Factors associated with HIV risk perception among people who inject drugs: Findings from a cross-sectional behavioral survey in Kermanshah,Iran

Background: In Iran there are limited data regarding HIV risk perceptions among people who inject drugs (PWID). The objective of this study was to explore HIV risk perception and to examine factors associated with the perception of HIV risk among PWID in Iran.

Methods: We surveyed 433 PWID in Kermanshah concerning demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, HIV risk perception, and drug-related risk behaviors in the month prior to the study. Two classes of HIV risk perception (high vs. low) were identified. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with high HIV risk perception.

Result: Of 433 PWID who participated in this study, 36% (95% confidence interval; CI95%: 25.3%, 42.2%) of participants reported high HIV risk perception. Methamphetamine use (adjusted odds ration; AOR = 3.7, p < 0.05), or use of multiple drugs at the same time (AOR = 1.7, p < 0.05) was associated with higher HIV risk perception. Moreover, PWID who were NSP users had 2.8 times the odds of high risk perception compared with non-Needle and Syringe Program (NSP) users (AOR = 2.8) .

Conclusion: This study implies that initiating drug use at a younger age, using methamphetamine, polydrug use, and needle- and syringe-exchange program utilization were predictors of higher HIV risk perception among PWID in Iran.     

Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the Kermanshah population in Iran

OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of death in developing countries, such as Iran. The apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) is considered an important genetic determinant of CAD. In this study, the relationship between APOE polymorphism with lipid variation in CAD patients in Kermanshah, Iran was investigated. METHODS: This case-control study consisted of 115 CAD patients who angiographically had at least 30% stenosis and 135 unrelated controls. APOE polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP and serum lipid level was measured enzymatically. RESULTS: The APOE-epsilon4 and -epsilon2 allele frequencies were significantly higher in the CAD patients than in the control group (P < 0.001). The CAD patients with epsilon3/epsilon4 genotype had also higher TC (P < 0.001) and LDL-C (P < 0.01) and lower HDL-C (P < 0.03) levels than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: APOE-epsilon4 allele is a risk factor for CAD, so that carriers of this allele with high levels of LDL-C may be susceptible to CAD and myocardial infarction.     

Analysis of the Concept of Quality of Life

ABSTRACT. Nurses provide the constant human care that can make the difference between a life that is valuable to the last and a life that ends in humiliation, deprivation and suffering. Nurses, therefore, more than other health professionals, need a deep and reflective view of patients' value and quality of life. In this paper the concept of quality of life is analysed from a philosophical and scientific perspective. Quality of life in connection with treatment of a disease has its roots in the philosophical conception of the value of human life in general. Characteristics such as happiness, physical activity and interpersonal relations are what give life value and meaning. From the scientific viewpoint, it seems difficult to define the concept, given its multidimensional characteristics. However, the analysis indicates a growing interest among health-professionals to develop scientific intersubjectivity of the concept in terms of measurable parameters.     

下肢深静脉瓣膜缩窄术治疗深静脉倒流性病变52条分析

目的：评价下肢深静脉瓣膜缩窄术的临床应用价值。方法：自1999年7月～2003年10月，选用通过彩超静脉造影等特殊检查，确诊为原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全(PDVI)，倒流为Ⅲ～Ⅳ级，倒流程度为轻和中度的患肢52条，施行股浅静脉缩窄术。结果：术后近期疗效良好，症状和体征完全或基本消失。46条患肢术后随访16～28个月，疗效良好者占86．8％(40／46)；病情好转者13．2％(6／46)。结论：本手术操作简便，合理选择手术适应证，是取得理想效果的关键。     

1例同种异体单肺移植并同期心内畸形矫治术术后并发症的观察及预防

目的:总结1例终末期先天性心脏病同种异体单肺移植并同期心内畸形矫治术术后并发症的观察及预防措施。方法:术后给予科学的护理管理,严密监测生命体征变化,严格执行各项护理制度,及时发现和处理并发症。结果:本例患者顺利康复,生存质量良好。结论:精心的术后护理和正确地处理术后并发症是手术成功的关键。     

全程护理干预对高龄股骨颈骨折患者术后生活质量的影响

目的:探讨全程护理干预对高龄股骨颈骨折患者术后生活质量的影响。方法:将60例高龄股骨颈骨折患者随机分为实验组和对照组各30例,对照组给予常规护理,实验组由责任护士负责从入院到出院至术后随访的全程护理干预。结果:实验组生活质量满意度、患肢功能恢复、心理适应能力明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:全程护理干预能明显提高高龄股骨颈骨折患者术后生活质量。     

1例同种异体单肺移植并同期心内畸形矫治术术后并发症的观察及预防

目的：总结1例终末期先天性心脏病同种异体单肺移植并同期心内畸形矫治术术后并发症的观察及预防措施。方法：术后给予科学的护理管理，严密监测生命体征变化，严格执行各项护理制度，及时发现和处理并发症。结果：本例患者顺利康复，生存质量良好。结论：精心的术后护理和正确地处理术后并发症是手术成功的关键。     

主动脉窦瘤的超声心动图诊断

对３７例经超声心动回检查（包括两维超声、频谱多普勒、彩色多普勒、声学造影及经食道超声心动图）诊断为主动脉窦瘤患者进行手术对照研究。结果表明：超声心动图能准确显示主动脉窦瘤的形态、起源、突入腔室及破裂状况，并能基本正确评估其合并的右室流出道狭窄、主动脉瓣脱垂及返流、心包积液等病损。文中尚对窦瘤是否破裂、是否并发室间隔缺损等鉴别诊断进行了讨论。     

经尿道前列腺剜除术与电切术治疗良性前列腺增生的效果观察

目的 通过回顾性分析临床资料,比较单极电切进行经尿道前列腺剜除术与前列腺电切术的优劣.方法 统计2010、2011年施行前列腺剜除术77例,2009年施行前列腺电切术27例.将其分为剜除术组和电切术组,每组数据依据前列腺质量分为≥60 g组和＜60g组.比较每组手术所用时间、出血量、切除前列腺组织量.结果 ≥60 g组:剜除术患者53例,前列腺质量(88.5 ±9.2)g,手术时间为(91.5±8.8) min,出血量为(110.0±16.4) ml,切除前列腺组织质量为(48.0±4.6)g；电切术患者12例,前列腺质量为(107.0±15.3)g,手术时间为(118.3±20.2)min,出血量为(193.3±22.3)ml,切除前列腺组织质量为(58.4±5.4)g.两组出血量比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.011),而前列腺质量、手术时间、切除前列腺组织质量比较差异均无统计学意义(P值分别为0.255、0.083、0.320).＜60 g组:剜除术患者24例,前列腺质量为(43.1±3.2)g,手术时间为(62.7±6.8)min,出血量为(56±5) ml,切除前列腺组织质量(26.3±2.4)g；电切术患者15例,前列腺质量为(36.8±3.4)g,手术时间为(69.3±6.2)min,出血量为(110±20)rnl,切除前列腺组织质量为(23.6±2.1)g.＜60 g组,剜除术与电切术比较,差异均无统计学意义(前列腺体积:P =0.072;手术时间:P =0.431;出血量:P =0.082;切除前列腺组织:P=0.291).结论 应用单极电切术,对于较大前列腺(≥60 g)患者,应用剜除术比电切术有更少的出血量,随着术者经验的丰富、手术技术的熟练,剜除术可取代电切术治疗较大前列腺；＜60g前列腺患者,剜除术与电切术无明显差异,术者可根据经验及熟练程度选择术式.     

全身核素骨显像对食管癌骨转移的诊断

目的：探讨食管癌患核素骨显象表现及胸部术后放疗后局部骨骼变化的鉴别诊断,方法：收集经病理实证的72例管食癌全身骨显像病例,经静脉注射^99mTc亚甲基二磷酸盐（MDP）555－925MBq后3－6h进行全身骨显像检查,结果,骨放射性异常浓聚40例,其中多骨性,多灶性浓聚25例,单骨性浓聚15例,病灶以胸椎,肋骨,骨盆多见,结论,放射性核素骨显像对食管癌患除可显示病骨浓聚转移灶外,还应注意手术及放疗后,对胸部相应骨骼所造成的影响。     

胰头癌与壶腹癌的超声鉴别诊断及其临床评价

目的 :探讨胰头癌与壶腹癌的不同声像特征以提高二者的超声鉴别诊断率。方法 :将经手术病理证实的 39例胰头癌与 42例壶腹癌声像图进行对比 ,行 2组肿瘤的超声测量最大径、胆总管下段肿瘤突入率与手术切除率比较。结果 :胰头癌肿瘤最大径 >3.0 cm的占 82 .0 5% (32 / 39) ,而壶腹癌肿瘤最大径≤ 3.0 cm的占80 .95% (34/ 4 2 ) ;胰头癌组胆总管下段实体突入率为 1 7.95% (7/ 39) ,而壶腹癌组为 66.67% (2 8/ 4 2 ) ;2组的手术切除率分别为 1 7.95% (7/ 39)与 78.57% (33/ 4 2 ) ;二者比较差异均有非常显著性意义 (均 P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :研究胰头癌与壶腹癌的声像特点能提高二者的鉴别诊断率 ,对患者术前制定手术方案与评估预后有重要的临床意义。     

我院住院药房抗生素应用分析

目的:了解我院5个科室抗生素应用情况。方法:随机抽查我院普外、骨科、妇科、儿科、呼吸内科5个临床科室的住院病例360份,统计每个科抗生素的应用例数,应用天数,平均天数。结果:5个临床科室抗生素应用各有特点。结论:抗菌药物种类繁多,临床应用广泛,应提倡安全、合理、有效地应用。     

癌性大中量胸腔积液X线平片诊断(附50例X线分析)

本文分析了50例癌性大中量胸腔积液。其中大量30例，X线显示气管，心脏呈非一致性移位20例，不移位5例，一致性移位5例。中等量20例，X线显示液面曲线呈内高外低或呈波浪状16例，曲线正常4例。从胸部平片上观察纵隔移位和液面曲线改变来判断中央型肺癌的存在具有实用价值。     

电员针—运动疗法治疗肩凝症生物力学初探

Objective To introduce the treatment for periarthritis of shoulder by detachment of impulse electrotherapeutic equipment and kinesiatrics,and discuss the principles of biomechanics.Method 76 cases with periarthritis of shoulder had been treated with electrotherapeutic equipment and tri dimensional movement,and mean treatment times were 8.2.Results 65 cases were fully recover,9 cases were effective,2 cases took a favorable turn and 0 case were non effective.Conclusion The therapeutic method is effective and aim directly at periarthritis of shoulder.We have explored the direction,strength and position of the force.     

556例胰腺癌外科治疗总结

目的：回顾总结上海第二医科大学附属瑞金医院外科20世纪90年代以来收治的556例胰腺癌患者外科治疗的情况，探讨如何逐步提高胰腺癌外科手术治疗的安全性和疗效。方法：1990年1月～2000年12月间普外科收治的胰腺恶性肿瘤556例，其中胰头癌．403例，胰体尾部癌153例，将本组病例分成1990年1月～1995年12月及1996年1月～2000年12月两个阶段来对比分析。结果：行手术治疗367例，胰头癌与胰体尾部癌手术切除率分别为14．6％与14．4％，总手术切除率为14．6％。根治性手术死亡率分别为5％与4．6％；手术并发症发生率分别为37．5％与22．7％。根治性手术并发症主要是：胰瘘、胆瘘、出血、腹腔积液、感染、吻合口梗阻等。90年代后期，胰头癌组在手术切除率有了提高。同时根治性手术并发症发生率及手术死亡率也降低。胰体尾部癌组，手术切除率虽无提高，但根治性手术并发症发生率及手术死亡率均较前阶段明显降低。结论：最大限度地提高手术切除率和长期生存率，降低手术死亡率、并发症发生率的关键在于提高早期诊断率和建立一支专业手术组医师梯队。     

临床护士能力测评方法的研究

介绍了护士能力的定义、能力评价内容、能力进阶制度,从临床理论、实践技能、心理测试等方面阐述了临床护士能力评价方法。     

超声心动图在经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声心动图评价经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂疗效的应用价值.方法 对11例行经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂患者的超声心动图进行回顾分析.评价术前窦瘤破口的位置、形态、大小等,术中监测封堵器置入,术后随访评价其疗效.结果 11例患者术前超声诊断均为单纯主动脉窦瘤破裂,超声测得破口直径2～13 mm.11例患者均封堵成功,10例采用动脉导管封堵器,型号较破口直径大约1～5 mm.3例患者术后即刻少量残余分流于术后1月内复查消失,其中1例患者术后32月随访时再次出现少量残余分流;所有患者未见主动脉瓣反流加重等并发症.结论 经导管封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂是治疗主动脉窦瘤破裂安全有效的方法,远期疗效需进一步观察,超声心动图在其中发挥重要作用.     

无张力疝修补术在老年人复发腹股沟斜疝中的应用

目的：探讨无张力疝修补术治疗老年人复发斜疝的方法。方法：回顾性分析无张力疝修补术治疗22例老年人复发腹股沟斜疝的临床资料。结果：手术时间35—65min，随访3月～2年，1例术后8个月复发。结论：无张力疝修补术是一种操作简单、创伤小、疗效满意及复发率低的疝修补术，宜作为治疗老年人复发斜疝的首选方法之一。