椎体旋转角度、静态平衡功能(跌倒指数)、骨强度［包括桡骨远端声速(SOS)、Z值、百分位等指标］、竖脊肌表面肌电信号、肺功能［用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量占预计值百分比(FVC/Pred%)、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1 pred%)、用力呼气量占用力肺活量比值(FEV1/FVC%)］、生活质量改善情况等。 结果与治疗前比较,观察组患者治疗后最大Cobb角显著增大(P<0.01),治疗前、后躯干旋转角度、椎体旋转角度、跌倒指数、SOS、Z值、百分位、FVC、FEV1、FVC pred%、FEV1 pred%、FEV1/FVC%及生活质量各维度得分差异均无统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗前、后顶椎水平竖脊肌凹侧激活率均显著小于凸侧激活率(P<0.01)。康复治疗组治疗前、后躯干旋转角、最大Cobb角、椎体旋转角度、跌倒指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后骨强度SOS、Z值、百分位、FVC、FEV1、功能活动维度得分均显著优于治疗前水平(P<0.05),治疗前顶椎水平竖脊肌凹侧激活率小于凸侧(P<0.05),治疗后双侧顶椎水平竖脊肌激活率间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论早期进行以脊柱侧凸特定运动疗法为核心的康复治疗可阻止轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者侧凸畸形进展,提高骨强度,改善肺功能,减少双侧竖脊肌肌肉运动控制差异,提高患者生活质量,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

特发性脊柱侧凸椎旁肌组织中神经型及诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的研究

背景特发性脊柱侧凸病因不清楚,目前关于其病因及发病机制存在诸多争论.椎旁肌在脊柱侧凸中作用已经成为研究热点.目的比较特发性脊柱侧凸胸椎椎旁肌肉中神经型一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达与定位.设计以诊断为依据设立对照的实验研究.地点与对象北京协和医院骨科收治胸椎侧凸畸形患者10例,其中男8例,女2例;平均年龄14岁.胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者2例做对照.干预手术中,于T6～T11椎体水平的侧弯顶椎水平取双侧椎旁肌,部分组织甲醛固定,行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色;其余组织冰冻,进行免疫组织化学及Western印迹杂交.主要观察指标脊柱侧凸患者及正常椎旁肌组织中神经型一氧化氮合酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达情况.?结果脊柱侧凸患者脊柱凸侧椎旁肌组织与凹侧椎旁肌组织和正常对照相比,神经型一氧化氮合酶的表达明显下调,诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达也有所下调,但诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达总量较低.Western印迹检测得到同样的结果.结论脊柱侧凸患者双侧椎旁肌神经型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达不均衡,可能与特发性脊柱侧凸发生存在密切关系,诱导型一氧化氮合酶可能在特发性脊柱侧凸的发生中不发挥作用.     

Assessment of Paraspinal Muscle Hardness in Subjects With a Mild Single Scoliosis Curve: A Preliminary Myotonometer Study

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hardness of the paraspinal muscles in the convexity and concavity of patients with scoliosis curvatures and in the upper trapezius (UT) muscle in subjects with mild idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and to observe the correlation between the myotonometer (MYO) measurements and the value of body mass index (BMI) and the Cobb angle.

Methods

The sample included 13 patients with a single-curve mild IS (Risser sign ≤ 4) at thoracic, lumbar, or thoracolumbar level (mean Cobb angle of 11.53º). Seven females and 6 males were recruited, with a mean age of 12.84 ± 3.06 (9-18) years. A MYO was used to examine the differences in muscle hardness on both sides of the scoliosis curvature at several points: (a) apex of the curve, (b) upper and lower limits of the curve, and (c) the midpoint between the apex and the upper limit and between the apex and the lower limit. The UT was also explored.

Results

Although the MYO recorded lower values in all points on the concave side of the scoliosis, there were no significant differences in the comparison between sides (P > .05). No association was observed between BMI and MYO values, whereas the Cobb angle negatively correlated with muscle hardness only at 2 points on the convex side.

Conclusion

The preliminary findings show that, in subjects with a single-curve mild IS, muscular hardness in the UT and paraspinal muscles, as assessed using a MYO, was not found to differ between the concave and the convex sides at different reference levels.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者椎旁肌表面肌电信号时域指标变化规律

目的:采用表面肌电图（sEMG）检测技术对青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症(AIS)患者脊柱旁凸、凹侧椎旁肌肌电活动时域指标变化规律进行初步探讨。方法:AIS患者25例,男7例,女18例,年龄11—21岁;正常对照组少年14例,男4例,女10例,年龄12—19岁;两组受试者均执行BST实验、抬物实验,采用ME6000型表面肌电仪记录受试者双侧椎旁肌表面肌电信号时域指标平均肌电值（AEMG）、频谱面积（SPA）。结果: AIS患者脊柱旁顶椎区凸、凹侧椎旁肌AEMG(凸侧106.76±47.73μV/s, 凹侧67.93±26.11μV/s,P<0.01),SPA（凸侧11.01±8.81 m2,凹侧4.38±3.14m2,P<0.01）,差异具有显著性意义;正常对照组椎旁肌左、右侧表面肌电值差异无显著性意义。结论: AIS患者脊柱旁顶椎区凸、凹侧椎旁肌肌电活动不对称,表面肌电图可用作评定AIS脊柱旁凸、凹侧肌电活动差别的客观检查之一,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Ultrasound evaluation of the symmetry of abdominal muscles in mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

[Purpose] The objective of the study was to evaluate the symmetry of the thickness of the abdominal muscles at rest and while standing in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. [Subjects and Methods] An ultrasound assessment was performed of the side-to-side differences of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominalis (TrA) muscles in the supine and standing positions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and control groups. [Results] In the AIS group, 64.3% of the patients had left scoliosis with a mean Cobb angle of 10.7°, and 35.7% of the patients had right scoliosis with a mean Cobb angle of 10°. In the supine position, the thickness asymmetry of the TrA was greater in the AIS compared with the control group by an average of 14% (95% CI 3.9–24.2). [Conclusion] Among the abdominal muscles examined, patients with AIS exhibited more asymmetry only for the TrA. In the standing position, the TrA was as symmetric in the patients as in the control group. Mild scoliosis has no impact on the symmetry of the thickness of the OE and OI in the supine and standing positions. The direction of curvature had no effect on the symmetry of the abdominal muscles studied.Key words: Adolescent, Idiopathic scoliosis     

不同矫形力矫正特发性脊柱侧凸的三维有限元分析

获得1例PUMCⅡD2脊柱侧凸女性患者的CT资料,导入医学建模软件mimics11.11,得到医学仿真模型.仿真模型导入有限元分析软件abaqus 6.7,建立特发性脊柱侧凸患者有限元分析模型(T1～S).取短节段胸弯(T)有限元模型,分别以单纯凹侧撑开、单纯凸侧加压、同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压、先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压、先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开5种矫形方法,利用计算机软件abaqus模拟椎弓根螺钉矫形,于端椎椎弓根内分别赋予50,100,200N载荷,比较T6椎体的Y轴(矢状面)、Z轴(冠状面)位移变化,分别代表后凸和侧凸的矫正效果.T6在Z轴位移:单纯凹侧撑开优于单纯凸侧加压、同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压、先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压及先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开(P＜0.01);同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压、先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压及先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开三者T6在Z轴位移相同,且都优于单纯凸侧加压(P＜0.01).T6在Y轴位移:单纯凸侧加压优于单纯凹侧撑开、同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压、先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压和先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开(P＜0.01);同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压、先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压和先凸侧加压后[LI]侧撑开三者T6在Y轴位移相同,且都优于单纯凹侧撑开(P＜0.01).结果提示,对侧弯冠状面的矫正,单纯凹侧撑开＞同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压=先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压=先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开＞单纯凸侧加压.对矢状面后凸的矫正,单纯凸侧加压＞同时凹侧撑开凸侧加压=先凹侧撑开后凸侧加压=先凸侧加压后凹侧撑开＞单纯凹侧撑开.单纯凹侧撑开无明显的后凸矫正作用,相反一定程度上可以导致后凸增大.单纯凸侧加压无明显的前凸矫正作用,相反一定程度上可以导致前凸增大.     

Detection of progressive idiopathic scoliosis during growth using back surface topography: A prospective study of 100 patients

The progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is typically monitored via regular radiographic follow-up. The Cobb angle (as measured on whole-spine radiographs) is considered as the gold standard in scoliosis monitoring.ObjectiveTo determine the sensitivity and specificity of back surface topography parameters, with a view to detecting changes in the Cobb angle.Patient and methodOne hundred patients (mean age: 13.3) with Cobb angles greater than 10 degrees were included. Topographic parameters were measured in a standard position and in a position with hunched shoulders. Gibbosities and spinal curvatures were evaluated.ResultsAn increase of more than 2 degrees in any one gibbosity or in the sum of the gibbosities (in either of the two examination positions) enabled the detection of a five-degree increase in the Cobb angle with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 50%.ConclusionIf the present results are confirmed by other studies, analysis with back surface topography parameters may reduce the number of X-ray examinations required to detect increases in the Cobb angle.     

Association of spinal deformity and pelvic tilt with gait asymmetry in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: Investigation of ground reaction force

BackgroundAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a prevalent orthopedic problem in children ages 10 to 16 years. Although genetic, physiological and biomechanical factors are considered to contribute to the onset and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between spinal deformity and inter-leg ground reaction force asymmetry during walking in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients.MethodsFourteen patients (3 males and 11 females) participated in this study. Maximum Cobb's angle, adjusted Cobb's angle, and pelvic tilt were calculated from X-ray images. Asymmetry indices between legs were also calculated from ground reaction force magnitude and time variables from their preferred speed walking. Pearson coefficients of correlation were used to investigate associations of asymmetry indices with angle variables.FindingsAsymmetry indices of ground reaction force magnitudes positively correlated with adjusted Cobb's angle and maximum Cobb's angle mainly during the peak of braking phase, average of braking phase, while asymmetry indices of ground reaction force time variables showed no significant correlation with adjusted or maximum Cobb's angle. In contrast, asymmetry indices of ground reaction force time variables positively correlated with pelvic tilt during stance phase.InterpretationWe concluded that the spinal deformity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients estimated using the maximum and adjusted Cobb's angles is generally associated with greater asymmetry of ground reaction force magnitudes in walking, while the pelvic tilt is associated with the greater asymmetry of ground reaction force time variables.     

核心肌力训练对轻中度青少年特发性脊柱侧弯患儿肌群肌力改善及Cobb角的影响

目的探讨核心肌力训练对轻中度青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)患儿肌群肌力改善及Cobb角的影响。方法选取2018年1月—2019年12月于医院接受治疗的青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)患儿98例,按照组间基本特征匹配的原则分为对照组与观察组,各49例。对照组采用常规支具治疗与护理,观察组在此基础上采用核心肌力训练干预,比较两组患儿肌群肌力改善情况、Cobb角、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)及肢体运动功能评分(FMA)。结果观察组肌群肌力优于对照组(P<0.05);Cobb角、VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05),FMA评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AIS)患儿采用核心肌力训练干预效果明显,可有效提升患儿肌群肌力水平,改善Cobb角,降低疼痛感,促进患儿运动功能恢复。     

Influence of asymmetric mobilisation of the trunk on the Cobb angle and rotation in idiopathic scoliosisin children and adolescents

Background. The aim of the study was the radiological evaluation of the treatment of the idiopathic scoliosis utilising asymmetric trunk mobilisation in the strictly symmetric initial position. Material and methods. Presented study was based upon 136 cases (13 boys aged from 6 to 16 years and 123 girls aged from 6 to 18 years) treated due to the idiopathic scoliosis (from November 1999 to February 2001). Among 48 children suffering from double-major scoliosis 6 cases were infant scoliosis, 20 juvenile and 22 adolescent. Among 88 single scoliosis 6 were infant, 33 juvenile and 49 adolescent. Radiological examination was conducted always in the repeatable technical conditions. Radiograms were evaluated by the same physician. Radiological analysis of the scoliosis included value of the Cobb angle, angle of axial rotation. Results. In double-major scoliosis observed during one year period, in the thoracic segment Cobb angle decreased in 31,3%, increased in 39,5% and in 29,2% was unchanged. Axial rotation angle in 16,7% of cases decreased, in 35,4% increased and remained the same in 47,9%. In the lumbar segment Cobb angle decreased in 35,4%, increased in 39,6%, remained in 25%. Angle of axial rotation decreased in 23% of cases, increased in 29% and persisted in 48%. In single scoliosis Cobb angle decreased in 38,6%, increased in 35,3% and in 26,1% was unchanged. Axial rotation angle in 21,6% of cases decreased, in 29,5% increased and remained the same in 48,9%. Conclusion. Asymmetric mobilisation of the trunk in strictly symmetric initial positions is a method of choice in the conservative treatment of the idiopathic scoliosis.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定材料置入并植骨融合后路矫正治疗重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸20例

背景:主弯Cobb角大于65°、柔韧性小于34.5%的重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸多以传统的前后联合入路手术矫正,但并发症较多.应用使单纯后路手术对矫正置入椎弓根螺钉固定材料植入并植骨融合是否会有更好的效果?目的:评价单纯后路矫正椎弓根螺钉固定材料并植骨融合术矫正治疗重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的效果.设计:病例分析.单位:上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院骨科.对象:选择1999-06/2005-08在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院骨科收治的20例重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者,男8例,女12例,年龄12～18岁,平均15岁.均经全脊柱X片确诊.King-Moe分型Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型5例,Ⅳ型3例,Ⅴ型2例.术前侧凸主弯平均Cobb角82°(75o～92o),平均柔韧性为30%(20%～40%),术前平均双肩高度差为15 mm(5～35 mm). 患者中Risser征1度3例,2度5例,3度6例,4度5例,5度1例.患者及家属均对治疗知情同意,实验经过医院伦理委员会批准许可.本组患者所用的人工骨为美国Wright公司的产品Osteoset.方法:患者均行单纯后路矫正椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合手术,暴露预定融合范围内椎体的棘突、椎板、关节突关节及横突.暴露完成后先根据进钉点的解剖标志以徒手技术在术前确定的"关键性椎体"上置入椎弓根螺钉.其中6例手术以TSRH系统进行固定,其余手术均以CDH M8系统固定.术后评估手术时间及失血量.术后7 d 采用X线测量患者Cobb角,计算主弯矫正率,同时评估双肩高度差及住院时间.术后4年随访患者并发症及恢复情况.主要观察指标:①手术时间及失血量.②Cobb角及主弯矫正率.③双肩高度差及住院时间.④随访结果.结果:患者20例均进入结果分析.①手术时间及失血量:手术时间为3.2～4.3 h,平均3.5 h;失血量为660～1 070 mL,平均865 mL.②Cobb角及主弯矫正率:术后主弯平均Cobb角从术前的82°(75o～ 92o)矫正到31°(22°～37°),平均矫正率为62%.③双肩高度差及住院时间:术后脊柱侧位片均显示患者胸腰椎基本恢复正常后凸及前凸,平均双肩高度差为7.5 mm(0～11 mm),患者住院日为8～11 d, 平均9 d.④随访结果:所有患者均获术后4年随访,所有侧凸主弯矫正角度未发生丢失,固定节段全部融合,无断钉、断棒发生.结论:单纯后路椎弓根螺钉内固定材料置入并植骨融合术能有效治疗主弯在75o～92o,柔韧性≥ 20%的重度僵硬性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸.     

Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of myotonometric measurement of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness in patients with stroke

Chuang L-L, Wu C-Y, Lin K-C. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of myotonometric measurement of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness in patients with stroke.ObjectiveTo assess the metric properties of a myotonometer.DesignMetric study.SettingThree medical centers.ParticipantsStroke patients (N=67).InterventionUpper-extremity rehabilitation programs.Main Outcome MeasuresThe tone, elasticity, and stiffness of relaxed extensor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris were measured using the myotonometer. Fifty-eight patients completed the myotonometer measures twice at pretreatment. The myotonometric measurement and the criteria measures, including hand strength (grip, lateral pinch, and palmar pinch strength) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) were administered at pretreatment and posttreatment.ResultsThe myotonometer showed high test-retest reliability for muscle properties in 3 muscles. Significant correlations existed between the tone and stiffness of the 3 muscles and palmar pinch strength, between those of the flexor carpi muscles and lateral pinch strength, and between those of the flexor carpi radialis and the ARAT at posttreatment. The posttreatment elasticity of the 2 flexor carpi muscles was significantly correlated with grip strength. The pretreatment elasticity of the flexor carpi ulnaris was significantly correlated with posttreatment grip strength, and the pretreatment muscle tone and stiffness of the flexor carpi radialis were significantly correlated with palmar pinch strength and the ARAT. The responsiveness of the extensor digitorum was higher than that of the flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris. Muscle stiffness was more responsive than tone and elasticity in 3 muscles.ConclusionsMyotonometry can be a reliable, valid, and responsive outcome measure for assessing muscle properties after stroke rehabilitation.     

Indices of torso asymmetry related to spinal deformity in scoliosis

OBJECTIVE: To develop indices that quantify 360 degrees torso surface asymmetry sufficiently well to estimate the Cobb angle of scoliotic spinal deformity within the clinically important 5-10 degrees range. DESIGN: Prospective study in 48 consecutive adolescent scoliosis patients (Cobb angles 10-71 degrees ). BACKGROUND: Scoliotic surface asymmetry has been quantified on the back surface by indices such as back surface rotation (BSR) and curvature of the spinous process line and torso centroid line, though with limited success in spinal deformity estimation. Quantification of 360 degrees torso shape may enhance surface-spine correlation and permit reduced use of harmful X-rays in scoliosis. METHODS: For each patient a 3D torso surface model was generated concurrently with postero-anterior X-rays. We computed indices describing principal axis orientation, back surface rotation, and asymmetry of the torso centroid line, left and right half-areas and the spinous process line. We calculated correlations of each index to the Cobb angle and used stepwise regression to estimate the Cobb angle. RESULTS: Several torso asymmetry indices correlated well to the Cobb angle (r up to 0.8). The Cobb angle was best estimated by age, rib hump and left-right variation in torso width in unbraced patients and by centroid lateral deviation in braced patients. A regression model estimated the Cobb angle from torso indices within 5 degrees in 65% of patients and 10 degrees in 88% (r=0.91, standard error=6.1 degrees ). CONCLUSION: Consideration of 360 degrees torso surface data yielded indices that correlated well to the Cobb angle and estimated the Cobb angle within 10 degrees in 88% of cases. RELEVANCE: The torso asymmetry indices developed here show a strong surface-spine relation in scoliosis, encouraging development of a model to detect scoliosis magnitude and progression from the surface shape with minimal X-ray radiation.     

Influence of Forward Head Posture on Myotonometric Measurements of Superficial Neck Muscle Tone,Elasticity, and Stiffness in Asymptomatic Individuals With Sedentary Jobs

ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to assess the influence of forward head posture on the mechanical parameters and pressure pain threshold of superficial neck muscles in clinically nonsymptomatic individuals with sedentary jobs.MethodsTwenty-five office workers with forward head posture and 25 office workers with normal head posture were matched for sex, age, body mass index, and the nature and duration of their work and were compared at a single point. The study participants were divided into study groups on the basis of photometric craniovertebral angle measurements. The upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and splenius capitis mechanical properties were assessed in the sitting position. Primary outcome measures were muscle stiffness (N/m), muscle tone (Hz), and muscle elasticity. The secondary variable was perceived pain threshold.ResultsNo significant differences between the groups were found for biomechanical properties and perceived pain threshold in the studied muscles.ConclusionForward head posture has no impact on muscle stiffness, tone, and elasticity, nor does it increase the pressure sensitivity of superficial neck muscles in healthy, mildly symptomatic office workers. It is most likely that not incorrect posture of the cervical spine, but probably other factors combined with forward head posture, like comorbid acute and chronic cervical pain and musculoskeletal disorders or prolonged sitting, contribute to changes in active myofascial tone and tensegrity as well as increased pressure sensitivity of neck muscles.