超声测量胎儿颈褶厚度的临床意义

目的：建立胎儿颈褶厚度（Nuchal Skinfold Thickness,NT）的正常参考值,以便为产前超声诊断胎儿染色体异常提供参照。方法：经腹超声测量1555例次中晚孕期胎儿颈褶厚度,并进行统计分析。结果：初步得出各孕周胎儿NT的参考值范围。NT随孕周增加而增长（r＝0．767,P＜0．0001）。男女性别之间,壮、汉民族之间无差异,与出生体重亦无明显关系（P均＞0．05）。结论：NT的变化遵循胎儿发育的规律,其有本身的固定图像特征。本文提出的各孕周的NT超声测值,对胎儿染色异常的筛查有重要参考价值。     

孕早期颈项透明层厚度测量在胎儿产前诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨孕早期超声测量胎儿颈项透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)厚度在产前诊断胎儿染色体疾病及其他结构畸形中的临床价值。方法对2008年9月—2009年8月期间的227名孕11~13+6周胎儿进行NT厚度标准测量,分析NT增厚胎儿的染色体核型、结构及妊娠结局。结果 NT厚度<2.5 mm的胎儿中,染色体及结构正常211例,染色体或结构异常2例。NT厚度≥2.5 mm的胎儿中,6例染色体异常(13-三体综合征1例、18-三体综合征1例、21-三体综合征3例、45X0 1例);3例结构畸形(胎儿多发性结构异常1例、先天性心脏病2例);1例孕20周前不明原因流产;4例无染色体及其他结构异常。正常胎儿的NT厚度呈正态分布,NT厚度随胎龄增加而增厚,男性与女性的NT厚度差异无统计学意义。正常胎儿与异常胎儿头臀长差异无统计学意义;NT厚度异常胎儿的孕妇年龄大于NT厚度正常的孕妇。超声测量NT厚度值设为2.5 mm时,检测胎儿早期异常的灵敏度与特异度比较平衡,分别为80.0%和97.0%。结论 NT厚度的标准化测量是一个早期对胎儿染色体异常、结构异常,尤其是胎儿先天性心脏病筛查的重要指标,有助于早期诊断染色体疾病及其他结构异常,对评价胎儿预后具有较高的临床价值。     

孕11—13^＋6周胎儿颈项透明层厚度的超声测量

目的分析孕11～13^＋6周正常胎儿颈项透明层（NT）厚度及其与头臀径的关系。方法选择孕11～13^＋6周头臀径为45～84mm的正常胎儿3224例,超声测量胎儿NT厚度和头臀径,并对头臀径与颈NT厚度进行相关性研究。结果胎儿NT厚度随着头臀径的增加而增厚;中位数预测值从头臀径为45mm时的0．9mm至头臀径为84mm时的1．7mm。结论孕11-13^＋6周正常胎儿NT厚度的参考值范围为早孕期胎儿染色体异常和其他先天性异常的筛查提供了帮助。     

超声探测颈部透明带检出胎儿染色体异常

目的：评价超声探测颈部透明带或颈部水肿在检出胎儿染色体异常方面的作用。方法：于孕10－14周测量胎儿颈部透明带厚度，或孕14周后测量胎儿颈部皮肤厚度，并随诊观察，结果：通过超声探测共检出12例非整倍体型染色体异常的胎儿，5例正常染色体但随诊发现严重并发症的胎儿，与颈部透明带增厚但染色体及颈后正常的胎儿相比，上述异常胎儿在孕10－14周时的颈部透明带显著增厚（平均厚度6．1mm对3．6mm)，且大多数进展为妊娠中期时的颈部水肿，并合并其他超声异常。结论：超声测量颈部透明带厚度能早期有效地检出染色体异常及合并其他严重并发症的胎儿，且超声随诊观察颈部透明带厚度的变化对于鉴别诊断及评价预后有很大帮助。     

孕早期NT增厚胎儿的染色体核型与妊娠结局探讨

目的:分析孕早期胎儿颈项透明层厚度(nuchal translucency,NT)增厚与染色体异常情况以及妊娠结局.方法:选择2019年1月—2020年12月在我院经腹超声检查胎儿超声检查颈项透明层(NT)增厚(NT值＞相应孕周95?th%)胎儿55例,对照染色体核型分析,根据NT厚度分为4组,NT＜3.5?mm为第1...     

对胎儿10～14周颈项透明层厚度正常值的超声探讨

目的 通过超声检查,对10～14孕周正常单胎胎儿颈项透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)进行正常值调查以探讨其范围.方法 数据的收集从2007年1月至2009年4月在我院就诊的单胎妊娠孕妇,共2 060例孕周为10～14结局正常的胎儿,应用超声测量NT厚度和头臀长(CRL).按不同孕周,NT厚度的第5、第50和第95百分位数用线性回归的方法 计算.结果 NT随着孕周的增加而增厚.孕10周胎儿NT厚度的第50百分位数为1.00 mm,第95百分位数为1.90 mm;孕14周胎儿NT厚度的第50百分位数为1.60 mm,第95百分位数为2.30 mm.结论 由于10～14周胎儿NT厚度随孕周的变化而增厚,不应使用一个恒定值,应按不同孕周使用其对应的正常值.     

超声筛查孕11～13+6周胎儿畸形的初探

目的探讨经腹部超声在孕11～13+6周筛查胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法在本院建卡的1 153名孕妇,孕11～13+6周超声系统观察胎儿解剖结构,测量胎儿颈后透明层厚度和鼻骨长度,并跟踪随访。结果⑴1 153例胎儿的全程随访中发现孕期及新生儿期异常者26例,正常儿1 126例,失访1例;⑵建立孕11～13+6周胎儿颈后透明层厚度和鼻骨长度正常参考值;⑶胎儿颈后透明层厚度及鼻骨长度的检测成功率分别为98.04%和95.02%;⑷26例异常胎儿中包括孕期发现胎儿畸形16例(孕11～13+6周超声诊断胎儿畸形5例,孕11～13+6周后超声诊断胎儿畸形11例)、染色体异常3例,胎死宫内5例,产前无异常发现、新生儿发现异常者2例。结论孕11～13+6周超声检查可筛查严重解剖结构畸形和染色体异常胎儿,在早孕期终止妊娠能大大降低孕妇身体和心理的伤害。     

胎儿颈项透明层厚度与孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型的相关性分析

目的 探讨孕早期中期胎儿颈项透明层厚度(NT)与羊水染色体核型的关系分析。方法：对我院2016年9月至2020年6月孕11~13⁺⁶周的孕妇检查给予超生胎儿颈项透明层厚度检查,其中398例NT增厚的孕妇进行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析,398例NT增厚的胎儿检出染色体异常核型20例,异常率为5.03%。其中3.5mm≤NT≤4.5mm共240例,检查异常染色体5例,检出率为2.08%;4.5mm≤NT≤5.5mm共97例,检查异常染色体7例,检出率为7.22%;5.5mm≤NT≤6.5mm共51例,检查异常染色体7例,检出率为13.73%; NT≥6.5mm共10例,检查异常染色体1例,检出率为10%。结论 胎儿NT增厚是孕中期筛查胎儿染色体异常的较为敏感的指标,胎儿NT值较高者,胎儿发生染色体异常的机率越高。     

胎儿颈项透明层厚度异常与宫内感染和染色体异常的相关性研究

目的探讨胎儿颈项透明层厚度(NT)异常与病原体组合(TORCH)宫内感染和染色体异常的关系。方法2015年7月-2017年7月在广西壮族自治区人民医院进行产前检查并分娩的单胎孕妇138例作为研究对象,孕11～13周时超声检查显示胎儿NT≥2.5mm。根据检测结果将138例孕妇分为NT 2.5～2.9mm组、3.0～3.4mm组、3.5～4.4mm组、≥4.5mm组和颈部水囊瘤组。比较各组胎儿TORCH感染、染色体异常和结构异常的发生率。结果 NT 2.5～2.9mm组40例、3.0～3.4mm组36例、3.5～4.4mm组26例、≥4.5mm组25例和颈部水囊瘤组11例。138例胎儿染色体正常98例,占71.01%;异常40例,占28.99%。胎儿宫内TORCH感染8例,感染率为5.80%。36例胎儿合并结构异常,占26.09%。NT2.5～2.9mm组胎儿TORCH感染率、染色体异常率和结构异常率分别为0、10.00%和7.50%;3.0～3.4mm组分别为0、11.11%和13.89%;3.5～4.4mm组分别为3.85%、30.77%和26.92%;≥4.5mm组分别为8.00%、56.00%和44.00%;颈部水囊瘤组分别为45.45%、90.91%和90.91%。随着NT值的增大,TORCH感染率、染色体异常率和胎儿结构异常率升高。结论NT异常增厚可能对TORCH宫内感染、胎儿染色体异常和结构异常有较好的预测价值。     

孕早期超声测量胎儿颈项透明层厚度在产前诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨孕早期应用超声测量胎儿颈项透明层(NT)厚度在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法选取我院接受孕早期胎儿系统性产前超声筛查的单胎胎儿2850例,分别测量其头臀径、NT厚度、鼻骨及静脉导管血流频谱等,对孕早期NT增厚(≥2.5 mm)的孕妇于中晚期复查超声,分析NT厚度与异常妊娠的关系。结果孕早期超声检查发现NT厚度<2.5 mm胎儿染色体异常、结构畸形、水囊状淋巴管瘤及胚胎停止发育等异常妊娠的发生率为0.89%,较NT厚度≥2.5 mm胎儿异常妊娠发生率(77.20%)低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);44例NT厚度≥2.5 mm胎儿检出染色体核型异常13例,正常21例;NT厚度的增加与异常妊娠的发生率呈正相关(r=0.734,P<0.05)。结论孕早期胎儿NT增厚与胎儿染色体异常及结构畸形等异常妊娠的发生具有相关性,可作为胎儿产前超声筛查的常规项目。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.