假肥大型肌营养不良患儿的肌肉病理及dystrophin免疫组化SP法检测的临床意义

目的探讨肌肉病理及抗肌萎缩蛋白（dystrophin）免疫组化SP法检测在假肥大型肌营养不良诊断中的临床价值。方法通过组织学观察和免疫组化SP法检测方法,对50例假肥大型肌营养不良患儿[40例Duchenne型营养不良（DMD组）,10例Becker型营养不良（BMD组）]肌纤维膜dystrophin的表达、肌肉病理改变及临床表现进行观察,并与30例其他疾病（多发性肌炎3例、皮肌炎6例、糖元累积病1例、脂质累积病15例、周围神经病2例、脊肌萎缩症3例）对照组患儿进行对比分析。结果肌肉病理显示：DMD组中有30例肌肉病理改变较重,10例较轻;BMD组的肌肉病理改变较轻,这些均与年龄有关。免疫组化显示：DMD组肌肌纤维膜均有严重的dystro-phin缺失,BMD组肌纤维膜有50%~70%的dystrophin缺失;对照组无dystrophin缺失。结论肌肉病理及dys-trophin SP免疫组化检测对假肥大型肌营养不良具有较大的临床意义。     

肌营养不良蛋白表达在萎缩性肌病鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨肌营养不良蛋白(Dystrophin蛋白)在萎缩性肌病中的表达及其临床意义。方法对均表现为双下肢近端肌肉萎缩的43例肌营养不良患者、3例其他神经肌肉疾病患者(包括1例脂质沉积性肌病、2例运动神经元病)及5例正常对照者的骨骼肌标本进行Dystrophin蛋白免疫组化染色。结果 Duchenne型肌营养不良(DMD)患者肌细胞膜上无显色,Becker型肌营养不良(BMD)患者全部为弱阳性,BMD/LGMD(肢带型肌营养不良)患者中6例肌细胞膜上显色浅淡、不连续或呈斑片状,其余15例患者肌细胞膜上染色正常;2例运动神经元病患者中1例肌细胞膜显色浅淡、呈斑片状,另1例染色正常。脂质沉积性肌病患者和正常对照肌细胞膜上染色均正常。结论对于存在双下肢近端肌肉萎缩的临床表现相似的肌病患者,Dystrophin免疫组化染色可以将其大致区分,对早期预测肢体功能影响程度及正确地进行遗传咨询具有重要意义。     

中国北方59个假肥大性肌营养不良家系中抗肌萎缩蛋白基因突变分析

目的 分析研究我国北方地区假肥大性肌营养不良[分为杜克肌营养不良(DMD)和贝克肌营养不良(BMD)]患者抗肌萎缩蛋白基因突变的类型,断裂点的分布,并为临床应用奠定基础.方法 采用多重连接探针扩增法(MLPA)检测59个来自北方地区DMD(51例)及BMD(8例)家系的男性患者及其父母的抗肌萎缩蛋白基因突变情况.结果 从59个DMD/BMD家系的59例DMD/BMD患者中,检测到33例外显子缺失,6例外显子重复和l例点突变;内含子44是最常见的断裂点(n=13,33.3%),内含子50和45为第二位(n=11,28.2%)和第三位(n=8,20.5%).并发现2例为Leiden数据库中未报道的新发突变,即D,149的2个位点的重复突变(外显子3～7和外显子44)和D165的点突变[5208del(A)].1例患者为中国人群中未见报道的外显子22缺失.19例患者用MLPA方法未检测到突变.结论 缺失突变主要发生在外显子45～50的中央热区,重复突变主要发生在基因的5'端,内含子44是中国北方人群DMD基因缺失最常见的断裂点.     

杜氏肌营养不良与贝氏肌营养不良常规MRI的对比研究

目的 探讨常规MRI鉴别诊断杜氏肌营养不良（DMD）和贝氏肌营养不良（BMD）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经临床确诊为抗肌萎缩蛋白病697例患者的臀部及大腿肌肉影像学资料,比较DMD与BMD影像学征象的异同。结果 DMD与BMD患者肌肉脂肪浸润的分布规律一致,DMD总体脂肪浸润程度高于BMD（P=0.034）,且以臀大肌、股直肌、缝匠肌为著;肌肉总体水肿程度差异无统计学意义（P=0.065）,但DMD大腿后群肌肉及缝匠肌的水肿明显高于BMD。DMD与BMD患者肌肉萎缩及肥大的选择性受累规律一致,BMD股外侧肌、股中间肌、股内侧肌、半膜肌及股二头肌长头萎缩频率明显高于DMD（P<0.05）;DMD与BMD患者肌肉的肥大改变差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 常规MRI可鉴别诊断DMD与BMD。     

MLPA及测序技术在DMD/BMD家系分析中的应用

目的运用MLPA技术和DNA及cDNA测序技术对DMD/BMD进行家系分析,对患者、可能携带者基因诊断并探讨诊断流程的临床可行性。方法对2个DMD/BMD家系中6例患者、13例女性可能携带者、6例男性家系成员,6例女性和男性健康对照共31例采集外周血提取DNA,运用MLPA技术分析对以上31例的DMD基因79个外显子;患者取右侧腓肠肌10～30mg肌肉提取RNA,逆转录cDNA;分别进行DNA及cDNA序列测定,测序结果与MLPA结果进行比较。结果经MLPA检测,家系1的4例患者均缺失DMD基因Exon50,家系2中2例患者均缺失Exon43。以上结果经肌肉cDNA测序证实了相应外显子缺失。结论 MLPA技术结合DNA及cDNA测序技术进行DMD家系分析具有可靠的临床应用价值。     

Duchenne型肌营养不良症病人中出现"返祖纤维"的免疫荧光和分子生物学研究

目的：探讨临床诊断为Duchenne型肌营养不良（Duchenne's muscular dystrophy,DMD)病人的免疫荧光检测中出现“返祖纤维”现象的可能机制。方法；对病人的肌肉组织行免疫荧光检查抗肌营养不良蛋白（dystrophin)抗体，并同时对病人DMD基因中的25个外显子进行检测。结果：21例病人中有5例出现“返祖纤维”现象，即在免疫荧光检测中有单个或一小簇肌纤维呈阳性反应，其余呈阴性表现，多重PCR检测该5例病人，其中3例有外显子缺失。结论：“返祖纤维”现象提示：病人的个别肌纤维可能存在完整的抗肌营养不良蛋白基因表达，其发病机制可能有别于传统意义上的DMD发病机制。“返祖纤维”现象可用来评估病人的预后，并为临床治疗提供一些新的思路。     

杜氏肌营养不良患儿行肌肉活检术的护理

肌肉活检术是确诊神经肌肉疾病的重要手段之一,主要适应症是患者出现肌肉无力、肌肉强直、肌肉疼痛或握痛等表现,肌电图显示肌源性损害,肌酸磷酸激酶升高[1].杜氏肌营养不良( Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)是最常见的进行性肌营养不良,本病从肢体活动无力逐渐发展到生活不能自理直至死亡,预后极差,致残率和致死率极高[2].DMD的确诊有赖于在患儿的活检肌肉中发现Dystrophin蛋白的完全缺失[3].2004年10月～2010年8月,我科通过肌肉活检术诊断杜氏肌营养不良患儿93例,现将护理经验总结如下.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗Duchenne肌营养不良型mdx小鼠后的肌电图和dystrophin蛋白表达改变

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）移植治疗Duchenne肌营养不良（DMD）模型鼠mdx鼠后肌电图改变及dystrophin蛋白表达变化。方法 分离培养正常小鼠MSCs局部肌肉注射移植入DMD模型鼠mdx鼠，数周后观察肌电图改变及dystrophin蛋白表达变化。结果 MSCs移植后mdx鼠肌电图明显改善，dystrophin蛋白阳性表达肌纤维增加明显。结论 MSCs局部骨骼肌肌肉内细胞移植治疗mdx鼠有一定效果。     

糖皮质激素治疗杜氏肌营养不良患儿的观察及护理

杜氏肌营养不良(Duchenne Muscular dystrophy,DMD)是dystrophin蛋白完全缺失导致的一种致死性进行性肌营养不良,发病率为活产男婴的1/3 500.本病为X连锁隐性遗传,通常在3～5岁发病,表现为进行性加重的肌无力、萎缩和腓肠肌假性肥大,因肌肉破坏严重,大部分患儿在10岁左右丧失行走能力,19岁时因呼吸衰竭或心力衰竭死亡[1-3].目前,DMD尚无有效的根治方法,主要以保存患者运动功能、防治并发症为治疗目的,其中糖皮质激素治疗是国内外公认的可延缓患者肌力丧失速度,改善运动功能[4-6]的药物.2004年10月～2010年12月,我科应用糖皮质激素治疗DMD患儿93例,现将护理体会报告如下.     

Duchenne型肌营养不良1例诊断体会

Duchenne型肌营养不良(DMD)亦称假肥大型肌营养不良症,是一类X连锁隐性致死性遗传疾病,是肌营养不良蛋白基因突变引起的肌营养不良蛋白功能缺失或不足,导致肌肉无力,运动迟缓,行走丧失,呼吸障碍和心肌病等[1]。现报道1例DMD诊断过程。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.